Therapists in West Springfield, MA

Photo of Devon Bausch, PhD, Psychologist
Devon Bausch
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
*Not Accepting New Clients At This Time* Dr. Bausch offers patient-centered psychotherapy to all people who feel their lives need improvement in some way and would like help in this process. Whether you are new to therapy or have had therapy before, people may seek therapy services to reduce feelings of: sadness, worry, anger, trauma, low self-esteem, unhealthy ways of coping, job/school burnout, or difficulty to adjust to unfair life situations. The goal of therapy is to move towards self-discovery, healing, and change! Dr. Bausch primarily provides individual therapy to adults.
*Not Accepting New Clients At This Time* Dr. Bausch offers patient-centered psychotherapy to all people who feel their lives need improvement in some way and would like help in this process. Whether you are new to therapy or have had therapy before, people may seek therapy services to reduce feelings of: sadness, worry, anger, trauma, low self-esteem, unhealthy ways of coping, job/school burnout, or difficulty to adjust to unfair life situations. The goal of therapy is to move towards self-discovery, healing, and change! Dr. Bausch primarily provides individual therapy to adults.
(413) 287-1307 View (413) 287-1307
Photo of Jeanette Feliciano (Inspira Counseling Center), LMHC, Counselor
Jeanette Feliciano (Inspira Counseling Center)
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I help individuals (ages 5 and older), couples and families to find the best version of themselves. If you are struggling with Anxiety, Depression, ADHD (children/adults) and other trauma related diagnoses, you have taken a step in the right direction by visiting this page.
I help individuals (ages 5 and older), couples and families to find the best version of themselves. If you are struggling with Anxiety, Depression, ADHD (children/adults) and other trauma related diagnoses, you have taken a step in the right direction by visiting this page.
(413) 423-0009 View (413) 423-0009
Photo of Kathleen Morrissey, MSW, LICSW, PTA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kathleen Morrissey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, PTA
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Our lives can be difficult and demanding. Sometimes we do not receive the support that we need or would like to have. Life changing circumstances, whether recent or long standing, can result in feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and fatigue affecting your quality of life, your relationships and managing from day to day. When feeling overwhelmed coping can become difficult. I am also a guide and life coach who will assist you on your journey. I will help you to find resolve for your concerns, begin to imagine positive changes that will benefit you and create the life you wish to have.
Our lives can be difficult and demanding. Sometimes we do not receive the support that we need or would like to have. Life changing circumstances, whether recent or long standing, can result in feelings of anxiety, depression, anger and fatigue affecting your quality of life, your relationships and managing from day to day. When feeling overwhelmed coping can become difficult. I am also a guide and life coach who will assist you on your journey. I will help you to find resolve for your concerns, begin to imagine positive changes that will benefit you and create the life you wish to have.
(413) 455-1532 View (413) 455-1532
Photo of Amy Baker, MEd, LMHC, Counselor
Amy Baker
Counselor, MEd, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
I am currently offering telehealth sessions! Reaching out for help is often very difficult. I want to invite you to a trusting therapeutic setting set to promote health and healing. People often engage in therapy for a variety reasons. Some people seek resolutions to conflict and challenges while others seek to find meaning in their lives. Each person and their course of treatment is unique and I will work closely and collaboratively with you. My practice encompasses adults, teens, families, and couples. I have worked with a variety of presenting issues. I offer short and long term therapy tailored to your needs.
I am currently offering telehealth sessions! Reaching out for help is often very difficult. I want to invite you to a trusting therapeutic setting set to promote health and healing. People often engage in therapy for a variety reasons. Some people seek resolutions to conflict and challenges while others seek to find meaning in their lives. Each person and their course of treatment is unique and I will work closely and collaboratively with you. My practice encompasses adults, teens, families, and couples. I have worked with a variety of presenting issues. I offer short and long term therapy tailored to your needs.
(413) 259-0354 View (413) 259-0354
Photo of Rondey A Allen - CrossPoint Clinical Services, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
CrossPoint Clinical Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
Looking for Christian a Christian counselor? CrossPoint Clinical Services is a multifaceted clinical agency that aims to provide the highest quality clinical services, including individual, couples and family psychotherapy, quality psycho-educational groups, workshops and consultation services. Our team consists of independently licensed mental health clinicians with a wealth of experience in a variety of secular settings. We are an interdenominational non profit organization employing believers from a variety of Christian faith communities.
Looking for Christian a Christian counselor? CrossPoint Clinical Services is a multifaceted clinical agency that aims to provide the highest quality clinical services, including individual, couples and family psychotherapy, quality psycho-educational groups, workshops and consultation services. Our team consists of independently licensed mental health clinicians with a wealth of experience in a variety of secular settings. We are an interdenominational non profit organization employing believers from a variety of Christian faith communities.
(413) 384-5015 x1001 View (413) 384-5015 x1001
Photo of Luis A Torres-Cordero - Luis Torres (Inspira Counseling Center), LMHC, Counselor
Luis Torres (Inspira Counseling Center)
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Do you feel like you’ve tried everything, but nothing seems to be working and you’re starting to feel hopeless? Do you want to be more confident in your abilities and who you are as a person? Do you find yourself so stressed out that you cannot function? If you are experiencing Depression, Anxiety, grieving the loss of a loved one, difficulty with work and/or relationships, feeling overwhelmed, difficulty managing or dealing with strong emotions or need support through a major life transition, I may be able to help.
Do you feel like you’ve tried everything, but nothing seems to be working and you’re starting to feel hopeless? Do you want to be more confident in your abilities and who you are as a person? Do you find yourself so stressed out that you cannot function? If you are experiencing Depression, Anxiety, grieving the loss of a loved one, difficulty with work and/or relationships, feeling overwhelmed, difficulty managing or dealing with strong emotions or need support through a major life transition, I may be able to help.
(413) 327-9497 x501 View (413) 327-9497 x501
Photo of Danielle Jones, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danielle Jones
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Currently accepting new clients, Danielle is a Licensed Certified Social Worker who specializes in eating disorders. She earned her Bachelor of Social Work Degree at Elms College and her Masters in Social Work at Westfield State University. Danielle is passionate about serving her community on her professional journey. She has enjoyed working in a variety of settings including community outreach programs, schools, residential programs, and at an inpatient behavioral health center.
Currently accepting new clients, Danielle is a Licensed Certified Social Worker who specializes in eating disorders. She earned her Bachelor of Social Work Degree at Elms College and her Masters in Social Work at Westfield State University. Danielle is passionate about serving her community on her professional journey. She has enjoyed working in a variety of settings including community outreach programs, schools, residential programs, and at an inpatient behavioral health center.
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Photo of Gregory Handel - Handel Behavioral Health West Springfield, PhD, Psychologist
Handel Behavioral Health West Springfield
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
We may be facing relational tensions, career transitions, challenges with addiction, or feeling anxious and depressed but unsure of the cause. No matter what we’re struggling with, we all need a person we can talk honestly and openly about our lives with. Our therapists at Handel Behavioral Health in West Springfield are here to guide you in a collaborative way to a place of connection, understanding, and growth. As you work with one of our therapists, you will cultivate self-awareness to examine with compassion and honesty, your inner strengths to meet life’s challenges, as well as the old patterns that may be delaying your growth.
We may be facing relational tensions, career transitions, challenges with addiction, or feeling anxious and depressed but unsure of the cause. No matter what we’re struggling with, we all need a person we can talk honestly and openly about our lives with. Our therapists at Handel Behavioral Health in West Springfield are here to guide you in a collaborative way to a place of connection, understanding, and growth. As you work with one of our therapists, you will cultivate self-awareness to examine with compassion and honesty, your inner strengths to meet life’s challenges, as well as the old patterns that may be delaying your growth.
(413) 216-6428 View (413) 216-6428
Photo of Eileen Garrigan - Thriveworks Counseling&Psychiatry West Springfield, Counselor
Thriveworks Counseling&Psychiatry West Springfield
Counselor
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
At Thriveworks, we're dedicated to providing top-tier mental health services that are easily accessible to everyone. With over 340 locations nationwide and flexible online therapy options, our professional therapists are equipped to assist you through any stress, life transitions, or ongoing mental health concerns. We prioritize your convenience and needs by offering flexible scheduling, including evening and weekend appointments, ensuring that you can start your therapy journey as early as this week. Plus, we accept most major insurance plans, making your path to mental health support smoother and more affordable.
(855) 524-5193 View (855) 524-5193
Photo of Pam Boone, MS, CAGS, LMHC, Counselor
Pam Boone
Counselor, MS, CAGS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Are you fearful, anxious, stressed, sad or not able to complete your goals and life seems to be moving while you are feeling stuck? Prioritize yourself and your well-being, call me and let's talk. I am a passionate and empathic mental health professional who believes that everyone deserves the chance to be the best person they can be and to live the best life possible. I am committed to empowering individuals to recognize and utilize their strengths to change their circumstance.
Are you fearful, anxious, stressed, sad or not able to complete your goals and life seems to be moving while you are feeling stuck? Prioritize yourself and your well-being, call me and let's talk. I am a passionate and empathic mental health professional who believes that everyone deserves the chance to be the best person they can be and to live the best life possible. I am committed to empowering individuals to recognize and utilize their strengths to change their circumstance.
(413) 225-4892 View (413) 225-4892
Photo of Jeremy 'jota' Weeks, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jeremy 'jota' Weeks
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Jeremy’s approach is warm, direct, practical, and transformative. He will work collaboratively with you to identify and focus on the heart of the matter. As a Family Systems Therapist, experienced in working with both individuals and families, he is passionate about identifying patterns and cycles that may be preventing you from cultivating connections and rewriting your narrative to reach your transformative goals.
Jeremy’s approach is warm, direct, practical, and transformative. He will work collaboratively with you to identify and focus on the heart of the matter. As a Family Systems Therapist, experienced in working with both individuals and families, he is passionate about identifying patterns and cycles that may be preventing you from cultivating connections and rewriting your narrative to reach your transformative goals.
(413) 289-5070 View (413) 289-5070
Photo of Jillian Hemmelgarn, LMHC, Counselor
Jillian Hemmelgarn
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
I believe that finding and connecting with the right therapist, is one of the most important steps to making an effective therapeutic process. I am a licensed cognitive behavioral therapist with 16 yrs of experience in the Western Massachusetts area and I provide an understanding, collaborative, and safe environment for my clients. As a therapist, I seek to help you obtain appropriate tools to address your concerns, balance your emotional experiences, feel stronger, empowered, have more self-awareness, and guide you to make new, positive and more productive choices.
I believe that finding and connecting with the right therapist, is one of the most important steps to making an effective therapeutic process. I am a licensed cognitive behavioral therapist with 16 yrs of experience in the Western Massachusetts area and I provide an understanding, collaborative, and safe environment for my clients. As a therapist, I seek to help you obtain appropriate tools to address your concerns, balance your emotional experiences, feel stronger, empowered, have more self-awareness, and guide you to make new, positive and more productive choices.
(413) 350-1030 View (413) 350-1030
Photo of Paulette Berrocales, LCSW, PMH-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paulette Berrocales
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PMH-C
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Do you struggle with perinatal issues such as anxiety, depression, or grief that affect your day-to-day life, relationships, and ability to function? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or frustrated by the challenges of motherhood, managing your career, or maintaining a sense of self amidst these transitions? Do you wonder if your life could be more fulfilling and balanced? Now more than ever, many women are feeling anxious and uncertain about overcoming perinatal challenges, finding their place in motherhood, and managing their mental health.
Do you struggle with perinatal issues such as anxiety, depression, or grief that affect your day-to-day life, relationships, and ability to function? Do you feel exhausted, overwhelmed, or frustrated by the challenges of motherhood, managing your career, or maintaining a sense of self amidst these transitions? Do you wonder if your life could be more fulfilling and balanced? Now more than ever, many women are feeling anxious and uncertain about overcoming perinatal challenges, finding their place in motherhood, and managing their mental health.
(413) 423-1454 x510 View (413) 423-1454 x510
Photo of Frederick W Sperry, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Frederick W Sperry
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
Thank you for your interest. I have been working with children, adolescents, families, and individual adults in private practice for the past 25+ years. For the first twelve years of my career I worked for Yale-New Haven Hospital on their Child Psychiatric Inpatient Service, Baystate Medical Center's Child Psychiatry Department, as well as school systems before making the transition to private practice in 1998. In addition, I completed a clinical externship at The Ackerman Institute for Family Therapy in New York City.
Thank you for your interest. I have been working with children, adolescents, families, and individual adults in private practice for the past 25+ years. For the first twelve years of my career I worked for Yale-New Haven Hospital on their Child Psychiatric Inpatient Service, Baystate Medical Center's Child Psychiatry Department, as well as school systems before making the transition to private practice in 1998. In addition, I completed a clinical externship at The Ackerman Institute for Family Therapy in New York City.
(413) 241-5643 View (413) 241-5643
Photo of Ileana Hernandez, MSW, LICSW, LADCI, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ileana Hernandez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LADCI
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Have you tried to manage symptoms of anxiety, panic attacks, and depression with distractions, self-medicating behaviors, and hoping time will make things better, but instead, they worsen? The frequency and intensity of these symptoms feel like a dark cloud before a storm that does not clear up, causing feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. I encourage you to try therapy. If that speaks to you, use the filters on this page to find a provider that speaks to your individual needs, or if you want to communicate with me, click “email me,” and I will reach out to you. Together we will develop a treatment plan that will work for you.
Have you tried to manage symptoms of anxiety, panic attacks, and depression with distractions, self-medicating behaviors, and hoping time will make things better, but instead, they worsen? The frequency and intensity of these symptoms feel like a dark cloud before a storm that does not clear up, causing feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. I encourage you to try therapy. If that speaks to you, use the filters on this page to find a provider that speaks to your individual needs, or if you want to communicate with me, click “email me,” and I will reach out to you. Together we will develop a treatment plan that will work for you.
(413) 887-3478 View (413) 887-3478
Photo of Therese Katherine Sarnelli, MEd , LMHC, Counselor
Therese Katherine Sarnelli
Counselor, MEd , LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
Waitlist for new clients
Please allow me to introduce myself. I have been working with young adults and adults for over ten years. I have worked with veterans, first responders, those with disabilities. My specialties include but not limited to Sexual Trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, Depression and Anxiety. I have been certified through the VA/Springfield Vet Center for specialized training, in Military Sexual Trauma (MST). In the past, I interned at the Springfield Vet Center offering readjustment counseling to combat vet’s and their families.
Please allow me to introduce myself. I have been working with young adults and adults for over ten years. I have worked with veterans, first responders, those with disabilities. My specialties include but not limited to Sexual Trauma, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, Depression and Anxiety. I have been certified through the VA/Springfield Vet Center for specialized training, in Military Sexual Trauma (MST). In the past, I interned at the Springfield Vet Center offering readjustment counseling to combat vet’s and their families.
(413) 287-1420 View (413) 287-1420
Photo of Rachel D Delano, LICSW, CCLS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rachel D Delano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CCLS
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Connection. The relationship between you and me is what will drive the therapeutic process. With over a decade of experience working in health care and education, I take a pragmatic, solution-oriented, and supportive approach with my clients. My goal is to become a part of your team and help you succeed in your identified needs.
Connection. The relationship between you and me is what will drive the therapeutic process. With over a decade of experience working in health care and education, I take a pragmatic, solution-oriented, and supportive approach with my clients. My goal is to become a part of your team and help you succeed in your identified needs.
(413) 343-4118 View (413) 343-4118
Photo of Dorimar A. Diaz, MSW, LCSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dorimar A. Diaz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089  (Online Only)
Representation matters and I am part of the LGBT community, latinx and have many invisible disabilities. I have been doing this work for a little over 10 years (MSW Boston College 2015). I am ready when you are! Genuine compassion and trust is at the root of any solid relationship and necessary for growth to manifest! Starting therapy takes courage and you are well on your way simply by researching therapists. Therapy is helpful when we are ready to do the messy work. As your therapist, I also have to be ready and capable of containing all of what comes up in therapy.
Representation matters and I am part of the LGBT community, latinx and have many invisible disabilities. I have been doing this work for a little over 10 years (MSW Boston College 2015). I am ready when you are! Genuine compassion and trust is at the root of any solid relationship and necessary for growth to manifest! Starting therapy takes courage and you are well on your way simply by researching therapists. Therapy is helpful when we are ready to do the messy work. As your therapist, I also have to be ready and capable of containing all of what comes up in therapy.
(413) 213-3982 View (413) 213-3982
Photo of Blythe N Hutchins, MA, LMHC , Counselor
Blythe N Hutchins
Counselor, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
West Springfield, MA 01089
I work with people with trauma histories, anxiety, depression, and mothers. I am a born again Christian.
I work with people with trauma histories, anxiety, depression, and mothers. I am a born again Christian.
(413) 296-2926 x1030 View (413) 296-2926 x1030
Photo of Anne-Marie Tonsing - The Mind Works, NCSP, LEP, ABSNP
The Mind Works
NCSP, LEP, ABSNP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West Springfield, MA 01089
As a dedicated school psychologist, I bring a wealth of knowledge about the diverse programs and services offered within public schools. I work collaboratively with teachers, parents, and administrators to create an inclusive and supportive learning environment, providing practical recommendations that can be effectively implemented. My goal is to identify and address the unique needs of each student, ensuring they receive the appropriate support to thrive academically, socially, and emotionally.
As a dedicated school psychologist, I bring a wealth of knowledge about the diverse programs and services offered within public schools. I work collaboratively with teachers, parents, and administrators to create an inclusive and supportive learning environment, providing practical recommendations that can be effectively implemented. My goal is to identify and address the unique needs of each student, ensuring they receive the appropriate support to thrive academically, socially, and emotionally.
(413) 252-8448 View (413) 252-8448
1

See more therapy options for West Springfield

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in West Springfield, MA

100+

Average cost per session

$149

Therapists in West Springfield, MA who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
90% Depression
74% Trauma and PTSD
68% Self Esteem
64% Relationship Issues
64% Coping Skills
63% Stress

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% BlueCross and BlueShield
70% Aetna
70% Optum

How Therapists in West Springfield, MA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
18% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in West Springfield?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.