Therapists in Cambridge, MA

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Photo of Susan B Hagen - Susan B. Hagen On-line therapy, MA, MEd
Susan B. Hagen On-line therapy
MA, MEd
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02139  (Online Only)
I work with individual, couples and groups who are in the midst of a life crisis, an enormous emotional struggle, who have experienced a traumatizing event in their lives or are grieving a loss. I have helped people access their own internal strength so they can start to feel solid ground under their feet again. Sometimes it is a process of changing something or coming to terms with a part of life that has been avoided or stuck in denial. Other times it is process of understanding more deeply and get more clarification in order to make a decision. Still others are working on re-building trust after being devastated by betrayal.
I work with individual, couples and groups who are in the midst of a life crisis, an enormous emotional struggle, who have experienced a traumatizing event in their lives or are grieving a loss. I have helped people access their own internal strength so they can start to feel solid ground under their feet again. Sometimes it is a process of changing something or coming to terms with a part of life that has been avoided or stuck in denial. Other times it is process of understanding more deeply and get more clarification in order to make a decision. Still others are working on re-building trust after being devastated by betrayal.
(978) 850-6255 View (978) 850-6255
Photo of Valerie L. Kirr, MA, LMHC, MACCS, Counselor
Valerie L. Kirr
Counselor, MA, LMHC, MACCS
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140  (Online Only)
I enjoy helping individuals who seek Balance, yet struggle to find the right combination. With 30+ years of experience, I have knowledge and compassion for both the biological and psychosocial aspects of mental health. Support, exploration, new skills and making connections are the essentials for moving forward to a more balanced life. During treatment an eclectic approach will be used to suit your needs as an individual. Modalities may include: CBT, Interpersonal, Psychodynamic, MBCT, and EFT. Opportunities to explore creative outlets, Yoga/Movement, and the Arts, may benefit to enhance the therapeutic healing process.
I enjoy helping individuals who seek Balance, yet struggle to find the right combination. With 30+ years of experience, I have knowledge and compassion for both the biological and psychosocial aspects of mental health. Support, exploration, new skills and making connections are the essentials for moving forward to a more balanced life. During treatment an eclectic approach will be used to suit your needs as an individual. Modalities may include: CBT, Interpersonal, Psychodynamic, MBCT, and EFT. Opportunities to explore creative outlets, Yoga/Movement, and the Arts, may benefit to enhance the therapeutic healing process.
(857) 239-0055 View (857) 239-0055
Photo of Lizzie Crawford, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Lizzie Crawford
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
Not accepting new clients
I hold a profound and enduring belief in the ability of people to change, grow and heal. At times, we all lose sight of our core selves and may need help returning back to our true, unburdened nature. In our sessions, I work to create a safe environment where you will develop insight, strengthen inner resources, and increase self-compassion.
I hold a profound and enduring belief in the ability of people to change, grow and heal. At times, we all lose sight of our core selves and may need help returning back to our true, unburdened nature. In our sessions, I work to create a safe environment where you will develop insight, strengthen inner resources, and increase self-compassion.
(617) 202-3737 View (617) 202-3737
Photo of Shaadee Samimy, PhD, Psychologist
Shaadee Samimy
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
Dr. Samimy (she/her) works with adults and young adults. Her areas of interest include: Anxiety, depression, insomnia, PTSD/trauma, general stress management, and minority stress. Dr. Samimy uses primarily evidence-based treatments, including cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness- based approaches, and flexibly structures treatment based on her clients’ cultural background, values, and learning style. She strives to create a therapeutic space that is safe and affirming, and supports collaboration and mutual learning between herself and her clients.
Dr. Samimy (she/her) works with adults and young adults. Her areas of interest include: Anxiety, depression, insomnia, PTSD/trauma, general stress management, and minority stress. Dr. Samimy uses primarily evidence-based treatments, including cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness- based approaches, and flexibly structures treatment based on her clients’ cultural background, values, and learning style. She strives to create a therapeutic space that is safe and affirming, and supports collaboration and mutual learning between herself and her clients.
(617) 958-5625 View (617) 958-5625
Photo of Deborah Cohen, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deborah Cohen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
I believe there are many ways to bring about change, and work collaboratively with clients to identify the ways that will work best for them. My approach to therapy is integrative, incorporating relational, psychodynamic and strengths-based perspectives, as well as cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based interventions. I am committed to understanding clients within their cultural contexts, and pay close attention to the impact of ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and, when relevant, religion on development and identity.
I believe there are many ways to bring about change, and work collaboratively with clients to identify the ways that will work best for them. My approach to therapy is integrative, incorporating relational, psychodynamic and strengths-based perspectives, as well as cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based interventions. I am committed to understanding clients within their cultural contexts, and pay close attention to the impact of ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and, when relevant, religion on development and identity.
(617) 468-3583 View (617) 468-3583
Photo of Erica DuFresne, LMHC, Counselor
Erica DuFresne
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02141
My ideal client has either experienced a past trauma and/or is dealing with anxiety or depression. This client can be someone diagnosed with ASD, as I enjoy working with neurodiverse populations. This client should want guidance and support to develop emotional regulation skills, build positive relationships with others, or process their emotional experiences. I can help support those going through various life transitions, as well as help people develop self-awareness and understanding.
My ideal client has either experienced a past trauma and/or is dealing with anxiety or depression. This client can be someone diagnosed with ASD, as I enjoy working with neurodiverse populations. This client should want guidance and support to develop emotional regulation skills, build positive relationships with others, or process their emotional experiences. I can help support those going through various life transitions, as well as help people develop self-awareness and understanding.
(857) 420-7511 View (857) 420-7511
Photo of Laura Russell - Center for Cognitive & Behavioral Health, PsyD, Psychologist
Center for Cognitive & Behavioral Health
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
Our practice is staffed by licensed psychologists and mental health counselors, each with a wealth of experience and expertise in diverse areas of mental health. We recognize the unique needs of every individual and collaborate to develop personalized treatment plans that address your specific challenges and goals. Whether seeking therapy or evaluation for concerns like anxiety, depression, or ADHD, our team offers the support and guidance you need to thrive. We encourage you to visit our website to learn more about us and see if we are a good fit for you. We look forward to working with you!
Our practice is staffed by licensed psychologists and mental health counselors, each with a wealth of experience and expertise in diverse areas of mental health. We recognize the unique needs of every individual and collaborate to develop personalized treatment plans that address your specific challenges and goals. Whether seeking therapy or evaluation for concerns like anxiety, depression, or ADHD, our team offers the support and guidance you need to thrive. We encourage you to visit our website to learn more about us and see if we are a good fit for you. We look forward to working with you!
(508) 978-3397 View (508) 978-3397
Photo of Lucia Ciccarello, LMHC, Counselor
Lucia Ciccarello
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02141
My ideal client would be someone who has not had much success with counseling in the past but is very motivated to participate. I would love to work with a client who has struggled with depression, anxiety, some substance use, and has a history of trauma. I would work to help this client recognize how these issues are connected and perpetuate a cycle. I would also want to help them interrupt that cycle and set boundaries with themselves and in interpersonal relationships. I would work with this client to find healthy hobbies and coping skills while also challenging them.
My ideal client would be someone who has not had much success with counseling in the past but is very motivated to participate. I would love to work with a client who has struggled with depression, anxiety, some substance use, and has a history of trauma. I would work to help this client recognize how these issues are connected and perpetuate a cycle. I would also want to help them interrupt that cycle and set boundaries with themselves and in interpersonal relationships. I would work with this client to find healthy hobbies and coping skills while also challenging them.
(856) 807-5334 View (856) 807-5334
Photo of Jessica Slavin Connelly, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Slavin Connelly
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02140  (Online Only)
It takes courage and awareness to reach out for support, and I am glad you are here. I strive for our work together to feel immediately comforting, meaningful, real, and effective in getting to the heart of your core concerns. I work from a trauma-informed, context informed, integrative framework in a warm and interactive environment, drawing from holistic, cognitive, and psychodynamic perspectives and I am a DBT and EMDR certified practitioner. Our relationship matters the most in terms of building trust to achieve goals. On that note, I am a Jewish Therapist. If this is of concern for you, I suggest seeing alternative referrals.
It takes courage and awareness to reach out for support, and I am glad you are here. I strive for our work together to feel immediately comforting, meaningful, real, and effective in getting to the heart of your core concerns. I work from a trauma-informed, context informed, integrative framework in a warm and interactive environment, drawing from holistic, cognitive, and psychodynamic perspectives and I am a DBT and EMDR certified practitioner. Our relationship matters the most in terms of building trust to achieve goals. On that note, I am a Jewish Therapist. If this is of concern for you, I suggest seeing alternative referrals.
(617) 752-2945 View (617) 752-2945
Photo of Cora Spillman, LMHC, Counselor
Cora Spillman
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
Sunday and Monday evening availability starting 9/22. Cora is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of Massachusetts who has several years of diverse experience partnering with children, families and adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, goal-oriented work, self-esteem challenges, major life transitions, and trauma related issues. She has had the privilege to work in a variety of settings including schools, crisis stabilization, in-home behavioral therapy, and intensive care coordination. Cora completed her BA in Psychology and her MA in Clinical Psychology from Assumption College.
Sunday and Monday evening availability starting 9/22. Cora is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of Massachusetts who has several years of diverse experience partnering with children, families and adults seeking help with depression, anxiety, mood disorders, goal-oriented work, self-esteem challenges, major life transitions, and trauma related issues. She has had the privilege to work in a variety of settings including schools, crisis stabilization, in-home behavioral therapy, and intensive care coordination. Cora completed her BA in Psychology and her MA in Clinical Psychology from Assumption College.
(617) 326-3498 View (617) 326-3498
Photo of Caroline Sheahan, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Caroline Sheahan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
Not accepting new clients
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker offering therapy to help individuals gain greater understanding of themselves. I approach therapy through a humanistic anti-oppressive lens, with a focus on how systems and relationships impact our everyday functioning. I have previous experience working with individuals impacted by carceral systems and other systems of power and oppression. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, and enjoy building on clients' existing strengths and interests to help them develop skills to better advocate for themselves. I welcome creativity in treatment!
I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker offering therapy to help individuals gain greater understanding of themselves. I approach therapy through a humanistic anti-oppressive lens, with a focus on how systems and relationships impact our everyday functioning. I have previous experience working with individuals impacted by carceral systems and other systems of power and oppression. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, and enjoy building on clients' existing strengths and interests to help them develop skills to better advocate for themselves. I welcome creativity in treatment!
(617) 676-0009 View (617) 676-0009
Photo of Pamela Pacelli, MA, LMHC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Pamela Pacelli
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
You might be an individual going through a life transition and you would like an experienced, compassionate and collaborative therapist to help you bring yourself into full expression, through appreciating your strengths, and working with you to create goals and connections to a better future. Or, perhaps you are partnered, having difficulty with patterns of communication and want a safe place to re connect.oo
You might be an individual going through a life transition and you would like an experienced, compassionate and collaborative therapist to help you bring yourself into full expression, through appreciating your strengths, and working with you to create goals and connections to a better future. Or, perhaps you are partnered, having difficulty with patterns of communication and want a safe place to re connect.oo
(617) 333-8407 View (617) 333-8407
Photo of Kayley Walsh, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kayley Walsh
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02139
Welcome! I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker and believe it's most important to provide a nonjudgemental space where we can connect authentically and use humor in our work together! I work with adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, overwhelm, family challenges, life transitions and disruptive changes in their personal, professional and family lives. My clinical focus is working with health care workers, first responders & other frontline workers to help them navigate the complexities of their personal and professional selves.
Welcome! I am a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker and believe it's most important to provide a nonjudgemental space where we can connect authentically and use humor in our work together! I work with adults who are experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, overwhelm, family challenges, life transitions and disruptive changes in their personal, professional and family lives. My clinical focus is working with health care workers, first responders & other frontline workers to help them navigate the complexities of their personal and professional selves.
(857) 847-5307 View (857) 847-5307
Photo of Pamela Blau, MFA, IAAP
Pamela Blau
MFA, IAAP
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138
Are you in a life transition or looking to challenge yourself in new ways? Are you an artist, writer, or musician hoping to explore your own creative potential through access to deeper parts of yourself. or trying to accept new challenges? Are you a parent worrying that you may be losing touch with your self while attending to the needs of your family? .Are you dealing with personal loss, aging, lack of confidence, internal conflict? These are all areas in which a Jungian approach can bring heart and spirit into therapy and help to restore balance.
Are you in a life transition or looking to challenge yourself in new ways? Are you an artist, writer, or musician hoping to explore your own creative potential through access to deeper parts of yourself. or trying to accept new challenges? Are you a parent worrying that you may be losing touch with your self while attending to the needs of your family? .Are you dealing with personal loss, aging, lack of confidence, internal conflict? These are all areas in which a Jungian approach can bring heart and spirit into therapy and help to restore balance.
(617) 934-0177 View (617) 934-0177
Photo of Eroo Kim, LMHC, ATR, Counselor
Eroo Kim
Counselor, LMHC, ATR
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
As a licensed mental health counselor and a registered art therapist, I am passionate about utilizing art as a tool in treatment to nurture and validate the emotional experience of my clients. I have found art therapy to be especially effective when working through trauma. I have a heart for children and have extensive experience working with children and teens across the developmental spectrum through a wide array of therapeutic modalities, including art and play therapy
As a licensed mental health counselor and a registered art therapist, I am passionate about utilizing art as a tool in treatment to nurture and validate the emotional experience of my clients. I have found art therapy to be especially effective when working through trauma. I have a heart for children and have extensive experience working with children and teens across the developmental spectrum through a wide array of therapeutic modalities, including art and play therapy
(617) 936-7163 View (617) 936-7163
Photo of Jennifer Fagundes, LICSW, RYT-200, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Fagundes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, RYT-200
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02140  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
The strongest people have the vulnerability ask for help. Whether you recently feel stuck or believe that you past is holding you back from truly experiencing the present, I can assist you in your healing. I enjoy working with clients that have been survivors of all types of trauma, experience grief, have addictive tendencies or struggle in relationships. Clients would be best served by me when they are motivated to make internal and external changes in order to create more harmony in their lives. Ultimately, I would like you to leave our sessions feeling good about our relationship and the relationship you have with yourself.
The strongest people have the vulnerability ask for help. Whether you recently feel stuck or believe that you past is holding you back from truly experiencing the present, I can assist you in your healing. I enjoy working with clients that have been survivors of all types of trauma, experience grief, have addictive tendencies or struggle in relationships. Clients would be best served by me when they are motivated to make internal and external changes in order to create more harmony in their lives. Ultimately, I would like you to leave our sessions feeling good about our relationship and the relationship you have with yourself.
(857) 763-2138 View (857) 763-2138
Photo of Jodie O'Malley - Jodie O'Malley, LICSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jodie O'Malley, LICSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02138
Employed at McLean Hospital since 2003, where I specialize in evidence-based psychotherapies. My approach focuses on empowering clients to leverage their strengths and break free from entrenched patterns. If you’re here, chances are you’re having some difficulty in life, someplace where you’re struggling. Perhaps emotional undercontrol or overcontrol, social isolation, or painful interpersonal relationships. You’ve arrived looking for help to make changes and build your skillset. You want to create something better.
Employed at McLean Hospital since 2003, where I specialize in evidence-based psychotherapies. My approach focuses on empowering clients to leverage their strengths and break free from entrenched patterns. If you’re here, chances are you’re having some difficulty in life, someplace where you’re struggling. Perhaps emotional undercontrol or overcontrol, social isolation, or painful interpersonal relationships. You’ve arrived looking for help to make changes and build your skillset. You want to create something better.
(617) 468-3446 View (617) 468-3446
Photo of Iulian C Ungureanu - New Perspectives Therapy LCSW P.C., LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
New Perspectives Therapy LCSW P.C.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cambridge, MA 02142  (Online Only)
Understanding why people suffer, how they change, and how to help them live more satisfying and gratifying lives is a fascinating, huge, and important undertaking. For this reason, finding a clinician with appropriate life experiences, training, humility, and willingness to learn what makes each person unique is one of the most difficult challenges for those seeking counseling/therapy today. I would like an opportunity to help you to live the life you have always wanted. "Change the way you look at things and the things you look at change."
Understanding why people suffer, how they change, and how to help them live more satisfying and gratifying lives is a fascinating, huge, and important undertaking. For this reason, finding a clinician with appropriate life experiences, training, humility, and willingness to learn what makes each person unique is one of the most difficult challenges for those seeking counseling/therapy today. I would like an opportunity to help you to live the life you have always wanted. "Change the way you look at things and the things you look at change."
(914) 447-8340 View (914) 447-8340
Photo of Debra S Filiurin, LMHC, Counselor
Debra S Filiurin
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02140
Debra Filiurin has been working with individuals, couples and groups for 35 years. You will engage in a humanistic approach, with respectful dialogue to help you achieve your individual goals.
Debra Filiurin has been working with individuals, couples and groups for 35 years. You will engage in a humanistic approach, with respectful dialogue to help you achieve your individual goals.
(617) 446-3015 View (617) 446-3015
Photo of Carolyn Burke, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Carolyn Burke
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Cambridge, MA 02138  (Online Only)
My style is very straightforward. We will roll up our sleeves and get to work. I spend as little time as possible talking as I prefer to hear clients' stories from the client and learn their dreams and goals for themselves and their families. I try and help them self-determine how they dynamically fit into the family structure. I tend to lean away from coddling and try to identify options and choices that clients may not be able to see while they are in the midst of a dilemma or crisis.
My style is very straightforward. We will roll up our sleeves and get to work. I spend as little time as possible talking as I prefer to hear clients' stories from the client and learn their dreams and goals for themselves and their families. I try and help them self-determine how they dynamically fit into the family structure. I tend to lean away from coddling and try to identify options and choices that clients may not be able to see while they are in the midst of a dilemma or crisis.
(240) 693-5548 View (240) 693-5548
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cambridge, MA

1,000+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Cambridge, MA who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
88% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
69% Trauma and PTSD
65% Life Transitions
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

80% BlueCross and BlueShield
55% Aetna
51% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Cambridge, MA see their clients

53% In Person and Online
47% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cambridge?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.