Therapists in Gardner, KS

Photo of Angela Stevens Mediator And Certified Trauma Therapist, Marriage & Family Therapist in Gardner, KS
Angela Stevens Mediator And Certified Trauma Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, ADR, CPTSD, PAS, EFT, Trauma
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030  (Online Only)
Angela is a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP-II). Highly trained in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT), her passion is centered on relationships, and helping families move forward in a healthy, productive way with a solution-focus. Angela's goal is to help clients explore the complex dramas that occur during and after their relationship to help them identify and transform negative processes and interaction patterns that are preventing progress whatever the desired direction. Angela believes this is where we start in making sure any child(ren) involved are best served.
Angela is a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP-II). Highly trained in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT), her passion is centered on relationships, and helping families move forward in a healthy, productive way with a solution-focus. Angela's goal is to help clients explore the complex dramas that occur during and after their relationship to help them identify and transform negative processes and interaction patterns that are preventing progress whatever the desired direction. Angela believes this is where we start in making sure any child(ren) involved are best served.
(913) 347-8419 View (913) 347-8419
Photo of J. Craig Waddle, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Gardner, KS
J. Craig Waddle
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030
Therapy tends to be a process of change. Therefore, we have to understand how change happens. For me, change only happens as we gain a deeper understanding of what needs to be changed. Therapy then, becomes a process of exploring the events that have shaped us so that we can gain that deeper understanding. Once we have that deeper knowledge of the problem, we are better able to make decisions that will lead to positive change. It is my hope that you find the answers you are looking for and that somehow, I may assist you in the process.
Therapy tends to be a process of change. Therefore, we have to understand how change happens. For me, change only happens as we gain a deeper understanding of what needs to be changed. Therapy then, becomes a process of exploring the events that have shaped us so that we can gain that deeper understanding. Once we have that deeper knowledge of the problem, we are better able to make decisions that will lead to positive change. It is my hope that you find the answers you are looking for and that somehow, I may assist you in the process.
(913) 624-1251 View (913) 624-1251
Photo of Soothing Hearts Counseling Services, LLC, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Gardner, KS
Soothing Hearts Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gardner, KS 66030
I am a seasoned therapist who is empathic and knowledgeable. I am devoted to helping people through difficult times. I help people learn to better manage their depression, anxiety, trauma, bipolar and other mental health needs. I assist people working through troubled relationships with family, friends and partners. I support and guide people through the aftermath of abusive relationships. You can be yourself, free of judgements and biases, allowed to share your thoughts unfiltered and without worry of being offensive or ostracized. You can work through your problems and feel a change within yourself, happier and freer.
I am a seasoned therapist who is empathic and knowledgeable. I am devoted to helping people through difficult times. I help people learn to better manage their depression, anxiety, trauma, bipolar and other mental health needs. I assist people working through troubled relationships with family, friends and partners. I support and guide people through the aftermath of abusive relationships. You can be yourself, free of judgements and biases, allowed to share your thoughts unfiltered and without worry of being offensive or ostracized. You can work through your problems and feel a change within yourself, happier and freer.
(913) 246-5749 View (913) 246-5749
Photo of Kristin Kay, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gardner, KS
Kristin Kay
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030  (Online Only)
Life can be so hard, especially when we carry traumatic memories, cultural and generational burdens, or chronic stress. I believe, from the depth of my being, that we are all doing our very best with our current resources. I'm here to support your healing and help you reclaim the power over your suffering. My services are entirely through telehealth, and I provide a warm but real environment over my telehealth platform. I provide support to adults of all ages!
Life can be so hard, especially when we carry traumatic memories, cultural and generational burdens, or chronic stress. I believe, from the depth of my being, that we are all doing our very best with our current resources. I'm here to support your healing and help you reclaim the power over your suffering. My services are entirely through telehealth, and I provide a warm but real environment over my telehealth platform. I provide support to adults of all ages!
(417) 383-2307 View (417) 383-2307
Photo of Dawning of a New Day Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gardner, KS
Dawning of a New Day Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, LCSW, CCP, CCTP, SAP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gardner, KS 66030
Are you thriving, or barely surviving? Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed, or out-of-control? is your relationship in a downward spiral? Is financial distress ruining your life? I know exactly what you're feeling - like the walls are closing in & You Need Help Now! Help is here & hope is on the way! I have advanced clinical training to help you manage your challenges & I look forward to teaching you tools to take your life back. Online or in-person, your choice! Together, we will figure out what's really going on & shed light on your discontent so that you don't have to feel like a failure any more.
Are you thriving, or barely surviving? Feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed, or out-of-control? is your relationship in a downward spiral? Is financial distress ruining your life? I know exactly what you're feeling - like the walls are closing in & You Need Help Now! Help is here & hope is on the way! I have advanced clinical training to help you manage your challenges & I look forward to teaching you tools to take your life back. Online or in-person, your choice! Together, we will figure out what's really going on & shed light on your discontent so that you don't have to feel like a failure any more.
(913) 347-4298 View (913) 347-4298
Photo of Subrena S Hicks, Licensed Professional Counselor in Gardner, KS
Subrena S Hicks
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030
Love in Gray Counseling Services is about finding the strength, hope, and love for yourself or loved ones in the midst of a storm. Everyone's situation looks different, and today you are one step closer to discovering positive growth, and well-being. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with a Master of Arts in Counseling from MidAmerica Nazarene University. I work with a variety of clients such as individuals, couples, families, and adolescents. My treatment approach to therapy is Experiential, and Attachment based. To learn more about this approach visit my website.
Love in Gray Counseling Services is about finding the strength, hope, and love for yourself or loved ones in the midst of a storm. Everyone's situation looks different, and today you are one step closer to discovering positive growth, and well-being. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with a Master of Arts in Counseling from MidAmerica Nazarene University. I work with a variety of clients such as individuals, couples, families, and adolescents. My treatment approach to therapy is Experiential, and Attachment based. To learn more about this approach visit my website.
(913) 305-4420 View (913) 305-4420
Photo of Dennis Smith, Counselor in Gardner, KS
Dennis Smith
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030
I have been in practice for over 30 years. I treat individuals and couples for a variety of issues. I am passionate about people, marriage, and families. My number one goal is helping you achieve your stated counseling goals. I believe your goals can be met providing you are willing to honestly address your concerns and take necessary steps to resolve them. I will walk with you through this process, and I am actively involved in your therapy process.
I have been in practice for over 30 years. I treat individuals and couples for a variety of issues. I am passionate about people, marriage, and families. My number one goal is helping you achieve your stated counseling goals. I believe your goals can be met providing you are willing to honestly address your concerns and take necessary steps to resolve them. I will walk with you through this process, and I am actively involved in your therapy process.
(913) 686-6196 View (913) 686-6196
Photo of Jeff Tadokoro, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gardner, KS
Jeff Tadokoro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030
My goal in counseling is for you to be empowered to make positive changes so that your life can flourish. I work with Children, Adolescents, Adults and Families using brief and long term therapy. I work with a variety of issues including: Depression Stress/Anxiety, Marriage/Family issues, School issues with Children and Adolescents, Substance Abuse, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Grief and Loss, Anger Control. If you have been thinking about making a change, this is an exciting time in your life, take the next step and contact me. I will be here to assist, empower, and advocate for you.
My goal in counseling is for you to be empowered to make positive changes so that your life can flourish. I work with Children, Adolescents, Adults and Families using brief and long term therapy. I work with a variety of issues including: Depression Stress/Anxiety, Marriage/Family issues, School issues with Children and Adolescents, Substance Abuse, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Grief and Loss, Anger Control. If you have been thinking about making a change, this is an exciting time in your life, take the next step and contact me. I will be here to assist, empower, and advocate for you.
(913) 701-3557 View (913) 701-3557
Photo of Diane D Sinclair-Smith, Marriage & Family Therapist in Gardner, KS
Diane D Sinclair-Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030
Are you an adult looking for help with Affair or Divorce Recovery, anxiety, career questions, or depression? Does your marriage need help recovering from infidelity? I offer daytime and evening hours. Do you have parenting issues that are frustrating you and just need some direction? Are you looking for pre-marital preparation or inner healing of past trauma? I also provide equine-assisted psychotherapy (therapy done by interacting with horses). Equine therapy is done offsite at a nearby location.
Are you an adult looking for help with Affair or Divorce Recovery, anxiety, career questions, or depression? Does your marriage need help recovering from infidelity? I offer daytime and evening hours. Do you have parenting issues that are frustrating you and just need some direction? Are you looking for pre-marital preparation or inner healing of past trauma? I also provide equine-assisted psychotherapy (therapy done by interacting with horses). Equine therapy is done offsite at a nearby location.
(913) 276-0859 View (913) 276-0859
Photo of Amber Cahill, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gardner, KS
Amber Cahill
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gardner, KS 66030  (Online Only)
Nothing in our lives is as important as the relationships we have others. I help clients navigate difficult family dynamics, set boundaries, and interrupt destructive patterns within all types of relationships (family, friends, spouse, children, work). I have extensive experience working with men and their unique mental health struggles, as well as young adults.
Nothing in our lives is as important as the relationships we have others. I help clients navigate difficult family dynamics, set boundaries, and interrupt destructive patterns within all types of relationships (family, friends, spouse, children, work). I have extensive experience working with men and their unique mental health struggles, as well as young adults.
(913) 382-7291 View (913) 382-7291
Photo of Melissa Bustamante, Counselor in Gardner, KS
Melissa Bustamante
Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gardner, KS 66030
Not accepting new clients
I am a therapist that works with people of all ages. As an experienced therapist, I have worked with a variety of mental health issues for kids, teens and adults in an effective way. I often use strategies such as EMDR, play therapy, DBT, mindfulness, accelerated resolution therapy and others. Please reach out to see if I would be a good match for you or your family.
I am a therapist that works with people of all ages. As an experienced therapist, I have worked with a variety of mental health issues for kids, teens and adults in an effective way. I often use strategies such as EMDR, play therapy, DBT, mindfulness, accelerated resolution therapy and others. Please reach out to see if I would be a good match for you or your family.
(913) 318-4679 View (913) 318-4679
Photo of Dorathy Scott, Marriage & Family Therapist in Gardner, KS
Dorathy Scott
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030
Are you struggling with relational issues, chronic illness, work/life stress, a mental illness, infertility, divorce, anxiety, depression? Life, always seems to have a lot more in store than we want or feel we can handle at any given time, it seems. Navigating all of the curves some times roadblocks can be overwhelming and you may find that you need help processing and maneuvering what's coming at you. The need for a safe space to be yourself, ugly cry, and be emotionally vulnerable. Everyone and every place is not always equipped to handle what our needs are in those moments, but I hope to provide that space for you.
Are you struggling with relational issues, chronic illness, work/life stress, a mental illness, infertility, divorce, anxiety, depression? Life, always seems to have a lot more in store than we want or feel we can handle at any given time, it seems. Navigating all of the curves some times roadblocks can be overwhelming and you may find that you need help processing and maneuvering what's coming at you. The need for a safe space to be yourself, ugly cry, and be emotionally vulnerable. Everyone and every place is not always equipped to handle what our needs are in those moments, but I hope to provide that space for you.
(913) 392-5647 View (913) 392-5647
Photo of Brianne Phillips, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gardner, KS
Brianne Phillips
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW, LCSW, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Gardner, KS 66030  (Online Only)
We all go through many changes and transitions through life. Some are challenging, others are joyous. My hopes are to show you that counseling is a process of self-exploration and discovery and is helpful for anyone at any stage of their life. I strive to provide a safe, comfortable, and supportive environment for all of my clients.
We all go through many changes and transitions through life. Some are challenging, others are joyous. My hopes are to show you that counseling is a process of self-exploration and discovery and is helpful for anyone at any stage of their life. I strive to provide a safe, comfortable, and supportive environment for all of my clients.
(785) 504-1146 View (785) 504-1146
Photo of Discover Hope Counseling and Behavioral Support, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Gardner, KS
Discover Hope Counseling and Behavioral Support
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Gardner, KS 66030
Are you living in Kansas and experiencing symptoms of hopelessness? anxiety? depression? Our organizational mission is to improve access to quality mental health care in the rural Kansas area, particularly Baldwin City/Lawrence/Ottawa/Gardner, and other neighboring towns. We believe, by establishing firmly planted roots within Kansas, partnering with families and local communities and organizations, providing mental health services, and connecting families with educational resources, that the path to hope can be discovered in the midst of a seemingly hopeless circumstance.
Are you living in Kansas and experiencing symptoms of hopelessness? anxiety? depression? Our organizational mission is to improve access to quality mental health care in the rural Kansas area, particularly Baldwin City/Lawrence/Ottawa/Gardner, and other neighboring towns. We believe, by establishing firmly planted roots within Kansas, partnering with families and local communities and organizations, providing mental health services, and connecting families with educational resources, that the path to hope can be discovered in the midst of a seemingly hopeless circumstance.
(785) 322-8755 View (785) 322-8755

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Jenni Marie Baker, Registered Psychotherapist in Gardner, KS
Jenni Marie Baker
Registered Psychotherapist, LCP, MA
Verified Verified
Olathe, KS 66062
Do you feel Overwhelmed, Angry, Sad, Anxious, Guilty or Hopeless About Your Situation? Do you need help Resolving past traumas, Changing negative beliefs or letting go of toxic relationships? Are you Confused about your goals moving forward and what you really want? Are you grieving or struggling with an addiction? Are you feeling out of control with your behaviors? Is it hard to communicate your needs and feelings to others? Do you lack Connection and Trust? Is your Marriage in trouble? Are you struggling to like or accept yourself? Are you continuing to Repeat the Same Mistakes? You are Not the Only one
Do you feel Overwhelmed, Angry, Sad, Anxious, Guilty or Hopeless About Your Situation? Do you need help Resolving past traumas, Changing negative beliefs or letting go of toxic relationships? Are you Confused about your goals moving forward and what you really want? Are you grieving or struggling with an addiction? Are you feeling out of control with your behaviors? Is it hard to communicate your needs and feelings to others? Do you lack Connection and Trust? Is your Marriage in trouble? Are you struggling to like or accept yourself? Are you continuing to Repeat the Same Mistakes? You are Not the Only one
(785) 470-3798 View (785) 470-3798
Photo of Samantha Jane Thomas, Counselor in Gardner, KS
Samantha Jane Thomas
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Olathe, KS 66062
Not accepting new clients
I predominantly work with individuals who feel stretched by other’s demands and like they have to be the rock for the people around them. I also specialize working with couples experiencing communication difficulties. Together, we can calm the storm and take steps toward a life you enjoy. Life can be hard, but you do not have to handle it alone. You have taken an incredibly brave step by starting this searching process. Whatever you are dealing with - trauma, life transitions, depression, anxiety, loss - know that you do not have to face it on your own.
I predominantly work with individuals who feel stretched by other’s demands and like they have to be the rock for the people around them. I also specialize working with couples experiencing communication difficulties. Together, we can calm the storm and take steps toward a life you enjoy. Life can be hard, but you do not have to handle it alone. You have taken an incredibly brave step by starting this searching process. Whatever you are dealing with - trauma, life transitions, depression, anxiety, loss - know that you do not have to face it on your own.
(913) 395-9059 View (913) 395-9059
Photo of Let's Process Life LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist in Gardner, KS
Let's Process Life LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Verified Verified
Olathe, KS 66061
Life can be challenging. Being able to process the challenges we face can be difficult to manage alone. I know, as I have not been immune to life's experiences. We are all relational, and this can be both a strength and a struggle. Families, friends, coworkers, classmates, and others can stir up challenges that might not make sense. Let's Process Your Life together and see where healing and change can take you and those you care most about. You are worth it!
Life can be challenging. Being able to process the challenges we face can be difficult to manage alone. I know, as I have not been immune to life's experiences. We are all relational, and this can be both a strength and a struggle. Families, friends, coworkers, classmates, and others can stir up challenges that might not make sense. Let's Process Your Life together and see where healing and change can take you and those you care most about. You are worth it!
(913) 285-8780 View (913) 285-8780
Photo of Sherry Paldino, Licensed Professional Counselor in Gardner, KS
Sherry Paldino
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Olathe, KS 66061
I'm passionate about helping children, teens, and young adults learn how to accept, love, and care for their true selves while navigating this ever-changing world. I aspire to create a warm, safe, and relaxing environment that promotes growth and healing.
I'm passionate about helping children, teens, and young adults learn how to accept, love, and care for their true selves while navigating this ever-changing world. I aspire to create a warm, safe, and relaxing environment that promotes growth and healing.
(913) 353-8620 View (913) 353-8620
Photo of Community Treatment Services, Counselor in Gardner, KS
Community Treatment Services
Counselor, LSCSW, LCPC, LCMFT, LCP, LMSW
Verified Verified
Olathe, KS 66062
We serve people of all ages, from children to senior citizens, both as individuals and as members of their families. Whether you know your specific needs, or you are looking for help but don’t know where to start, we work closely with you to ensure you get the safe, effective treatment you need from our team of therapists.
We serve people of all ages, from children to senior citizens, both as individuals and as members of their families. Whether you know your specific needs, or you are looking for help but don’t know where to start, we work closely with you to ensure you get the safe, effective treatment you need from our team of therapists.
(913) 675-2721 View (913) 675-2721
Photo of GateWay of Hope Women's Counseling Center in Gardner, KS
GateWay of Hope Women's Counseling Center
LPC, LCPC, LCSW, LMFT
Verified Verified
Olathe, KS 66062
Feel like you don’t have enough time in a day? Feel exhausted, overwhelmed and hopeless? In need of a safe place to relax? Gateway is here to help! GateWay of Hope offers a safe, caring, healing environment that exclusively works with women. Our counselors are here to meet your needs in a home like setting with a relaxed atmosphere. Our relaxed setting will enable you to heal at your own comfort with highly skilled licensed counselors and life coaches who have a passion for helping women. We offer counseling from a Christian perspective, but you tell us how much of your faith you want in your healing. Call Us!
Feel like you don’t have enough time in a day? Feel exhausted, overwhelmed and hopeless? In need of a safe place to relax? Gateway is here to help! GateWay of Hope offers a safe, caring, healing environment that exclusively works with women. Our counselors are here to meet your needs in a home like setting with a relaxed atmosphere. Our relaxed setting will enable you to heal at your own comfort with highly skilled licensed counselors and life coaches who have a passion for helping women. We offer counseling from a Christian perspective, but you tell us how much of your faith you want in your healing. Call Us!
(913) 225-8840 View (913) 225-8840

See more therapy options for Gardner

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Gardner, KS

10+

Average cost per session

$145

Therapists in Gardner, KS who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
93% Relationship Issues
93% Anxiety
93% Grief
93% Self Esteem
86% Family Conflict
86% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

70% Cigna and Evernorth
60% Aetna
60% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Gardner, KS see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
23% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Gardner?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.