Counselling in Wilford

Photo of Martin Biddle, MSc, MUKCP, Counsellor
Martin Biddle
Counsellor, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Wilford NG11
My name is Martin and I am a UKCP & BACP registered psychotherapist and trainee supervisor who has worked with adults, young people, couples, university students, families and many others who are experiencing anxiety, relationship issues, depression, trauma, bereavement and loss and concerns about anger management or emotional regulation. Maybe you are feeling stressed-out or anxious or are struggling at work, college or university, or you are overthinking, having panic attacks or relationship issues? Or you need some sexual health counselling or you are a couple who need some support? Talk with me in a safe non-judgemental space.
My name is Martin and I am a UKCP & BACP registered psychotherapist and trainee supervisor who has worked with adults, young people, couples, university students, families and many others who are experiencing anxiety, relationship issues, depression, trauma, bereavement and loss and concerns about anger management or emotional regulation. Maybe you are feeling stressed-out or anxious or are struggling at work, college or university, or you are overthinking, having panic attacks or relationship issues? Or you need some sexual health counselling or you are a couple who need some support? Talk with me in a safe non-judgemental space.
0115 697 1230 View 0115 697 1230
Photo of Yasmin LAWSON, MBACP, Counsellor
Yasmin LAWSON
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Wilford NG11
Do you have relationship issues? I am an experienced Relate trained Couples Counsellor and I can help with a wide range of relationship difficulties. I am person centred and work in collaboration with my clients to help them to find a way to improve their relationships. I also work with couples when one partner may be on the Autistic Spectrum, whether diagnosed or not.
Do you have relationship issues? I am an experienced Relate trained Couples Counsellor and I can help with a wide range of relationship difficulties. I am person centred and work in collaboration with my clients to help them to find a way to improve their relationships. I also work with couples when one partner may be on the Autistic Spectrum, whether diagnosed or not.
0115 824 1631 View 0115 824 1631
Photo of Amy Gethings, MUKCP, Counsellor
Amy Gethings
Counsellor, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Wilford NG11
As well as my busy private practice, I have over 20 years’ experience of working with those in the caring professions & counselling the homeless. I use connection & empathy to help you with your personal development and relationships. We can address anxiety, toxic stress, addictions, low mood, identity, confidence and spirituality. For too long, you have put your quality of life on hold for other people or your working life. For too long you have tried to stay strong. But the body & mind can only take so much. It's time to improve your overall health, build resilience and set healthy boundaries.
As well as my busy private practice, I have over 20 years’ experience of working with those in the caring professions & counselling the homeless. I use connection & empathy to help you with your personal development and relationships. We can address anxiety, toxic stress, addictions, low mood, identity, confidence and spirituality. For too long, you have put your quality of life on hold for other people or your working life. For too long you have tried to stay strong. But the body & mind can only take so much. It's time to improve your overall health, build resilience and set healthy boundaries.
01777 802572 View 01777 802572

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Keith Grayson, MA, MBACP, Counsellor
Keith Grayson
Counsellor, MA, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG2
There may be a specific issue you would like to discuss, you may be dealing with a significant life event, you may be finding it hard to cope with something or need to share something in confidence. I work across a broad range of issues with particular interest in the areas of personal growth; dealing with anxiety, low self-esteem, self-harm; substance use as a coping mechanism, counselling for men and working with people experiencing issues around their identity and relationships with others. Whatever you need to speak about I offer a safe space for you to discuss and explore your issues at your own pace.
There may be a specific issue you would like to discuss, you may be dealing with a significant life event, you may be finding it hard to cope with something or need to share something in confidence. I work across a broad range of issues with particular interest in the areas of personal growth; dealing with anxiety, low self-esteem, self-harm; substance use as a coping mechanism, counselling for men and working with people experiencing issues around their identity and relationships with others. Whatever you need to speak about I offer a safe space for you to discuss and explore your issues at your own pace.
0115 697 1746 View 0115 697 1746
Photo of Kate Greenwood, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Kate Greenwood
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG9  (Online Only)
My name is Kate and I’m a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. I know it can be hard and even scary to reach out and ask for help but it can also be life changing. I offer a compassionate and safe place for you to explore your thoughts, feelings and behaviours using the CBT approach. I always lead with empathy and will work at your pace to make sure that you feel comfortable and supported. I have a particular interest in working with people with Social Anxiety, Low self-esteem, Autism and ADHD and I am a proud supporter of the LGBTQIA+ community. Visit my website for further information on how I can support you.
My name is Kate and I’m a qualified Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. I know it can be hard and even scary to reach out and ask for help but it can also be life changing. I offer a compassionate and safe place for you to explore your thoughts, feelings and behaviours using the CBT approach. I always lead with empathy and will work at your pace to make sure that you feel comfortable and supported. I have a particular interest in working with people with Social Anxiety, Low self-esteem, Autism and ADHD and I am a proud supporter of the LGBTQIA+ community. Visit my website for further information on how I can support you.
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Photo of Jo Kaufman, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Jo Kaufman
Psychotherapist, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG2
I offer CBT and EMDR in central West Bridgford. Working with clients who are experiencing the whole range of anxiety disorders, depression, low self-esteem and those who have experienced trauma. I also draw on mindfulness, compassion focused and acceptance and commitment therapy. Therapy at the pace that works for you, allowing you to process life experiences and equipping and empowering you to manage your emotional wellbeing in a balanced way. I offer both short and long-term therapy for adults, both in person and remotely to allow you to access support that meets your needs.
I offer CBT and EMDR in central West Bridgford. Working with clients who are experiencing the whole range of anxiety disorders, depression, low self-esteem and those who have experienced trauma. I also draw on mindfulness, compassion focused and acceptance and commitment therapy. Therapy at the pace that works for you, allowing you to process life experiences and equipping and empowering you to manage your emotional wellbeing in a balanced way. I offer both short and long-term therapy for adults, both in person and remotely to allow you to access support that meets your needs.
01777 809685 View 01777 809685
Photo of Gerard J Dodd, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Gerard J Dodd
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG2
I am a UKCP registered Counsellor and Psychotherapist, currently offering therapy via online and telephone contact, available weekdays and evenings, (face to face work in Nottingham expected to resume in September 2020).
I am a UKCP registered Counsellor and Psychotherapist, currently offering therapy via online and telephone contact, available weekdays and evenings, (face to face work in Nottingham expected to resume in September 2020).
01245 209618 View 01245 209618
Photo of Jo Dean, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Jo Dean
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Nottingham NG2
I am a qualified, experienced therapist and clinical supervisor working in Nottingham with clients seeking support when they are struggling with emotional or mental health challenges. Many people seek therapy when they are feeling vulnerable and experiencing challenging times, due to past experiences or events that are happening in the present day. I understand how big this first step is. My role as a therapist is to provide you with a safe and confidential space to talk and help you explore the challenges you are currently facing and help you heal and find solutions. I have worked for the Priory Clinic, Steps Together Rehab.
I am a qualified, experienced therapist and clinical supervisor working in Nottingham with clients seeking support when they are struggling with emotional or mental health challenges. Many people seek therapy when they are feeling vulnerable and experiencing challenging times, due to past experiences or events that are happening in the present day. I understand how big this first step is. My role as a therapist is to provide you with a safe and confidential space to talk and help you explore the challenges you are currently facing and help you heal and find solutions. I have worked for the Priory Clinic, Steps Together Rehab.
0115 697 1022 View 0115 697 1022
Photo of Louise Parr, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Louise Parr
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nottingham NG2
My aim as a therapist is to focus on finding a flexible way for everyone to access therapy. Having previously worked shifts I am aware of the difficulties of having a busy life that does not fit into the average 9-5 template and how this can make accessing weekly appointments difficult. I struggled to find my therapist when I was working shifts and I would like to offer my clients a different way of working, booking sessions week by week. This takes away the commitment of attending at the same time and date.
My aim as a therapist is to focus on finding a flexible way for everyone to access therapy. Having previously worked shifts I am aware of the difficulties of having a busy life that does not fit into the average 9-5 template and how this can make accessing weekly appointments difficult. I struggled to find my therapist when I was working shifts and I would like to offer my clients a different way of working, booking sessions week by week. This takes away the commitment of attending at the same time and date.
0115 647 4335 View 0115 647 4335
Photo of Olena Tkachyk, MSc, GMBPsS, Psychotherapist
Olena Tkachyk
Psychotherapist, MSc, GMBPsS
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG2
Hello, I am a counselor and gestalt therapist with an academic background in psycholinguistics, cognitive and gender linguistics. I offer a unique approach to psychotherapy that combines traditional counseling techniques, the principles of gestalt therapy, and a linguistic perspective. As a Gestalt therapist, I believe in the importance of the "here and now", focusing on the present moment and how it relates to our past experiences and future goals. I work with individuals and couples to explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their relationships.
Hello, I am a counselor and gestalt therapist with an academic background in psycholinguistics, cognitive and gender linguistics. I offer a unique approach to psychotherapy that combines traditional counseling techniques, the principles of gestalt therapy, and a linguistic perspective. As a Gestalt therapist, I believe in the importance of the "here and now", focusing on the present moment and how it relates to our past experiences and future goals. I work with individuals and couples to explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their relationships.
01777 801384 x44 View 01777 801384 x44
Photo of Dr Paula Watson, PhD, HCPC - Sport Psych., Psychologist
Dr Paula Watson
Psychologist, PhD, HCPC - Sport Psych.
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Nottingham NG11  (Online Only)
Do you find yourself constantly thinking about food and constantly trying to lose weight? You’re “good” for a few weeks, only to self-sabotage and beat yourself up after another binge. Perhaps food has always been the go to – whether you’re happy, stressed, or frustrated. Or perhaps exercise is the problem. You need to do it, but it makes you miserable. You may struggle with body image, or even hate yourself for letting your body get to this state. If these resonate, you’re not alone. It’s easy to get stuck in these negative cycles, without knowing how to get out. The good news is, it’s possible to change.
Do you find yourself constantly thinking about food and constantly trying to lose weight? You’re “good” for a few weeks, only to self-sabotage and beat yourself up after another binge. Perhaps food has always been the go to – whether you’re happy, stressed, or frustrated. Or perhaps exercise is the problem. You need to do it, but it makes you miserable. You may struggle with body image, or even hate yourself for letting your body get to this state. If these resonate, you’re not alone. It’s easy to get stuck in these negative cycles, without knowing how to get out. The good news is, it’s possible to change.
01923 961943 View 01923 961943
Photo of Jasmine Foulkes, MBACP, Counsellor
Jasmine Foulkes
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG11
We all feel stuck sometimes; either in life generally or in our relationships. We increasingly hear of people struggling with low self esteem, low mood and motivation, anxiety and depression diagnoses are becoming more common. We hear of relationships falling apart for a myriad of reasons; money, trust issues, infidelity, loss of connection to name a few. The key factor that causes relationships to break down is the failure to communicate effectively and re-connect before the problems arise.
We all feel stuck sometimes; either in life generally or in our relationships. We increasingly hear of people struggling with low self esteem, low mood and motivation, anxiety and depression diagnoses are becoming more common. We hear of relationships falling apart for a myriad of reasons; money, trust issues, infidelity, loss of connection to name a few. The key factor that causes relationships to break down is the failure to communicate effectively and re-connect before the problems arise.
0115 697 1846 View 0115 697 1846
Photo of Heather Petcher, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Heather Petcher
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG11  (Online Only)
At the heart of my practice is the emphasis on building a warm, safe and empathic therapeutic relationship based on acceptance and trust within a non judgemental and nurturing environment. I offer a safe space for you to explore your emotions to what is happening, or what has happened in your life and how this is affecting you in the present. I believe you are the expert of you and have all the capabilities to find your own way through your problems with my support, to build confidence within and facilitate personal growth.
At the heart of my practice is the emphasis on building a warm, safe and empathic therapeutic relationship based on acceptance and trust within a non judgemental and nurturing environment. I offer a safe space for you to explore your emotions to what is happening, or what has happened in your life and how this is affecting you in the present. I believe you are the expert of you and have all the capabilities to find your own way through your problems with my support, to build confidence within and facilitate personal growth.
0115 647 7173 View 0115 647 7173
Photo of Natalie Brunning, MBACP Accred, Counsellor
Natalie Brunning
Counsellor, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG11  (Online Only)
Hi my name is Natalie. I am an experienced BACP accredited counsellor working in Nottingham. I offer a friendly, safe and confidential space to enable you to work through any difficulties you may be experiencing. I work within the Humanistic person centered approach and I believe that given the right conditions, through therapy, positive changes can be made. I offer counselling for all ages, individuals, couples, EAP, and group work. I work with both long and short term clients. I have extensive experience working with depression, complex mental health and PTSD
Hi my name is Natalie. I am an experienced BACP accredited counsellor working in Nottingham. I offer a friendly, safe and confidential space to enable you to work through any difficulties you may be experiencing. I work within the Humanistic person centered approach and I believe that given the right conditions, through therapy, positive changes can be made. I offer counselling for all ages, individuals, couples, EAP, and group work. I work with both long and short term clients. I have extensive experience working with depression, complex mental health and PTSD
0115 647 0413 View 0115 647 0413
Photo of Grace-Anne Sharpe-Young, MSc, MBACP Accred, Psychotherapist
Grace-Anne Sharpe-Young
Psychotherapist, MSc, MBACP Accred
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG11
Hello! I'm Grace-Anne, welcome to my page. I am trained in Social Psychology (BSc. BPS), Integrative Counselling & Psychotherapy (MSc. BACP), and Clinical Hypnotherapy (Dip. BPS, GHSC). My integrative approach includes Person-Centred Therapy (Carl Rogers) for self-exploration and growth, Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) highlighting how early emotional connections' impact on adult development, CBT that targets negative thoughts and behaviours into healthier alternatives and Clinical Hypnotherapy, an evidence-based method to help increase deep relaxation, manages stress, anxiety, and addresses phobias, fears, and unhealthy habits.
Hello! I'm Grace-Anne, welcome to my page. I am trained in Social Psychology (BSc. BPS), Integrative Counselling & Psychotherapy (MSc. BACP), and Clinical Hypnotherapy (Dip. BPS, GHSC). My integrative approach includes Person-Centred Therapy (Carl Rogers) for self-exploration and growth, Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) highlighting how early emotional connections' impact on adult development, CBT that targets negative thoughts and behaviours into healthier alternatives and Clinical Hypnotherapy, an evidence-based method to help increase deep relaxation, manages stress, anxiety, and addresses phobias, fears, and unhealthy habits.
01509 323260 View 01509 323260
Photo of Domonic Loone, MBACP, Counsellor
Domonic Loone
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG11
Sometimes the challenges to our happiness can be complex, arising from anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship issues. Other times, it may not feel clear, but you can just sense that it might be time to talk about it. Therapy is a chance to explore what you need, and what might help you navigate through your challenges. I'm a person-centred counsellor and therapist in Nottingham and I am here to support you in empowering exactly that sense.
Sometimes the challenges to our happiness can be complex, arising from anxiety, depression, trauma, or relationship issues. Other times, it may not feel clear, but you can just sense that it might be time to talk about it. Therapy is a chance to explore what you need, and what might help you navigate through your challenges. I'm a person-centred counsellor and therapist in Nottingham and I am here to support you in empowering exactly that sense.
0115 647 1170 View 0115 647 1170
Photo of Denise Heritage, MBACP, Psychotherapist
Denise Heritage
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG9
You may be experiencing anxiety or depression, facing significant life events such as bereavement, redundancy or divorce. You may want to explore relationship patterns that are keeping you unfilled or understand how your childhood affects your life now. Whatever it is I offer a safe and supportive space where we can explore what you are finding difficult. Your experience is unique to you and together we will increase awareness of your feelings and understanding of what your needs are to encourage healing, change and growth. Life can be difficult and sometimes we need support to help us navigate through the challenges we face.
You may be experiencing anxiety or depression, facing significant life events such as bereavement, redundancy or divorce. You may want to explore relationship patterns that are keeping you unfilled or understand how your childhood affects your life now. Whatever it is I offer a safe and supportive space where we can explore what you are finding difficult. Your experience is unique to you and together we will increase awareness of your feelings and understanding of what your needs are to encourage healing, change and growth. Life can be difficult and sometimes we need support to help us navigate through the challenges we face.
0115 647 3451 View 0115 647 3451
Photo of John James Nicol, MBACP, Counsellor
John James Nicol
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG9
Working from rooms in the Beeston / Chilwell NG9 area of Nottingham. Working with you on strategies to help you understand and manage the conditions impacting your life, whilst exploring the causes and together, finding solutions. I offer counselling to adults and adolescents ( 18 or over ) I also welcome students . I am listed on the University of Nottingham approved Counsellors for staff and students. I work online with international clients , the sessions are carried out under UK law and ethical framework regardless of the clients location.
Working from rooms in the Beeston / Chilwell NG9 area of Nottingham. Working with you on strategies to help you understand and manage the conditions impacting your life, whilst exploring the causes and together, finding solutions. I offer counselling to adults and adolescents ( 18 or over ) I also welcome students . I am listed on the University of Nottingham approved Counsellors for staff and students. I work online with international clients , the sessions are carried out under UK law and ethical framework regardless of the clients location.
0115 697 1223 View 0115 697 1223
Photo of Suzie Ford, PhD, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Suzie Ford
Psychotherapist, PhD, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG9
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adults of all ages who experience challenge and overwhelm in their lives. Whether you are going through something new or you have been feeling this way for a while, I am here and wanting to support you. My areas of work include: anxiety; depression; self-esteem issues; relationship problems; shame; trauma; personality disorders; childhood issues; abuse; loss; bullying; and neglect.
I work with adults of all ages who experience challenge and overwhelm in their lives. Whether you are going through something new or you have been feeling this way for a while, I am here and wanting to support you. My areas of work include: anxiety; depression; self-esteem issues; relationship problems; shame; trauma; personality disorders; childhood issues; abuse; loss; bullying; and neglect.
0115 647 1161 View 0115 647 1161
Photo of Natalie Knutton - The Psychotherapy Room, MBACP, Psychotherapist
The Psychotherapy Room
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Nottingham NG2
Here at The Psychotherapy Room our aim is to ensure that we provide an accessible service to those who may not be able to afford it in the heart of Derby City Centre. Counselling and psychotherapy is a different journey for each individual - you may be going through a time of transition in your life; you may need support through a period of hardship you have experienced or are experiencing or you may be seeking a greater self-understanding and awareness.
Here at The Psychotherapy Room our aim is to ensure that we provide an accessible service to those who may not be able to afford it in the heart of Derby City Centre. Counselling and psychotherapy is a different journey for each individual - you may be going through a time of transition in your life; you may need support through a period of hardship you have experienced or are experiencing or you may be seeking a greater self-understanding and awareness.
01332 402808 View 01332 402808

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Wilford

< 10

Counsellors in Wilford who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Other
67% Addiction
67% Domestic Abuse
67% Life Coaching

Average years in practice

3 Years

Gender breakdown

67% Female
33% Male

How Counsellors in Wilford see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Wilford?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Most Psychologists in the directory are accredited members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and/or are registered in the Health and Care Professions Council (HPCP).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for psychotherapists and counsellors in the UK, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in the UK. Psychologists have earned a degree in psychology and many are members of the British Psychological Society (BPS) and have completed a postgraduate qualification in a specialism. Counsellors and Psychotherapists are not required to have a psychology degree, but to belong to a professional organisation such as the BACP or UKCP, they are required to have completed a training course as well as clinical and supervision hours.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the UK could be between £30 - £60 when seeing a counsellor and £60 - £150 and up when seeing a clinical psychologist. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The NHS Talking therapies programme offers free of charge counselling for common mental health problems like anxiety and depression. The service is available to anyone registered with a GP, though you do not necessarily need to be referred by your GP and can refer yourself directly to a Talking therapies service. The service will provide different solutions, including group and individual therapy, for a limited number of sessions which are generally up to six.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the BACP, the UKCP, or BPS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there has been participation in a criminal act or act of terror, or if there is potential or known harm to the client or others, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.