Photo of Helen Santa Maria, UKCP Trainee, Psychotherapist
Helen Santa Maria
Psychotherapist, UKCP Trainee
Verified Verified
Most people find themselves in emotional distress at some point in their lives. You may be struggling with anxiety, depression, overwhelm, trauma, stress, anger, identity issues or maybe you can't put your struggles into words. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy takes into consideration a person’s unconscious as well as their conscious thoughts and feelings. We would work together to get a picture of your unconscious processes and think about how they might be playing out for you in unhelpful ways.
Most people find themselves in emotional distress at some point in their lives. You may be struggling with anxiety, depression, overwhelm, trauma, stress, anger, identity issues or maybe you can't put your struggles into words. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy takes into consideration a person’s unconscious as well as their conscious thoughts and feelings. We would work together to get a picture of your unconscious processes and think about how they might be playing out for you in unhelpful ways.
0118 230 2842 View 0118 230 2842
Photo of Penny Wenham, MBACP, Counsellor
Penny Wenham
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hello. I'm Penny and I offer short or long-term therapy with an integrative approach. Is there something that is troubling you? Something you’d like to talk through, but with someone outside of family or friends? Perhaps you’re asking yourself some questions about who you are, what is going on in your life, or about the relationships you have? Maybe your feelings seem overwhelming, or you can’t identify what emotions you’re experiencing? Whatever issue you’d like to bring to counselling it is my hope that you will find some clarity and peace
Hello. I'm Penny and I offer short or long-term therapy with an integrative approach. Is there something that is troubling you? Something you’d like to talk through, but with someone outside of family or friends? Perhaps you’re asking yourself some questions about who you are, what is going on in your life, or about the relationships you have? Maybe your feelings seem overwhelming, or you can’t identify what emotions you’re experiencing? Whatever issue you’d like to bring to counselling it is my hope that you will find some clarity and peace
0118 324 0722 View 0118 324 0722
Photo of Alex Jurgensen, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Alex Jurgensen
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hi, my name is Alex and I am a fully qualified, BACP-registered, counsellor with a proven track record of helping people work through all kinds of problems. Whether you're feeling overwhelmed, weighed down, anxious, depressed, lost, or simply struggling to navigate a difficult situation, I’m here to support you.
Hi, my name is Alex and I am a fully qualified, BACP-registered, counsellor with a proven track record of helping people work through all kinds of problems. Whether you're feeling overwhelmed, weighed down, anxious, depressed, lost, or simply struggling to navigate a difficult situation, I’m here to support you.
01707 245330 View 01707 245330
Photo of Justyna Kaminska, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Justyna Kaminska
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hello and a warm welcome. My name is Justyna and I am an approved Counsellor and Psychotherapist, member of NCPS. I abide to their best practice, making sure that I deliver an effective and tailored to the clients’ specific needs sessions. I am a pluralistic counsellor, which means that I draw on variety of approaches and through shared- decision making I tailor the modality used throughout the sessions towards each and unique individual. Some of the areas I work with include: low self-esteem, low confidence, stress, anxiety, anger management, relationships issues, bereavement & loss. I work by creating a safe, compassionate,
Hello and a warm welcome. My name is Justyna and I am an approved Counsellor and Psychotherapist, member of NCPS. I abide to their best practice, making sure that I deliver an effective and tailored to the clients’ specific needs sessions. I am a pluralistic counsellor, which means that I draw on variety of approaches and through shared- decision making I tailor the modality used throughout the sessions towards each and unique individual. Some of the areas I work with include: low self-esteem, low confidence, stress, anxiety, anger management, relationships issues, bereavement & loss. I work by creating a safe, compassionate,
0118 230 2198 View 0118 230 2198
Photo of Kelly Dodd, MBACP, Counsellor
Kelly Dodd
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or grief? Maybe low self-esteem, stress, or feelings of shame and loneliness are leaving you disconnected and affecting your relationships. Finding the right therapist is important, but I understand it isn't easy and can cause additional stress, especially if seeking help for the first time. I provide a compassionate and supportive space where you can reflect on your concerns and explore the changes you would like to make.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by anxiety, depression, or grief? Maybe low self-esteem, stress, or feelings of shame and loneliness are leaving you disconnected and affecting your relationships. Finding the right therapist is important, but I understand it isn't easy and can cause additional stress, especially if seeking help for the first time. I provide a compassionate and supportive space where you can reflect on your concerns and explore the changes you would like to make.
0118 230 5732 View 0118 230 5732
Photo of Melissa Bright, MBACP, Counsellor
Melissa Bright
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
I chose to be an integrative counsellor because it allows me to draw on a variety of therapeutic techniques. This means I can tailor our sessions to meet your unique needs, whether through talking, creative activities, or a combination of approaches, ensuring we find the best way to support you on your journey. I believe in the power of partnership in therapy. Together, we’ll explore what’s holding you back, and I’ll be with you every step of the way as we work towards your goals. This often includes trying to make sense of confusing or difficult thoughts or feelings which can feel overwhelming at times.
I chose to be an integrative counsellor because it allows me to draw on a variety of therapeutic techniques. This means I can tailor our sessions to meet your unique needs, whether through talking, creative activities, or a combination of approaches, ensuring we find the best way to support you on your journey. I believe in the power of partnership in therapy. Together, we’ll explore what’s holding you back, and I’ll be with you every step of the way as we work towards your goals. This often includes trying to make sense of confusing or difficult thoughts or feelings which can feel overwhelming at times.
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Photo of Paul Hughes, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Paul Hughes
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
I see clients from across all ages, ethnicities and with an extremely wide range of issues. I help clients to come to grips with substance abuse, depression, all forms of anxiety and much more besides. I help my clients to summon the strength to put their issues behind them. I help them to find new ways of feeling, thinking and behaving. Whatever their goals might be, I help them to realise that they're strong enough, good enough and able to achieve them. I particularly specialise in working with clients on the high functioning end of the autistic spectrum.
I see clients from across all ages, ethnicities and with an extremely wide range of issues. I help clients to come to grips with substance abuse, depression, all forms of anxiety and much more besides. I help my clients to summon the strength to put their issues behind them. I help them to find new ways of feeling, thinking and behaving. Whatever their goals might be, I help them to realise that they're strong enough, good enough and able to achieve them. I particularly specialise in working with clients on the high functioning end of the autistic spectrum.
0118 207 2581 View 0118 207 2581
Photo of Chantal Francis - Chantal Francis Therapy, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Chantal Francis Therapy
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
If you're looking for someone to help you overcome burnout you're in the right place; I'm your person and I am so glad to meet you! My name is Chantal and I'm here to take the guess work out of burnout recovery and walk by your side as you find your way back to a life that lights you up. Right now it probably feels impossible to imagine life beyond what you're currently experiencing, so let me assure you, it is 100% possible. How do I know this? Because I've been there myself. I know first hand what it's like to feel trapped in the exhaustion of burnout, and I also know the 'magic' that happens when the right support is available.
If you're looking for someone to help you overcome burnout you're in the right place; I'm your person and I am so glad to meet you! My name is Chantal and I'm here to take the guess work out of burnout recovery and walk by your side as you find your way back to a life that lights you up. Right now it probably feels impossible to imagine life beyond what you're currently experiencing, so let me assure you, it is 100% possible. How do I know this? Because I've been there myself. I know first hand what it's like to feel trapped in the exhaustion of burnout, and I also know the 'magic' that happens when the right support is available.
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Photo of Emma Swiatek, MBACP, Counsellor
Emma Swiatek
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
You may be finding life challenging, struggling with anxiety, depression, low-self esteem, grief, hopelessness or overwhelmed with whatever is troubling you. I offer a warm and empathic space where we can explore together your thoughts and feelings in confidence. The sessions are your space to use as you wish and together we can think about whatever you feel you want to bring to the session. Feeling heard and having the space to talk things through in a non-judgmental environment can lead to a better understanding of ourselves which can give clarity and the possibility to find a path forward to positive change.
You may be finding life challenging, struggling with anxiety, depression, low-self esteem, grief, hopelessness or overwhelmed with whatever is troubling you. I offer a warm and empathic space where we can explore together your thoughts and feelings in confidence. The sessions are your space to use as you wish and together we can think about whatever you feel you want to bring to the session. Feeling heard and having the space to talk things through in a non-judgmental environment can lead to a better understanding of ourselves which can give clarity and the possibility to find a path forward to positive change.
0118 230 0939 View 0118 230 0939
Photo of Charlotte Ruxton, BACP, Psychotherapist
Charlotte Ruxton
Psychotherapist, BACP
Verified Verified
Whether you are an individual in search of help or looking for emotional support, I understand that it is hard to know where to start when finding a therapist. I am an experienced, accredited and personable psychotherapist working face to face with adults and young adults in Reading, Berkshire, or online. Finding the right therapist for you is so important, therefore I offer a free initial consultation so we can chat about what therapy may best suit your needs, if I am the right therapist for you, and if working together has the potential for change for the better.
Whether you are an individual in search of help or looking for emotional support, I understand that it is hard to know where to start when finding a therapist. I am an experienced, accredited and personable psychotherapist working face to face with adults and young adults in Reading, Berkshire, or online. Finding the right therapist for you is so important, therefore I offer a free initial consultation so we can chat about what therapy may best suit your needs, if I am the right therapist for you, and if working together has the potential for change for the better.
020 8059 0050 View 020 8059 0050
Photo of Shani Sephton - Shani Sephton - Holistic Attachment Services , MA, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Shani Sephton - Holistic Attachment Services
Psychotherapist, MA, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
Hello, I am Shani the founder of HAS. We provide Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to adolescents and adults over 18 years old who are experiencing anxiety and depression. We are passionate about delivering ethical and high-quality therapy tailored to the client's needs. Our approach is warm, empathetic and compassionate as we believe the therapist-client collaboration is an important ingredient that nurtures a safe relationship.
Hello, I am Shani the founder of HAS. We provide Cognitive Behavioural Therapy to adolescents and adults over 18 years old who are experiencing anxiety and depression. We are passionate about delivering ethical and high-quality therapy tailored to the client's needs. Our approach is warm, empathetic and compassionate as we believe the therapist-client collaboration is an important ingredient that nurtures a safe relationship.
0118 230 4472 View 0118 230 4472
Photo of Emma Bollan, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Emma Bollan
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
I believe that at times, we all struggle with life difficulties and need someone who understand and sees us. There can be huge barriers to fairness in our society and this, along with the pressures of relationships, social media, work and expectations of others, can reduce our ability to cope alone. I believe that counselling can play a key role in helping us navigate these difficulties and face the future with a little more optimism.
I believe that at times, we all struggle with life difficulties and need someone who understand and sees us. There can be huge barriers to fairness in our society and this, along with the pressures of relationships, social media, work and expectations of others, can reduce our ability to cope alone. I believe that counselling can play a key role in helping us navigate these difficulties and face the future with a little more optimism.
01844 393764 View 01844 393764
Photo of Kameliya Taylor, MBACP, Counsellor
Kameliya Taylor
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Adulting is hard, isn’t it? Constantly having to make everyday choices and life changing decisions can be overwhelming and paralysing. It might seem like everyone has it all figured out but you. What’s wrong with you, you think. Something has got to change you say, but as much as you try, you end up in the same repeating cycles. Anxiety just keeps growing. Your self-esteem is plummeting. Relationships are suffering or non-existent. Work is becoming meaningless or an escape from it all. So, if all else fails, therapy might be a useful tool on your way forward.
Adulting is hard, isn’t it? Constantly having to make everyday choices and life changing decisions can be overwhelming and paralysing. It might seem like everyone has it all figured out but you. What’s wrong with you, you think. Something has got to change you say, but as much as you try, you end up in the same repeating cycles. Anxiety just keeps growing. Your self-esteem is plummeting. Relationships are suffering or non-existent. Work is becoming meaningless or an escape from it all. So, if all else fails, therapy might be a useful tool on your way forward.
0118 230 5446 View 0118 230 5446
Photo of Dr Bahram Mahmoodi Kahriz, PhD, CPsychol, Psychologist
Dr Bahram Mahmoodi Kahriz
Psychologist, PhD, CPsychol
Verified Verified
Online Only
I’m Dr Bahram Mahmoodi Kahriz, a Chartered Psychologist with a PhD in Psychology, dedicated to helping individuals navigate stress, anxiety, and depression. I work with clients to uncover underlying issues, gain insight, and create meaningful change through compassionate, evidence-based care. My approach offers a safe, judgment-free space to explore thoughts and feelings. Together, we’ll identify patterns holding you back and develop practical strategies to build resilience, restore balance, and move forward with confidence. If you’re seeking clarity, relief, or a new direction, I’m here to support you every step of the way.
I’m Dr Bahram Mahmoodi Kahriz, a Chartered Psychologist with a PhD in Psychology, dedicated to helping individuals navigate stress, anxiety, and depression. I work with clients to uncover underlying issues, gain insight, and create meaningful change through compassionate, evidence-based care. My approach offers a safe, judgment-free space to explore thoughts and feelings. Together, we’ll identify patterns holding you back and develop practical strategies to build resilience, restore balance, and move forward with confidence. If you’re seeking clarity, relief, or a new direction, I’m here to support you every step of the way.
0118 230 9737 View 0118 230 9737
Photo of Rob Palterman, MBACP, Counsellor
Rob Palterman
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Sometimes we feel overwhelmed by life,  feelings of anxiety and depression disrupting our wellbeing, making us feel less than acceptable to ourselves and others.  Difficult or traumatising experiences in the past can leave us feeling stuck, alone, fearful or angry. We might be stuck in a flight/flight/freeze response blighting our ability to be in the present moment unable to lean into the people in our lives. Safely speak your truth, express you deepest feelings, learn about yourself in a safe therapeutic space where you could explore these experiences transmut trauma into wisdom and become nearer to being your best self.
Sometimes we feel overwhelmed by life,  feelings of anxiety and depression disrupting our wellbeing, making us feel less than acceptable to ourselves and others.  Difficult or traumatising experiences in the past can leave us feeling stuck, alone, fearful or angry. We might be stuck in a flight/flight/freeze response blighting our ability to be in the present moment unable to lean into the people in our lives. Safely speak your truth, express you deepest feelings, learn about yourself in a safe therapeutic space where you could explore these experiences transmut trauma into wisdom and become nearer to being your best self.
0118 230 2064 View 0118 230 2064
Photo of Christine Gregory, MSc, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Christine Gregory
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Are you feeling lost? Not sure where to turn, but know that something needs to change? Perhaps you need help working through a life transition, significant event, bereavement or loss. Maybe you're struggling with physical health problems, relationship difficulties, trauma or abuse. Whatever your starting point, my goal is to help you move forward, offering a space that validates, recognises and appreciates your difficulties and also celebrates your successes in the context of your wider life and environment. Our relationship will put you at its heart, recognising you may need different things from therapy at different times.
Are you feeling lost? Not sure where to turn, but know that something needs to change? Perhaps you need help working through a life transition, significant event, bereavement or loss. Maybe you're struggling with physical health problems, relationship difficulties, trauma or abuse. Whatever your starting point, my goal is to help you move forward, offering a space that validates, recognises and appreciates your difficulties and also celebrates your successes in the context of your wider life and environment. Our relationship will put you at its heart, recognising you may need different things from therapy at different times.
01753 251496 View 01753 251496
Photo of Chris Masterton, BACP, Counsellor
Chris Masterton
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
You might have an idea of what is getting in your way, or it might not be clear what's wrong. Either way, counselling / psychotherapy can be the key to transformative change. Therapy may help you to manage the burden of many problems and challenges, including, but not limited to those listed below .
You might have an idea of what is getting in your way, or it might not be clear what's wrong. Either way, counselling / psychotherapy can be the key to transformative change. Therapy may help you to manage the burden of many problems and challenges, including, but not limited to those listed below .
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Photo of Sonia Diane, MBACP, Counsellor
Sonia Diane
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a licensed, registered Counsellor with the BACP and have been practicing online since the beginning of lockdown. Previous to that I worked with clients face to face. Having worked with clients who have various different issues including relationship problems, low self esteem, trouble in dealing with emotions, fear of rejection, and more. I have the experience in lots of different issues but realise that everyone is an individual and deals with things in different ways so there is no 'one size fits all' . You are the expert on you, so I shall sit with you and support you in your quest to find a solution.
I am a licensed, registered Counsellor with the BACP and have been practicing online since the beginning of lockdown. Previous to that I worked with clients face to face. Having worked with clients who have various different issues including relationship problems, low self esteem, trouble in dealing with emotions, fear of rejection, and more. I have the experience in lots of different issues but realise that everyone is an individual and deals with things in different ways so there is no 'one size fits all' . You are the expert on you, so I shall sit with you and support you in your quest to find a solution.
0118 338 5048 View 0118 338 5048
Photo of Richard James Kelly, MSc, BPC, Psychotherapist
Richard James Kelly
Psychotherapist, MSc, BPC
Verified Verified
I am a Psychodynamic Psychotherapist working with adults in private practice as well as in an NHS Complex Needs department. I have around ten years of experience in NHS mental health services, including inpatient units, child and adolescent (CAMHS) specialist community services, adult psychological therapy teams and crisis resolution community services. I have previously been involved in research and auditing on the effectiveness and outcomes of psychological therapies in collaboration with the Child Outcomes Research Consortium (CORC) and the Anna Freud Centre.
I am a Psychodynamic Psychotherapist working with adults in private practice as well as in an NHS Complex Needs department. I have around ten years of experience in NHS mental health services, including inpatient units, child and adolescent (CAMHS) specialist community services, adult psychological therapy teams and crisis resolution community services. I have previously been involved in research and auditing on the effectiveness and outcomes of psychological therapies in collaboration with the Child Outcomes Research Consortium (CORC) and the Anna Freud Centre.
07301 205990 View 07301 205990
Photo of Dr Anna Norris - Anna Norris - Clinical Psychologist; Hcpc; Bps, HCPC - Clin. Psych., Psychologist
Anna Norris - Clinical Psychologist; Hcpc; Bps
Psychologist, HCPC - Clin. Psych.
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a Clinical Psychologist, registered with the HCPC (Health and Care Professions Council), and a chartered member/associate fellow of the BPS (British Psychological Society). I have over 20 years of experience of working with a wide range of presenting difficulties, including anxiety, burnout and work-related stress, depression, low self-esteem, emotion regulation difficulties, ADHD, trauma and PTSD and relationship difficulties. I have worked in a number of NHS services and settings over the years, working directly with clients with longstanding difficulties, in addition to offering consultation, supervision and training.
I am a Clinical Psychologist, registered with the HCPC (Health and Care Professions Council), and a chartered member/associate fellow of the BPS (British Psychological Society). I have over 20 years of experience of working with a wide range of presenting difficulties, including anxiety, burnout and work-related stress, depression, low self-esteem, emotion regulation difficulties, ADHD, trauma and PTSD and relationship difficulties. I have worked in a number of NHS services and settings over the years, working directly with clients with longstanding difficulties, in addition to offering consultation, supervision and training.
0118 230 0342 View 0118 230 0342
1

See more therapy options for RG1

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in RG1

100+

Average cost per session

£70

Counsellors in RG1 who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
93% Self Esteem
85% Depression
83% Stress
79% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Aviva
55% AXA PPP
55% Vitality

How Counsellors in RG1 see their clients

87% In Person and Online
13% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in RG1?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.