Therapists in Oxford, MA

Photo of Melissa Fijol - Melissa L. Fijol, LMHC, Counselor, LMHC, MS
Melissa L. Fijol, LMHC
Counselor, LMHC, MS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oxford, MA 01540
Current hours of practice-Mon thru Thurs, 7a.m.-2 p.m./Fri-7-12. Clients must be able to meet during this time frame; no afternoon or evening sessions. Adults/Individuals only. (Combination of telehealth and in person sessions; platform Doxy.me is utilized for telehealth). Treatment focus includes CBT, mindfulness, trauma informed care (PTSD/complex/developmental/attachment trauma); other treatment modalities are utilized based on client's needs; eclectic range of therapeutic interventions used.
Current hours of practice-Mon thru Thurs, 7a.m.-2 p.m./Fri-7-12. Clients must be able to meet during this time frame; no afternoon or evening sessions. Adults/Individuals only. (Combination of telehealth and in person sessions; platform Doxy.me is utilized for telehealth). Treatment focus includes CBT, mindfulness, trauma informed care (PTSD/complex/developmental/attachment trauma); other treatment modalities are utilized based on client's needs; eclectic range of therapeutic interventions used.
(508) 863-4446 View (508) 863-4446
Photo of Beth Danforth - Beth Danforth, LICSW - Therapist, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Beth Danforth, LICSW - Therapist
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Oxford, MA 01540
I am Beth Danforth, LICSW. I am now a provider of Blue Cross/Blue Shieid, Tufts, and United Behavioral Health insurances and presently have availability to see new clients on Friday mornings and early afternoons. I have extensive experience working with troubled adolescents, children, and adults with past trauma issues. I use a variety of methods and approaches depending on the need of my clients. I am Level II trained in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), which facilitate rapid processing of past trauma. I have expertise in working with adolescents who have sexually abused young children.
I am Beth Danforth, LICSW. I am now a provider of Blue Cross/Blue Shieid, Tufts, and United Behavioral Health insurances and presently have availability to see new clients on Friday mornings and early afternoons. I have extensive experience working with troubled adolescents, children, and adults with past trauma issues. I use a variety of methods and approaches depending on the need of my clients. I am Level II trained in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), which facilitate rapid processing of past trauma. I have expertise in working with adolescents who have sexually abused young children.
(978) 704-1957 View (978) 704-1957
Photo of Diana LaPlace, Counselor
Diana LaPlace
Counselor
Verified Verified
Oxford, MA 01540
I am a licensed mental health clinician and a licensed marriage and family clinician in Massachusetts and have practiced for over 25 years offering a range of counselling services. I love my work and believe strongly in therapy as a valuable tool for treating a range of issues and problems. Therapy can be bring about new direction and goals, improved mental health, better coping skills, understanding one's personal history and the belief in ones' ability to cope with life's challenges and transitions.
I am a licensed mental health clinician and a licensed marriage and family clinician in Massachusetts and have practiced for over 25 years offering a range of counselling services. I love my work and believe strongly in therapy as a valuable tool for treating a range of issues and problems. Therapy can be bring about new direction and goals, improved mental health, better coping skills, understanding one's personal history and the belief in ones' ability to cope with life's challenges and transitions.
(774) 220-8381 View (774) 220-8381
Photo of Serena M Neslusan, Counselor, LMHC
Serena M Neslusan
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Weekday daytime Telehealth appointments are available! If you'd like to connect with Serena, just send an email (link on this page) with: (1) your name, (2) date of birth, (3) insurance details, and (4) what you'd like help with. We all face tough times, but you don’t have to face them alone. Take this step for yourself—reduce your stress, feel heard, and learn ways to cope. If you’re feeling overwhelmed or unsure where to begin, email me today. Let’s work together to help you feel better and find your way forward. Serena specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
Weekday daytime Telehealth appointments are available! If you'd like to connect with Serena, just send an email (link on this page) with: (1) your name, (2) date of birth, (3) insurance details, and (4) what you'd like help with. We all face tough times, but you don’t have to face them alone. Take this step for yourself—reduce your stress, feel heard, and learn ways to cope. If you’re feeling overwhelmed or unsure where to begin, email me today. Let’s work together to help you feel better and find your way forward. Serena specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
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Photo of Ashley Starzec - Perfect Harmony Relationship Solutions, LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Perfect Harmony Relationship Solutions, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oxford, MA 01540
Not accepting new clients
Ashley Starzec, LMFT is the founder of Perfect Harmony Relationship Solutions, LLC. We are an attachment-focused psychotherapy practice with almost 20 years of experience dedicated to helping adult individuals and relationships restore harmony and secure connection to their lives. We utilize attachment-based therapies to best support our clients with achieving harmony in mind, body, and spirit. We routinely treat issues such as poor communication, disconnection or dysfunction in relationships, infidelity and betrayal recovery, trust issues, and more. We are not providing family therapy services at this time.
Ashley Starzec, LMFT is the founder of Perfect Harmony Relationship Solutions, LLC. We are an attachment-focused psychotherapy practice with almost 20 years of experience dedicated to helping adult individuals and relationships restore harmony and secure connection to their lives. We utilize attachment-based therapies to best support our clients with achieving harmony in mind, body, and spirit. We routinely treat issues such as poor communication, disconnection or dysfunction in relationships, infidelity and betrayal recovery, trust issues, and more. We are not providing family therapy services at this time.
(508) 921-7131 View (508) 921-7131
Photo of Amy M Campbell, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Amy M Campbell
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Oxford, MA 01540
Are you struggling to prioritize your own needs in your relationships? Do you sometimes feel that no matter how hard you try, joy seems out of reach? It’s easy to overlook self-care when we’re focused on caring for others, but neglecting ourselves can contribute to feelings of depression and anxiety. Reaching out for support when life starts to feel overwhelming is the first step toward finding balance and healing. With years of experience and training, I’ve helped many people reconnect with themselves, so they can rediscover the joy and fulfillment they truly deserve.
Are you struggling to prioritize your own needs in your relationships? Do you sometimes feel that no matter how hard you try, joy seems out of reach? It’s easy to overlook self-care when we’re focused on caring for others, but neglecting ourselves can contribute to feelings of depression and anxiety. Reaching out for support when life starts to feel overwhelming is the first step toward finding balance and healing. With years of experience and training, I’ve helped many people reconnect with themselves, so they can rediscover the joy and fulfillment they truly deserve.
(774) 341-4594 View (774) 341-4594
Photo of Becky Howard, Counselor, MA, CAGS, LMHC
Becky Howard
Counselor, MA, CAGS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oxford, MA 01540
Whether you're feeling depressed, anxious, hopeless, or irritable, making that first call for help can be hard. You desperately want to feel better, but you're afraid of what it will be like to share your thoughts with a therapist. I understand. My guiding principles are respect, appreciation of differences, and a balance between acceptance and change. I listen carefully and center the therapy around your needs.
Whether you're feeling depressed, anxious, hopeless, or irritable, making that first call for help can be hard. You desperately want to feel better, but you're afraid of what it will be like to share your thoughts with a therapist. I understand. My guiding principles are respect, appreciation of differences, and a balance between acceptance and change. I listen carefully and center the therapy around your needs.
(508) 815-4137 View (508) 815-4137
Photo of Tammy Weiner - Lexington Behavioral Health, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Lexington Behavioral Health
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
We have several years of experience working with the adult population dealing with: Family and couples counseling, dual diagnosis, trauma, psychosis, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+, and substance use disorder. Together we will work on different treatments such as: coping skills, problem solving, CBT, DBT and remain solution focused. Everyone is individualized, not everyone fits into the same starting point or same modality of treatment.
We have several years of experience working with the adult population dealing with: Family and couples counseling, dual diagnosis, trauma, psychosis, personality disorders, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+, and substance use disorder. Together we will work on different treatments such as: coping skills, problem solving, CBT, DBT and remain solution focused. Everyone is individualized, not everyone fits into the same starting point or same modality of treatment.
(508) 213-0891 View (508) 213-0891
Photo of Olivia Plante, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Olivia Plante
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
Oxford, MA 01540
Olivia Plante is a compassionate and skilled therapist practicing in Massachusetts, dedicated to providing a supportive environment where patients can explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. She specializes in helping individuals recognize how their past influences their present and empowers them to use their existing strengths to reach their goals. Whether someone is struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, or life transitions, Olivia offers a gentle, strengthsbased approach that considers the cultural, social, and personal context of each client.
Olivia Plante is a compassionate and skilled therapist practicing in Massachusetts, dedicated to providing a supportive environment where patients can explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. She specializes in helping individuals recognize how their past influences their present and empowers them to use their existing strengths to reach their goals. Whether someone is struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, or life transitions, Olivia offers a gentle, strengthsbased approach that considers the cultural, social, and personal context of each client.
(508) 590-9681 View (508) 590-9681
Photo of Kelley Bailey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Kelley Bailey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
March 2025: NEW daytime openings available! Please e-mail & provide your availability & insurance info for fastest response. I have extensive experience treating burnout/compassion fatigue, life transitions/change, relationship/family stress & health issues. Special areas of interest include working with professionals & students in the healthcare field, & supporting other behavioral health workers. Sometimes life becomes difficult & it can be helpful to seek out someone for support. Reaching out & asking for help can be one of the most challenging aspects of starting therapy. I applaud you for taking the first step in this process!
March 2025: NEW daytime openings available! Please e-mail & provide your availability & insurance info for fastest response. I have extensive experience treating burnout/compassion fatigue, life transitions/change, relationship/family stress & health issues. Special areas of interest include working with professionals & students in the healthcare field, & supporting other behavioral health workers. Sometimes life becomes difficult & it can be helpful to seek out someone for support. Reaching out & asking for help can be one of the most challenging aspects of starting therapy. I applaud you for taking the first step in this process!
(508) 306-8147 View (508) 306-8147
Photo of Ronnie McKenney II, Counselor, LMHC
Ronnie McKenney II
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
*NEW CLIENTS ACCEPTED via TELEHEALTH* Ever feel like you have a way to do something, and though it does not work the way it seems like it should, you feel it “works for you?” Do you find that you have a way of behaving and struggle to break free from yourself? I find that humans act in patterns. We think about a problem and act in a way that is the most comfortable to us and tend to repeat these patterns regardless of the result. I work with people living with depression, anxiety, trauma, anger concerns, separation/loss/grief issues, and people coping with discrimination.
*NEW CLIENTS ACCEPTED via TELEHEALTH* Ever feel like you have a way to do something, and though it does not work the way it seems like it should, you feel it “works for you?” Do you find that you have a way of behaving and struggle to break free from yourself? I find that humans act in patterns. We think about a problem and act in a way that is the most comfortable to us and tend to repeat these patterns regardless of the result. I work with people living with depression, anxiety, trauma, anger concerns, separation/loss/grief issues, and people coping with discrimination.
(508) 538-3760 View (508) 538-3760
Photo of Jessica Bove Jamison, Counselor, LMHC
Jessica Bove Jamison
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Accepting new clients on Tues/Thurs! Hi there! I'm Jessica, a licensed mental health counselor and certified trainer with a specialization in disordered eating and body image challenges. I work with women who have been harmed by diet culture and are ready to heal their relationship with food for good. It's time to discover a path towards finally finding peace with both food and fitness. By combining therapeutic techniques with personalized coaching, I guide my clients toward a brighter future. I balance compassion with directness and will encourage you to stretch your comfort zone.
Accepting new clients on Tues/Thurs! Hi there! I'm Jessica, a licensed mental health counselor and certified trainer with a specialization in disordered eating and body image challenges. I work with women who have been harmed by diet culture and are ready to heal their relationship with food for good. It's time to discover a path towards finally finding peace with both food and fitness. By combining therapeutic techniques with personalized coaching, I guide my clients toward a brighter future. I balance compassion with directness and will encourage you to stretch your comfort zone.
(508) 715-6508 View (508) 715-6508
Photo of Valerie Smith, Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Valerie Smith
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
As a licensed mental health clinician, I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and trauma related disorders. I work with families to improve relationships and individuals of all ages who suffer from traumatic experiences.
As a licensed mental health clinician, I specialize in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and trauma related disorders. I work with families to improve relationships and individuals of all ages who suffer from traumatic experiences.
(774) 425-7414 View (774) 425-7414
Photo of Robbin Miller, Counselor, LMHC
Robbin Miller
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
Accepting New Clients Now. I am an intuitive and seasoned counselor who can help you find your inner voice and truths waiting to be awakened. We accomplish this by training our minds to be open to possibilities to attract goodness and success. Awareness is spaciousness in the present moment as you learn to see it in a new light amongst the thoughts, the sensations, and feelings. I work well with adults and families going through transitions such as grief, divorce, gastric bypass, an adoption, caregiving, workplace bullying, and being diagnosed with chronic, and sudden onset diseases. Explore new coping methods to manage stressors.
Accepting New Clients Now. I am an intuitive and seasoned counselor who can help you find your inner voice and truths waiting to be awakened. We accomplish this by training our minds to be open to possibilities to attract goodness and success. Awareness is spaciousness in the present moment as you learn to see it in a new light amongst the thoughts, the sensations, and feelings. I work well with adults and families going through transitions such as grief, divorce, gastric bypass, an adoption, caregiving, workplace bullying, and being diagnosed with chronic, and sudden onset diseases. Explore new coping methods to manage stressors.
(508) 593-9274 View (508) 593-9274
Photo of Karin E Peterson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Karin E Peterson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
I work with adolescents and adults to promote learning, healing and growing. As a Client of mine, we focus on your strengths while we work towards managing your setbacks, pressures, and losses that life presents. I would support you to cope emotionally and rationally with these challenges. To build your resilience and power, I listen openly to who you are and who you want to become while gently pointing out reality .
I work with adolescents and adults to promote learning, healing and growing. As a Client of mine, we focus on your strengths while we work towards managing your setbacks, pressures, and losses that life presents. I would support you to cope emotionally and rationally with these challenges. To build your resilience and power, I listen openly to who you are and who you want to become while gently pointing out reality .
(774) 272-4020 View (774) 272-4020
Photo of Amanda Bush, Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Amanda Bush
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Immediate OPENINGs for new clients on TUESDAYs, 10am-1pm. Accepting new clients for daytime hours only. Please EMAIL. The most important thing to me is helping a client reach individualized goals and balance of clinical, emotional and personal goals in life. I pride myself in helping people to trust and express their mind, body and soul for positive changes and growth. The biggest changes sometimes can happen by realistically changing a few simple behaviors, thoughts, and/or habits. Therapy is hard work, and while it is not a cake walk, I do my best to help clients with with their strengths instead of against them.
Immediate OPENINGs for new clients on TUESDAYs, 10am-1pm. Accepting new clients for daytime hours only. Please EMAIL. The most important thing to me is helping a client reach individualized goals and balance of clinical, emotional and personal goals in life. I pride myself in helping people to trust and express their mind, body and soul for positive changes and growth. The biggest changes sometimes can happen by realistically changing a few simple behaviors, thoughts, and/or habits. Therapy is hard work, and while it is not a cake walk, I do my best to help clients with with their strengths instead of against them.
(508) 469-5234 View (508) 469-5234
Photo of Katrina Harrigan, Counselor, LMHC
Katrina Harrigan
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a seasoned psychotherapist who provides initial diagnostic assessments, goal and treatment planning, as well as a variety of evidence-based practices based off the individuals’ needs. I am well versed in prescriptive psychotherapy where treatment is not a one-size-fits-all model, since people are more complex and intricate than meets the eye.
I am a seasoned psychotherapist who provides initial diagnostic assessments, goal and treatment planning, as well as a variety of evidence-based practices based off the individuals’ needs. I am well versed in prescriptive psychotherapy where treatment is not a one-size-fits-all model, since people are more complex and intricate than meets the eye.
(978) 432-5954 View (978) 432-5954
Photo of Kelly Porter, Counselor, LMHC
Kelly Porter
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Online Only
My counseling philosophy is to build a trusting therapeutic relationship with the children, families, and school districts that I work with to allow for safe exploration of the thoughts, feelings, and emotions that impact the school day and beyond. I am a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) and a school adjustment counselor (SAC). My passion is to help children and their families learn new and effective strategies to live a life worth living and create a solid foundation of self love.
My counseling philosophy is to build a trusting therapeutic relationship with the children, families, and school districts that I work with to allow for safe exploration of the thoughts, feelings, and emotions that impact the school day and beyond. I am a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC) and a school adjustment counselor (SAC). My passion is to help children and their families learn new and effective strategies to live a life worth living and create a solid foundation of self love.
(508) 501-6740 View (508) 501-6740

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Brian Jukins - New Inspiration Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, EdS, MSW
New Inspiration Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, EdS, MSW
Verified Verified
Online Only
We work well with people throughout the age range, whether it is a child struggling in school, an adult overwhelmed by life's demands, or a senior citizen in need of support, we are prepared and eager to help. While your relationship with your therapist is central, we focus on RESULTS: With a dynamic mix of positive psychology and evidence-based treatment, it's our mission to help you to feel better & do better in your life.
We work well with people throughout the age range, whether it is a child struggling in school, an adult overwhelmed by life's demands, or a senior citizen in need of support, we are prepared and eager to help. While your relationship with your therapist is central, we focus on RESULTS: With a dynamic mix of positive psychology and evidence-based treatment, it's our mission to help you to feel better & do better in your life.
(339) 230-2673 View (339) 230-2673
Photo of Sarah Bogoian, Counselor, MA, LMHC
Sarah Bogoian
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Shrewsbury, MA 01545
We all have the power to heal from hard times - even from trauma - it's within us, it's human. Sometimes we need another person to support us in our journey to move on from hard times. I believe growth and change are always possible outcomes. I provide thoughtful attention and gentle encouragement to support hope, healing, and most importantly, a relationship with yourself that is loving. My goal is to help you increase self-awareness, self-compassion, and self agency - skills that help you understand yourself and your unique value in the world.
We all have the power to heal from hard times - even from trauma - it's within us, it's human. Sometimes we need another person to support us in our journey to move on from hard times. I believe growth and change are always possible outcomes. I provide thoughtful attention and gentle encouragement to support hope, healing, and most importantly, a relationship with yourself that is loving. My goal is to help you increase self-awareness, self-compassion, and self agency - skills that help you understand yourself and your unique value in the world.
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See more therapy options for Oxford

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Oxford, MA

10+

Average cost per session

$120

Therapists in Oxford, MA who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
83% Depression
72% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
61% Relationship Issues
61% Grief
61% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
67% Harvard Pilgrim
67% Optum

How Therapists in Oxford, MA see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

94% Female
6% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Oxford?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.