Therapists in Arlington, MA

Photo of Dr. Steve Marshall, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Dr. Steve Marshall
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02474
I enjoy providing evidence-based psychotherapy for adults and youth with anxiety, OCD, depression, and ADHD, among other mental health conditions. I received my PhD in Clinical Psychology from Ohio University, and I completed my predoctoral internship and postdoctoral fellowships at McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School. I also currently consult at The Pavilion at McLean Hospital and am a Lecturer in Psychology at Harvard Medical School.
I enjoy providing evidence-based psychotherapy for adults and youth with anxiety, OCD, depression, and ADHD, among other mental health conditions. I received my PhD in Clinical Psychology from Ohio University, and I completed my predoctoral internship and postdoctoral fellowships at McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School. I also currently consult at The Pavilion at McLean Hospital and am a Lecturer in Psychology at Harvard Medical School.
(857) 763-1373 View (857) 763-1373
Photo of Amanda Brickley, Counselor in Arlington, MA
Amanda Brickley
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476
Not accepting new clients
There are many reasons people seek out therapy. For some, it may be to find clarity, discover ways to ease anxiety, improve mood or functioning, or process challenging life experiences or trauma. Seeking help and support is the first courageous step towards a more empowered sense of self.
There are many reasons people seek out therapy. For some, it may be to find clarity, discover ways to ease anxiety, improve mood or functioning, or process challenging life experiences or trauma. Seeking help and support is the first courageous step towards a more empowered sense of self.
(781) 218-2377 View (781) 218-2377
Photo of Sarah Levy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Sarah Levy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, LCSW-C, RYT, SEP
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476
I believe all people have the capacity to grow and heal from trauma, anxiety, and stress given the right conditions and environment. It is overwhelming when painful memories, emotions and sensations disrupt our ability to participate in our professional and personal lives. I offer a warm, compassionate and authentic space where we'll connect with your strengths and resources so that you can create meaningful long term change.
I believe all people have the capacity to grow and heal from trauma, anxiety, and stress given the right conditions and environment. It is overwhelming when painful memories, emotions and sensations disrupt our ability to participate in our professional and personal lives. I offer a warm, compassionate and authentic space where we'll connect with your strengths and resources so that you can create meaningful long term change.
(202) 793-6808 View (202) 793-6808
Photo of Lore Andrescavage, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Lore Andrescavage
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
Do you struggle with anxiety that is having an impact at work, home, school, and/or in your social life? Or do you have Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs), like trichotillomania or dermatillomania, that impact your emotional and physical wellbeing? I’d love to work with you as I treat both anxiety disorders and BFRBs in older children, adolescents and women. My aim is to help you build awareness of your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and to identify and use healthier strategies. I address BFRBs using the Comprehensive Behavior Model, and I use a variety of therapeutic approaches to help clients better manage their anxiety.
Do you struggle with anxiety that is having an impact at work, home, school, and/or in your social life? Or do you have Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs), like trichotillomania or dermatillomania, that impact your emotional and physical wellbeing? I’d love to work with you as I treat both anxiety disorders and BFRBs in older children, adolescents and women. My aim is to help you build awareness of your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors and to identify and use healthier strategies. I address BFRBs using the Comprehensive Behavior Model, and I use a variety of therapeutic approaches to help clients better manage their anxiety.
(339) 230-0631 View (339) 230-0631
Photo of Emma R. Worth, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Emma R. Worth
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
Welcome. My work is to help you find more ease, joy, connection, meaning and purpose in your days. Emotional suffering is part of being human, but it is possible to face challenging life situations with a clear head and an open heart. We can cultivate trust and hope in the face of traumatic personal histories and loss. Wouldn’t it be nice to let go of fear and anxiety, as well as the old stories that still have a grip on you, to stop repeating self-defeating patterns and find a place at the clearing for something new?
Welcome. My work is to help you find more ease, joy, connection, meaning and purpose in your days. Emotional suffering is part of being human, but it is possible to face challenging life situations with a clear head and an open heart. We can cultivate trust and hope in the face of traumatic personal histories and loss. Wouldn’t it be nice to let go of fear and anxiety, as well as the old stories that still have a grip on you, to stop repeating self-defeating patterns and find a place at the clearing for something new?
(857) 285-2297 View (857) 285-2297
Photo of Jeffrey J Howlett, Counselor in Arlington, MA
Jeffrey J Howlett
Counselor, LMHC, LMFT
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
I've been a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC), and a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) for almost twenty years. I work with individuals, couples, and families out of the basement office of my home in Arlington, MA. My most basic therapeutic approach is that everyone is born good and whole. But, life happens and it sends us difficulties that we can’t always understand or handle. These difficulties can happen as children, adolescents, adults, in school, home, work, and in our marriages. Sometimes these problematic life experiences can affect our core beliefs negatively and/or overwhelm our abilities to cope.
I've been a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC), and a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) for almost twenty years. I work with individuals, couples, and families out of the basement office of my home in Arlington, MA. My most basic therapeutic approach is that everyone is born good and whole. But, life happens and it sends us difficulties that we can’t always understand or handle. These difficulties can happen as children, adolescents, adults, in school, home, work, and in our marriages. Sometimes these problematic life experiences can affect our core beliefs negatively and/or overwhelm our abilities to cope.
(781) 483-4693 View (781) 483-4693
Photo of Brianna Lear, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Brianna Lear
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
I feel honored to be able to sit with people through the peaks and valleys of the human condition. As a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker, I am dedicated to providing compassionate research-supported care for adults, children, adolescents, and families. My specialties include treating anxiety and mood disorders, relational challenges, life transitions, OCD, and complex trauma. I also have extensive experience supporting individuals navigating neurodivergence, substance use disorders, gender dysphoria, psychosis-spectrum disorders, emotion dysregulation, family conflict, suicidality, and social isolation.
I feel honored to be able to sit with people through the peaks and valleys of the human condition. As a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker, I am dedicated to providing compassionate research-supported care for adults, children, adolescents, and families. My specialties include treating anxiety and mood disorders, relational challenges, life transitions, OCD, and complex trauma. I also have extensive experience supporting individuals navigating neurodivergence, substance use disorders, gender dysphoria, psychosis-spectrum disorders, emotion dysregulation, family conflict, suicidality, and social isolation.
(617) 977-4770 View (617) 977-4770
Photo of Aaron Brandes in Arlington, MA
Aaron Brandes
LCSW, MEd, IASI
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
Therapy is an opportunity to intentionally pause, acknowledge our experience, and forge a deeper connection with ourselves. In these times of elevated stress and fear, it becomes vital to cultivate meaningful pathways for self-nurturing. As we navigate the waves of life, we learn to embrace them with greater acceptance and tenderness. I offer a unique blend of modalities that include that include psychotherapy, IFS parts work, somatic bodywork and creative arts therapies. Whether you seek support for physical discomfort, emotional healing, or personal growth, my practice provides a safe haven where you can explore new ways of being.
Therapy is an opportunity to intentionally pause, acknowledge our experience, and forge a deeper connection with ourselves. In these times of elevated stress and fear, it becomes vital to cultivate meaningful pathways for self-nurturing. As we navigate the waves of life, we learn to embrace them with greater acceptance and tenderness. I offer a unique blend of modalities that include that include psychotherapy, IFS parts work, somatic bodywork and creative arts therapies. Whether you seek support for physical discomfort, emotional healing, or personal growth, my practice provides a safe haven where you can explore new ways of being.
(413) 269-8627 View (413) 269-8627
Photo of Molly Mayerson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Molly Mayerson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476  (Online Only)
I am a licensed independent clinical social worker (LICSW). I enjoy working with late adolescents and adults to navigate a range of issues including, work and school stressors, body image and food related matters, family conflict, depression, anxiety and pregnancy/prenatal/postpartum matters. My patients describe me as warm, direct and engaged.
I am a licensed independent clinical social worker (LICSW). I enjoy working with late adolescents and adults to navigate a range of issues including, work and school stressors, body image and food related matters, family conflict, depression, anxiety and pregnancy/prenatal/postpartum matters. My patients describe me as warm, direct and engaged.
(339) 933-7631 View (339) 933-7631
Photo of Liz Bristow, Counselor in Arlington, MA
Liz Bristow
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474  (Online Only)
Change is hard. And change within ourselves is even harder. Therapy can help with finding answers. It can be a place to explore barriers and challenges to living fully into the life you want. Therapy can help with identifying patterns in our lives, both good ones and bad, with recognizing our strengths, and with where we struggle. Therapy can be a place where we can find our way back to who we really are, supporting our hopes, dreams, values and strengths in living into our lives fully.
Change is hard. And change within ourselves is even harder. Therapy can help with finding answers. It can be a place to explore barriers and challenges to living fully into the life you want. Therapy can help with identifying patterns in our lives, both good ones and bad, with recognizing our strengths, and with where we struggle. Therapy can be a place where we can find our way back to who we really are, supporting our hopes, dreams, values and strengths in living into our lives fully.
(603) 756-6460 View (603) 756-6460
Photo of Katie Infantine, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Katie Infantine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02474  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Are you seeking a deeper connection with the parts of yourself that call for healing? Are you motivated for change and to strengthen your capabilities? I aim to enhance your self-awareness to better understand and accept yourself, ultimately leading to a healthy and balanced life. I hold space for individuals to summon their resilience and uncover a lost connection to Self and others due to trauma or stress. Have you lost touch with your intuition? I will support and facilitate your ability to tune into your inner healing intelligence and by doing so, allow you to gain clarity, new perspectives and reconnection.
Are you seeking a deeper connection with the parts of yourself that call for healing? Are you motivated for change and to strengthen your capabilities? I aim to enhance your self-awareness to better understand and accept yourself, ultimately leading to a healthy and balanced life. I hold space for individuals to summon their resilience and uncover a lost connection to Self and others due to trauma or stress. Have you lost touch with your intuition? I will support and facilitate your ability to tune into your inner healing intelligence and by doing so, allow you to gain clarity, new perspectives and reconnection.
(617) 237-0498 View (617) 237-0498
Photo of Beth Kiuru, Counselor in Arlington, MA
Beth Kiuru
Counselor, LMHC, MTBC
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
Waitlist for new clients
On your self-discovery journey, are you hoping to find balance, reduce stress or panic, feel supported in your relationships, practice positive self-talk, discover tools that really work for you, and/ or reduce negative thought patterns? These are just a few examples of how therapy may be able to help. Together, we can work together to create a plan for your overall mental and emotional health and wellbeing. Thank you for being here and being you!
On your self-discovery journey, are you hoping to find balance, reduce stress or panic, feel supported in your relationships, practice positive self-talk, discover tools that really work for you, and/ or reduce negative thought patterns? These are just a few examples of how therapy may be able to help. Together, we can work together to create a plan for your overall mental and emotional health and wellbeing. Thank you for being here and being you!
(508) 978-5754 View (508) 978-5754
Photo of Leslie Wright, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Leslie Wright
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
I am a clinical psychologist with over ten years of experience treating PTSD, depression, anxiety, addictive behaviors, post-traumatic growth and resilience, and coping with grief. I enjoy delivering evidence-based treatments for a variety of concerns and tailoring the approach to the individual’s needs using a flexible, validating, and client-centered approach. I have expertise in many modalities including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness, Trauma-focused treatments, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy. I create a therapeutic space that is both supportive and challenging with warmth and empathy.
I am a clinical psychologist with over ten years of experience treating PTSD, depression, anxiety, addictive behaviors, post-traumatic growth and resilience, and coping with grief. I enjoy delivering evidence-based treatments for a variety of concerns and tailoring the approach to the individual’s needs using a flexible, validating, and client-centered approach. I have expertise in many modalities including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Mindfulness, Trauma-focused treatments, and Dialectical Behavior Therapy. I create a therapeutic space that is both supportive and challenging with warmth and empathy.
(617) 977-4770 View (617) 977-4770
Photo of Marah Paley, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Marah Paley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MEd
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
I work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety and depression, relationship issues, and life changes. I strive to listen deeply and to build meaningful connections, while helping people to better understand themselves and their experiences. My approach is warm, kind, curious and non-judgmental. My hope is that therapy is a safe, supportive space where you can be authentic and gain insight about your life.
I work with adolescents and adults who are struggling with anxiety and depression, relationship issues, and life changes. I strive to listen deeply and to build meaningful connections, while helping people to better understand themselves and their experiences. My approach is warm, kind, curious and non-judgmental. My hope is that therapy is a safe, supportive space where you can be authentic and gain insight about your life.
(857) 290-5345 View (857) 290-5345
Photo of Nick Harris, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Nick Harris
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476
Not accepting new clients
I appreciate your efforts to seek therapy and hope that this description serves as a useful introduction to my practice. My approach is client-centered, flexible, and integrative, meaning that I draw from multiple schools of theory and practice in treatment. I most frequently offer Cognitive Behavioral, Mindfulness-Based, Psychodynamic and Motivational treatments. I work with adolescents and adults, with particular interests in anxiety disorders, OCD, work-related stress and career coaching, substance use problems, learning differences, grief/bereavement counseling, and phase-of-life transitions.
I appreciate your efforts to seek therapy and hope that this description serves as a useful introduction to my practice. My approach is client-centered, flexible, and integrative, meaning that I draw from multiple schools of theory and practice in treatment. I most frequently offer Cognitive Behavioral, Mindfulness-Based, Psychodynamic and Motivational treatments. I work with adolescents and adults, with particular interests in anxiety disorders, OCD, work-related stress and career coaching, substance use problems, learning differences, grief/bereavement counseling, and phase-of-life transitions.
(781) 819-5351 View (781) 819-5351
Photo of Dr. Julian Pino, Pre-Licensed Professional in Arlington, MA
Dr. Julian Pino
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476
My ideal client is likely someone seeking therapy across the lifespan, dealing with issues like depression, anxiety, ADHD, or trauma. I specialize in working with athletes, especially collegiate athletes, and those facing high-stress transitions in their athletic careers, given my personal and professional background in the field. My collaborative and adaptable therapeutic approach caters to individuals seeking support and growth in various life circumstances.
My ideal client is likely someone seeking therapy across the lifespan, dealing with issues like depression, anxiety, ADHD, or trauma. I specialize in working with athletes, especially collegiate athletes, and those facing high-stress transitions in their athletic careers, given my personal and professional background in the field. My collaborative and adaptable therapeutic approach caters to individuals seeking support and growth in various life circumstances.
(339) 329-1786 View (339) 329-1786
Photo of Gabe Gruner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Arlington, MA
Gabe Gruner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Arlington, MA 02476
I have training and experience in treating a variety of psychological problems, and I specialize in treating anxiety, OCD and related disorders (hair pulling, skin picking). I have specialized training in the most modern psychological treatments that are supported by research evidence. My style is warm and collaborative; I am dedicated to understanding your experience and helping you make changes that are important to you.
I have training and experience in treating a variety of psychological problems, and I specialize in treating anxiety, OCD and related disorders (hair pulling, skin picking). I have specialized training in the most modern psychological treatments that are supported by research evidence. My style is warm and collaborative; I am dedicated to understanding your experience and helping you make changes that are important to you.
(617) 855-6410 View (617) 855-6410
Photo of Peter Harakas, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Peter Harakas
Psychologist, PhD, MSc
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02476  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Currently NOT accepting clients. I believe in establishing a strong therapeutic relationship based on trust and respect and in a collaborative approach with clients. I work with adults and adolescents with issues related to anxiety, OCD, perfectionism, skin picking, trichotillomania, misophonia, coping with chronic illness, such as tinnitus, work-related stress and Type A behaviors. In my work, I incorporate cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention (ERP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), mindfulness, and emotion-focused approaches.
Currently NOT accepting clients. I believe in establishing a strong therapeutic relationship based on trust and respect and in a collaborative approach with clients. I work with adults and adolescents with issues related to anxiety, OCD, perfectionism, skin picking, trichotillomania, misophonia, coping with chronic illness, such as tinnitus, work-related stress and Type A behaviors. In my work, I incorporate cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure and response prevention (ERP), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), mindfulness, and emotion-focused approaches.
(617) 440-3140 View (617) 440-3140
Marlene H Kenney
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, MA
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
I enjoy working with adolescents, teenagers and adults who have trauma histories and traumatic loss. I believe that with every trauma comes opportunity for spiritual, emotional and relational growth. As a Social Worker and family systems therapist, I work with clients to address depression, anxiety, and trauma, from a wholistic and systemic perspective.
I enjoy working with adolescents, teenagers and adults who have trauma histories and traumatic loss. I believe that with every trauma comes opportunity for spiritual, emotional and relational growth. As a Social Worker and family systems therapist, I work with clients to address depression, anxiety, and trauma, from a wholistic and systemic perspective.
(781) 460-6860 View (781) 460-6860
Photo of Chelsea Levy, Psychologist in Arlington, MA
Chelsea Levy
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Arlington, MA 02474
I am a licensed psychologist providing adult psychotherapy, couples therapy, sex therapy and family therapy. I approach therapy from a relational perspective, and enjoy working collaboratively with clients and their strengths to create change. I am particularly interested in working with clients around family of origin issues, relationship issues, trauma, sexual relationships and sexuality. I work with couples on communication, strengthening relational dynamics and sexual or intimacy concerns. I also work as a sex therapist and am open to working whether you come as a couple or as an individual.
I am a licensed psychologist providing adult psychotherapy, couples therapy, sex therapy and family therapy. I approach therapy from a relational perspective, and enjoy working collaboratively with clients and their strengths to create change. I am particularly interested in working with clients around family of origin issues, relationship issues, trauma, sexual relationships and sexuality. I work with couples on communication, strengthening relational dynamics and sexual or intimacy concerns. I also work as a sex therapist and am open to working whether you come as a couple or as an individual.
(781) 350-9375 View (781) 350-9375

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Arlington, MA

400+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in Arlington, MA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
80% Relationship Issues
75% Self Esteem
67% Coping Skills
66% Trauma and PTSD
64% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% BlueCross and BlueShield
51% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
50% Optum

How Therapists in Arlington, MA see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

83% Female
16% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Arlington?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.