Therapists in Avis, PA

Photo of Ashley Hershberger, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Ashley Hershberger
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC NCC, CTRS
Verified Verified
Avis, PA 17721
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with a focus in Clinical and Mental Health Counseling. I enjoy working with a wide age range of clients. As a therapist I take a holistic approach to counseling, focusing on wellness, mind-body connection, building self-esteem, building healthy expressions of self, and overall growth of mental health. I am also a CTRS who enjoys working on the effects of recreation for building healthy lifestyles and communication. I have my Master's in Clinical and Mental Health Counseling. I completed my PhD in Counselor Education and Supervision in 2023.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with a focus in Clinical and Mental Health Counseling. I enjoy working with a wide age range of clients. As a therapist I take a holistic approach to counseling, focusing on wellness, mind-body connection, building self-esteem, building healthy expressions of self, and overall growth of mental health. I am also a CTRS who enjoys working on the effects of recreation for building healthy lifestyles and communication. I have my Master's in Clinical and Mental Health Counseling. I completed my PhD in Counselor Education and Supervision in 2023.
(814) 826-4052 View (814) 826-4052
Photo of Jenn Lange, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Jenn Lange
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, MS
Verified Verified
Avis, PA 17721
Not accepting new clients
I often introduce myself as one of the most awkward counselors people will meet, but only as a reminder that it’s okay to be human. Are you also neurospicy and maybe just need time to take off that mask? Let's do that. We can also develop tools needed to advocate against whichever systems of oppression you find yourself most affected and marginalized by. My clients often seek support for issues related to lifestyle design, behavior change, childhood trauma, identity + sexuality, gender affirming care, attachment issues, relationships, and substance use/abuse.
I often introduce myself as one of the most awkward counselors people will meet, but only as a reminder that it’s okay to be human. Are you also neurospicy and maybe just need time to take off that mask? Let's do that. We can also develop tools needed to advocate against whichever systems of oppression you find yourself most affected and marginalized by. My clients often seek support for issues related to lifestyle design, behavior change, childhood trauma, identity + sexuality, gender affirming care, attachment issues, relationships, and substance use/abuse.
(272) 788-2651 View (272) 788-2651
Photo of Kelly Eichenlaub, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Kelly Eichenlaub
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Avis, PA 17721
Counseling is a journey. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, the opportunity to copilot as we work through the barriers and forge forward in that journey is my motivation. Although it can feel overwhelming and counterproductive to add yet another thing onto our to do list; being intentional with our time and using it to work on oneself and access resources can expedite healing. Thus, it makes sense that when our tank is low and we are faced with endless battles, we would benefit from something extra introduced into our lives.
Counseling is a journey. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, the opportunity to copilot as we work through the barriers and forge forward in that journey is my motivation. Although it can feel overwhelming and counterproductive to add yet another thing onto our to do list; being intentional with our time and using it to work on oneself and access resources can expedite healing. Thus, it makes sense that when our tank is low and we are faced with endless battles, we would benefit from something extra introduced into our lives.
(272) 225-5626 View (272) 225-5626
Photo of Hannah Freeman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Avis, PA
Hannah Freeman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Avis, PA 17721
Welcome! I have been in the social work profession for 15 years and enjoy meeting others and assisting through everyday stressors, ongoing or past trauma, or identity/lifestyle discoveries. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with additional certifications as a Clinically Certified Trauma Practitioner and an ADHD - Certified Clinical Services Provider. It is my pleasure to offer a calm, nonjudgmental, safe space to explore all of your goals of therapy.
Welcome! I have been in the social work profession for 15 years and enjoy meeting others and assisting through everyday stressors, ongoing or past trauma, or identity/lifestyle discoveries. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with additional certifications as a Clinically Certified Trauma Practitioner and an ADHD - Certified Clinical Services Provider. It is my pleasure to offer a calm, nonjudgmental, safe space to explore all of your goals of therapy.
(272) 225-5624 View (272) 225-5624
Photo of Stacy Clarke, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Stacy Clarke
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Avis, PA 17721
Waitlist for new clients
Hello! Throughout my ten years in the mental health field, I have worked in settings that range from inpatient to outpatient, as well as school and mobile. My clients represent all stages across the lifespan. My passion is helping clients to address a variety of needs, many of which stem from prior traumatic or dysfunctional patterns, as well as to help them find a more fulfilling balance. I often see clients suffer from imposter and/or Wonder Woman syndrome, frequently manifesting as suicidal ideation, depression, and/or anxiety.
Hello! Throughout my ten years in the mental health field, I have worked in settings that range from inpatient to outpatient, as well as school and mobile. My clients represent all stages across the lifespan. My passion is helping clients to address a variety of needs, many of which stem from prior traumatic or dysfunctional patterns, as well as to help them find a more fulfilling balance. I often see clients suffer from imposter and/or Wonder Woman syndrome, frequently manifesting as suicidal ideation, depression, and/or anxiety.
(272) 888-0875 View (272) 888-0875

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Paula Ann Stahl, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Avis, PA
Paula Ann Stahl
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lock Haven, PA 17745
I believe that the ability to grow and change lies within us all. My goal is to provide a supportive environment so that my clients can explore and discover their inner strengths. I enjoy helping individuals navigate through the obstacles and difficulties they are facing. I strive to assist clients in developing the skills necessary for self-empowerment, and improvement of the overall quality of their lives. I use an eclectic blend of therapeutic modalities to achieve this with the individuals that I work with.
I believe that the ability to grow and change lies within us all. My goal is to provide a supportive environment so that my clients can explore and discover their inner strengths. I enjoy helping individuals navigate through the obstacles and difficulties they are facing. I strive to assist clients in developing the skills necessary for self-empowerment, and improvement of the overall quality of their lives. I use an eclectic blend of therapeutic modalities to achieve this with the individuals that I work with.
(814) 389-1964 View (814) 389-1964
Photo of Lucy Heggenstaller, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Avis, PA
Lucy Heggenstaller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
Lock Haven, PA 17745
I enjoy helping people bring their best into the world. Whether that means to be a better partner, a more effective parent or simply to release negative beliefs that hold you back from using your talents to their fullest, I am honored to help. My warmth and curiosity can help you face whatever gets in your way. Sometimes that is grief, or trauma, sometimes unfinished business from childhood. I believe that everyone can tap into inner strength and wisdom, gaining confidence and greater joy in the process. A shift in consciousness can make a world of difference.
I enjoy helping people bring their best into the world. Whether that means to be a better partner, a more effective parent or simply to release negative beliefs that hold you back from using your talents to their fullest, I am honored to help. My warmth and curiosity can help you face whatever gets in your way. Sometimes that is grief, or trauma, sometimes unfinished business from childhood. I believe that everyone can tap into inner strength and wisdom, gaining confidence and greater joy in the process. A shift in consciousness can make a world of difference.
(570) 763-4607 View (570) 763-4607
Photo of Colleen Druga, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Colleen Druga
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lock Haven, PA 17745  (Online Only)
If you are someone that forgets to put their own oxygen mask on before helping others then I might be the one for you. Do you feel like you are spinning your wheels for change and are unsure why nothing's improved? Do you experience physiological symptoms but there's nothing the doctors can find wrong? I'm here to help facilitate awareness, openness to foster growth, insight, and change. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Treatment taking a look at how our thoughts, feelings, behaviors relate and can sometimes manifest themselves into head, muscle tension, and stomach upset, I also specialize in Meditation and MIndfulness.
If you are someone that forgets to put their own oxygen mask on before helping others then I might be the one for you. Do you feel like you are spinning your wheels for change and are unsure why nothing's improved? Do you experience physiological symptoms but there's nothing the doctors can find wrong? I'm here to help facilitate awareness, openness to foster growth, insight, and change. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Treatment taking a look at how our thoughts, feelings, behaviors relate and can sometimes manifest themselves into head, muscle tension, and stomach upset, I also specialize in Meditation and MIndfulness.
(412) 837-0613 View (412) 837-0613
Photo of Michael Accardo, Psychologist in Avis, PA
Michael Accardo
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Lock Haven, PA 17745  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Many of us are navigating systems that were not designed to nourish us, and growing through hardships that leave us feeling isolated and overwhelmed. I work to help people (especially LGBTQ people, BIPOC, and Neurodivergent people) understand how therapy (e.g. acceptance, emotion regulation, interpersonal skills, stress-reduction, trauma work, value-driven action) can be applied to overcome and liberate. I also specialize in managing Bipolar Disorder, OCD/OCD-spectrum disorders, PTSD, & Social Anxiety. By enhancing your strengths, reworking coping mechanisms, and reframing beliefs about yourself, you can find peace and joy.
Many of us are navigating systems that were not designed to nourish us, and growing through hardships that leave us feeling isolated and overwhelmed. I work to help people (especially LGBTQ people, BIPOC, and Neurodivergent people) understand how therapy (e.g. acceptance, emotion regulation, interpersonal skills, stress-reduction, trauma work, value-driven action) can be applied to overcome and liberate. I also specialize in managing Bipolar Disorder, OCD/OCD-spectrum disorders, PTSD, & Social Anxiety. By enhancing your strengths, reworking coping mechanisms, and reframing beliefs about yourself, you can find peace and joy.
(412) 754-4628 View (412) 754-4628
Photo of Tammy Fitzpatrick, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Tammy Fitzpatrick
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Lock Haven, PA 17745  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor- licensed in Pennsylvania with over 17 years of experience. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns; such as depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, OCD and ADHD. I also helped many people who have experienced trauma, addiction and abuse. My counseling style is motivational and encouraging. I believe in treating people with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. Motivating people to help them help themselves has provided past clients with long term success.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor- licensed in Pennsylvania with over 17 years of experience. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns; such as depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, OCD and ADHD. I also helped many people who have experienced trauma, addiction and abuse. My counseling style is motivational and encouraging. I believe in treating people with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. Motivating people to help them help themselves has provided past clients with long term success.
(272) 282-4818 View (272) 282-4818
Photo of Christina Lynn Robidoux, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Christina Lynn Robidoux
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Lock Haven, PA 17745
Hello! My name is Christina and I have been working in the field of human services since 2005 when I began my work as a hospice volunteer. I graduated from Pennsylvania College of Technology with my Associates Degree in Human Services in 2007 and completed my Bachelor of Science Degree in Applied Human Services in 2013. I completed my Master of Science Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Lock Haven University in 2016 with a concentration in Child Adolescents Therapy. I have a diverse background working in substance abuse, prison, and medical settings all while practicing from a trauma informed lens.
Hello! My name is Christina and I have been working in the field of human services since 2005 when I began my work as a hospice volunteer. I graduated from Pennsylvania College of Technology with my Associates Degree in Human Services in 2007 and completed my Bachelor of Science Degree in Applied Human Services in 2013. I completed my Master of Science Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Lock Haven University in 2016 with a concentration in Child Adolescents Therapy. I have a diverse background working in substance abuse, prison, and medical settings all while practicing from a trauma informed lens.
(272) 203-3594 View (272) 203-3594
Photo of Richard States, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Richard States
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Lock Haven, PA 17745  (Online Only)
People of all walks of life often go through tough times, and I am here to help. Since 1991, I have worked with individuals across outpatient and inpatient settings, in homes and schools, and through telehealth. I have assisted people with a variety of challenges, including depression, stress and anxiety, trauma, behavioral dyscontrol, poor self-esteem, substance use, life transition, and other concerns.
People of all walks of life often go through tough times, and I am here to help. Since 1991, I have worked with individuals across outpatient and inpatient settings, in homes and schools, and through telehealth. I have assisted people with a variety of challenges, including depression, stress and anxiety, trauma, behavioral dyscontrol, poor self-esteem, substance use, life transition, and other concerns.
(724) 200-8481 View (724) 200-8481
Photo of Forward Path Counseling, Marriage & Family Therapist in Avis, PA
Forward Path Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lock Haven, PA 17745
As we journey through life, there are times our travel becomes weary. We may feel lost, plagued by doubt, or burdened by uncertainty. Yet we are strong, resilient, and determined. We simply need a guide to help us discover the path forward. That is where Forward Path Counseling can help.
As we journey through life, there are times our travel becomes weary. We may feel lost, plagued by doubt, or burdened by uncertainty. Yet we are strong, resilient, and determined. We simply need a guide to help us discover the path forward. That is where Forward Path Counseling can help.
(814) 531-5659 View (814) 531-5659
Photo of Before & After Counseling LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Before & After Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Jersey Shore, PA 17740
At Before & After Counseling LLC I am interested in working with people who want to change or who desire support in the struggles they are encountering. I work with adolescents to older adults offering a supportive, caring, comfortable, and safe environment where a therapeutic relationship is the first step in your journey to your ultimate goal.
At Before & After Counseling LLC I am interested in working with people who want to change or who desire support in the struggles they are encountering. I work with adolescents to older adults offering a supportive, caring, comfortable, and safe environment where a therapeutic relationship is the first step in your journey to your ultimate goal.
(570) 873-0343 View (570) 873-0343
Photo of Radiance Wellness Group LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Avis, PA
Radiance Wellness Group LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Lock Haven, PA 17745
We are a group practice with highly trained therapists who specialize in working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. Our approach is individualized and tailored to the person we are working with. Our clinical interests include, but are not limited to, working with anxiety, depression, trauma, post traumatic stress disorder, and LGBTQ-related concerns and gender affirming care.
We are a group practice with highly trained therapists who specialize in working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families. Our approach is individualized and tailored to the person we are working with. Our clinical interests include, but are not limited to, working with anxiety, depression, trauma, post traumatic stress disorder, and LGBTQ-related concerns and gender affirming care.
(570) 980-1737 View (570) 980-1737
Photo of Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Williamsport, PA 17702
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(570) 673-0425 View (570) 673-0425

Online Therapists

Photo of Evelyn Colon-Vazquez, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Evelyn Colon-Vazquez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Hamburg, PA 19526  (Online Only)
I am a fully bilingual licensed professional counselor with more than 15 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, elderly population, and couples.
I am a fully bilingual licensed professional counselor with more than 15 years of experience working with children, adolescents, adults, elderly population, and couples.
(484) 592-6820 View (484) 592-6820
Photo of Darryl McClish, Pre-Licensed Professional in Avis, PA
Darryl McClish
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Harrisburg, PA 17109
Throughout my life I have been interested in listening to others as they discuss their struggles and hardships. Helping others in this manner has always come naturally to me, and it is rewarding to be able to serve others in this capacity. I made the determination that I would pursue a career in counseling during my senior year of high school. Since I made that decision, I have done everything in my power to prepare myself to serve others utilizing several tools such as reflective listening, various modalities, and cultural competence.
Throughout my life I have been interested in listening to others as they discuss their struggles and hardships. Helping others in this manner has always come naturally to me, and it is rewarding to be able to serve others in this capacity. I made the determination that I would pursue a career in counseling during my senior year of high school. Since I made that decision, I have done everything in my power to prepare myself to serve others utilizing several tools such as reflective listening, various modalities, and cultural competence.
(717) 219-5362 View (717) 219-5362
Photo of Tara Clark, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Avis, PA
Tara Clark
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Athens, PA 18810
Waitlist for new clients
Are situations in your life starting to make you feel stressed out and overwhelmed? Do you have past events in your life that effect you to this day? Whether your reason for seeking therapy is just a phase that you are currently going through or because of events that have occurred throughout your life, seeking therapy can be a big step towards a healthier and happier life. My goal in therapy sessions is to start where you are at and work together to get you to where you want to be. I work to tailor treatment approaches to what you feel is being most effective in your day to day life.
Are situations in your life starting to make you feel stressed out and overwhelmed? Do you have past events in your life that effect you to this day? Whether your reason for seeking therapy is just a phase that you are currently going through or because of events that have occurred throughout your life, seeking therapy can be a big step towards a healthier and happier life. My goal in therapy sessions is to start where you are at and work together to get you to where you want to be. I work to tailor treatment approaches to what you feel is being most effective in your day to day life.
(412) 214-8240 View (412) 214-8240
Photo of Kelly Dennis, Licensed Professional Counselor in Avis, PA
Kelly Dennis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
6 Endorsed
Millersville, PA 17551
You deserve to live a life that leaves you excited to wake up every morning! However, if you're caught in the grip of anxiety, depression, disordered eating, negative body image, or your mind is swirling with unhelpful thoughts, waking up eager to start your day can be a struggle. Do you find it challenging to manage your emotions? Caught in a battle with food or your body and want to feel more peace and calm in your life? Are these things getting in the way of your relationships? If you answered yes to any of these, counseling may be the answer!
You deserve to live a life that leaves you excited to wake up every morning! However, if you're caught in the grip of anxiety, depression, disordered eating, negative body image, or your mind is swirling with unhelpful thoughts, waking up eager to start your day can be a struggle. Do you find it challenging to manage your emotions? Caught in a battle with food or your body and want to feel more peace and calm in your life? Are these things getting in the way of your relationships? If you answered yes to any of these, counseling may be the answer!
(717) 417-4167 View (717) 417-4167

See more therapy options for Avis

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Avis, PA

< 10

Therapists in Avis, PA who prioritize treating:

80% Relationship Issues
80% Anxiety
80% Trauma and PTSD
80% Coping Skills
80% Self Esteem
80% Codependency
60% Depression

Average years in practice

4 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Optum
80% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
80% Highmark

How Therapists in Avis, PA see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Avis?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.