Therapists in Wichita, KS

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Photo of Liz Kolodziej, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Liz Kolodziej
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67202
I work with individuals, couples, and families navigating anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, parenting, grief, stress, life transitions, and trauma (developmental, medical, sexual, religious, and complex), as well as personal and spiritual growth. My clients often sense that healing is not just about symptom relief, it's about coming home to a felt sense of wholeness and authenticity. I offer a collaborative, culturally attuned, and affirming space for people of all backgrounds, identities, and orientations to explore what's beneath the surface and reconnect with what matters most.
I work with individuals, couples, and families navigating anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, parenting, grief, stress, life transitions, and trauma (developmental, medical, sexual, religious, and complex), as well as personal and spiritual growth. My clients often sense that healing is not just about symptom relief, it's about coming home to a felt sense of wholeness and authenticity. I offer a collaborative, culturally attuned, and affirming space for people of all backgrounds, identities, and orientations to explore what's beneath the surface and reconnect with what matters most.
(316) 745-2586 View (316) 745-2586
Photo of Andrew R Bennett - Andrew R. Bennett, LCMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Andrew R. Bennett, LCMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Wichita, KS 67212
Finding the right therapist for you and your needs can be challenging. With over 20 years of experience I've had the opportunity to work with a wide rage of clients, from large and smaller communities, addressing many therapeutic issues. I work with children, adolescents, adults, families, couples, developmental disabilities and autism. I look forward to seeing if I am the right therapist for you.
Finding the right therapist for you and your needs can be challenging. With over 20 years of experience I've had the opportunity to work with a wide rage of clients, from large and smaller communities, addressing many therapeutic issues. I work with children, adolescents, adults, families, couples, developmental disabilities and autism. I look forward to seeing if I am the right therapist for you.
(316) 869-2602 View (316) 869-2602
Photo of Mayra Lizette Wilson - Mayra Family Counseling LLC, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Mayra Family Counseling LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Wichita, KS 67206
Mayra is an MFT, a Marriage and Family Therapist, committed to helping children, adolescents, and adults by simplifying the complicated and creating the best version of tomorrow. She strives to build trusting and respectful therapist-client relationships. Devoted to supporting all people on their therapeutic journeys, Mayra helps clients see their choices and promotes positive changes in the lives of those who seek her counseling. Mayra is a dedicated and compassionate therapist with a deep understanding of mental health issues and a passion for aiding the well-being of individuals in need.
Mayra is an MFT, a Marriage and Family Therapist, committed to helping children, adolescents, and adults by simplifying the complicated and creating the best version of tomorrow. She strives to build trusting and respectful therapist-client relationships. Devoted to supporting all people on their therapeutic journeys, Mayra helps clients see their choices and promotes positive changes in the lives of those who seek her counseling. Mayra is a dedicated and compassionate therapist with a deep understanding of mental health issues and a passion for aiding the well-being of individuals in need.
(316) 370-2467 View (316) 370-2467
Photo of Sydney Reeves, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LCMFT
Sydney Reeves
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LCMFT
Wichita, KS 67226
Feeling stuck, anxious, or emotionally drained from trying to keep everything together? Maybe communication feels tense, your confidence is low, or life transitions have left you feeling uncertain about what’s next. You don’t have to figure it all out on your own. Therapy can be a space to slow down, untangle your thoughts, and reconnect with yourself.
Feeling stuck, anxious, or emotionally drained from trying to keep everything together? Maybe communication feels tense, your confidence is low, or life transitions have left you feeling uncertain about what’s next. You don’t have to figure it all out on your own. Therapy can be a space to slow down, untangle your thoughts, and reconnect with yourself.
(316) 531-8536 View (316) 531-8536
Photo of Bailey Mitchell, Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT-S
Bailey Mitchell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT-S
2 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67230
Hi, I’m Bailey Mitchell. I believe therapy should feel like real life—not stiff or scripted. My style is authentic and laid back, but also direct. I don’t shy away from giving perspective when it’s helpful, and I value being honest and straightforward in the room. You’ll probably find me in jeans with my shoes kicked off—and I welcome my clients to do the same. Therapy is serious work, but that doesn’t mean it can’t feel comfortable and human, too. My focus is on helping you gain insight and self-awareness so you can grow into the best version of yourself.
Hi, I’m Bailey Mitchell. I believe therapy should feel like real life—not stiff or scripted. My style is authentic and laid back, but also direct. I don’t shy away from giving perspective when it’s helpful, and I value being honest and straightforward in the room. You’ll probably find me in jeans with my shoes kicked off—and I welcome my clients to do the same. Therapy is serious work, but that doesn’t mean it can’t feel comfortable and human, too. My focus is on helping you gain insight and self-awareness so you can grow into the best version of yourself.
(316) 688-2079 View (316) 688-2079
Photo of Christina M Zivec, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Christina M Zivec
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Online Only
Feeling stuck, anxious, or burned out? You’re not alone—and you don’t have to figure it out alone. I help teens and adults navigate stress, life changes, identity questions, and relationship issues with clarity and confidence. In a supportive, LGBTQ-affirming space, you’ll feel heard and empowered to reconnect with who you are and where you're going. Therapy isn’t about quick fixes—it’s about building a space to reflect, grow, and move forward at your own pace.
Feeling stuck, anxious, or burned out? You’re not alone—and you don’t have to figure it out alone. I help teens and adults navigate stress, life changes, identity questions, and relationship issues with clarity and confidence. In a supportive, LGBTQ-affirming space, you’ll feel heard and empowered to reconnect with who you are and where you're going. Therapy isn’t about quick fixes—it’s about building a space to reflect, grow, and move forward at your own pace.
(316) 900-4666 View (316) 900-4666
Photo of Dan Bigelow, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Dan Bigelow
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Wichita, KS 67212
I work with individuals, couples, and families, but I have a special passion for supporting adolescents and young adults facing anxiety, depression, ADHD, and autism. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed by school, relationships, and family life, and they’re looking for a safe space where they can be understood and supported. As a former teacher, I bring insight into the challenges young people face both in the classroom and at home, helping them feel seen and heard.
I work with individuals, couples, and families, but I have a special passion for supporting adolescents and young adults facing anxiety, depression, ADHD, and autism. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed by school, relationships, and family life, and they’re looking for a safe space where they can be understood and supported. As a former teacher, I bring insight into the challenges young people face both in the classroom and at home, helping them feel seen and heard.
(316) 333-7411 View (316) 333-7411
Photo of Cindy K Hearson, LMSW
Cindy K Hearson
Verified Verified
Wichita, KS 67207
You may be feeling overwhelmed by life transitions, family stress, or emotional patterns that leave you stuck. You might be navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, or the impact of addiction and wanting a calm space to understand what you’re feeling. You’re looking for clarity, healthier coping skills, and a stronger sense of self. Your goal is to feel more grounded, connected, and confident as you move toward a life that feels more aligned with who you are.
You may be feeling overwhelmed by life transitions, family stress, or emotional patterns that leave you stuck. You might be navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, or the impact of addiction and wanting a calm space to understand what you’re feeling. You’re looking for clarity, healthier coping skills, and a stronger sense of self. Your goal is to feel more grounded, connected, and confident as you move toward a life that feels more aligned with who you are.
(316) 348-4559 View (316) 348-4559
Photo of Grace Elise Mitchell, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Grace Elise Mitchell
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Wichita, KS 67206
Hey there! I’m a marriage and family therapist who enjoys working with individuals, couples, and families from various backgrounds and walks of life. I have experience working with people of various ages, identities, religious/spiritual beliefs, and sexualities. I really enjoy helping people define and achieve their unique goals and needs in therapy, and I strive to offer a relaxed environment where people can be themselves whatever that may look like.
Hey there! I’m a marriage and family therapist who enjoys working with individuals, couples, and families from various backgrounds and walks of life. I have experience working with people of various ages, identities, religious/spiritual beliefs, and sexualities. I really enjoy helping people define and achieve their unique goals and needs in therapy, and I strive to offer a relaxed environment where people can be themselves whatever that may look like.
(316) 542-6302 View (316) 542-6302
Photo of Marilyn S Possett, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Marilyn S Possett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSCSW
Wichita, KS 67208
Many people are finding it more difficult than ever to cope with the stresses of modern life, which come at us faster than ever before. Instead of feeling calm and in control, they feel frazzled, frustrated, and unsure. Anxiety occurs when a reaction is out of proportion with what might be normally expected in a situation. If this is happening to you, it's important to learn new and better ways of coping with the pressures of life. The ancient Stoic philosopher Epictetus said, "It's not what happens to you but how you react that matters."
Many people are finding it more difficult than ever to cope with the stresses of modern life, which come at us faster than ever before. Instead of feeling calm and in control, they feel frazzled, frustrated, and unsure. Anxiety occurs when a reaction is out of proportion with what might be normally expected in a situation. If this is happening to you, it's important to learn new and better ways of coping with the pressures of life. The ancient Stoic philosopher Epictetus said, "It's not what happens to you but how you react that matters."
(316) 448-9581 View (316) 448-9581
Photo of Joan Danitschek, Licensed Professional Counselor, Master', LPC
Joan Danitschek
Licensed Professional Counselor, Master', LPC
Wichita, KS 67206
Joan offers individual therapy and case management with a clinical focus on anxiety, ADHD, and depression. She works with children ages 6 and older, adolescents, teens, and adults through midlife, tailoring care to developmental needs and life transitions. Her approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based strategies to help clients manage stress, regulate emotions, and build lasting skills for daily life. In addition to these core areas, she offers support for related concerns as part of comprehensive mental health care.
Joan offers individual therapy and case management with a clinical focus on anxiety, ADHD, and depression. She works with children ages 6 and older, adolescents, teens, and adults through midlife, tailoring care to developmental needs and life transitions. Her approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based strategies to help clients manage stress, regulate emotions, and build lasting skills for daily life. In addition to these core areas, she offers support for related concerns as part of comprehensive mental health care.
(316) 542-2673 View (316) 542-2673
Photo of Anna Francka, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Anna Francka
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You are not alone. The great thing about telehealth is we can schedule appointments at times that work best for you in an environment you feel safe and comfortable in. My approach is warm, collaborative, and goal-oriented—I believe therapy should feel supportive, but also purposeful. Together, we’ll focus on understanding what’s holding you back, building healthier patterns, and moving toward the version of yourself you want to become. I’ll meet you where you are, listen without judgment, and help you understand the connection between your thoughts, emotion, & behaviors.
You are not alone. The great thing about telehealth is we can schedule appointments at times that work best for you in an environment you feel safe and comfortable in. My approach is warm, collaborative, and goal-oriented—I believe therapy should feel supportive, but also purposeful. Together, we’ll focus on understanding what’s holding you back, building healthier patterns, and moving toward the version of yourself you want to become. I’ll meet you where you are, listen without judgment, and help you understand the connection between your thoughts, emotion, & behaviors.
(316) 666-1300 View (316) 666-1300
Photo of Cristina Sanchez, Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Cristina Sanchez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LCMFT
Online Only
Are you struggling with sexual behaviors that feel hard to control or patterns you don’t fully understand? You’re not alone—and you’re not broken. Many people silently carry shame while navigating sexual addiction, intense emotions, or major life transitions. I work with individuals facing sexual addiction, personality disorders, and life changes, offering a private, nonjudgmental space where you can understand your patterns, regain control, and begin building a more stable and fulfilling life.
Are you struggling with sexual behaviors that feel hard to control or patterns you don’t fully understand? You’re not alone—and you’re not broken. Many people silently carry shame while navigating sexual addiction, intense emotions, or major life transitions. I work with individuals facing sexual addiction, personality disorders, and life changes, offering a private, nonjudgmental space where you can understand your patterns, regain control, and begin building a more stable and fulfilling life.
(316) 799-3712 View (316) 799-3712
Photo of Sarah McGill, Psychologist, PhD, LP
Sarah McGill
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Wichita, KS 67202
Waitlist for new clients
Dr. Sarah McGill (she/her) is a psychologist (LP-T) specializing in psychotherapy and psychological evaluations for individuals ages 4 and above, with expertise working with children and adolescents. She earned her PhD in Clinical-Community Psychology from Wichita State University and completed her pre-doctoral internship at the University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita. As a Wichita native, Dr. McGill is dedicated to serving and supporting her local community.
Dr. Sarah McGill (she/her) is a psychologist (LP-T) specializing in psychotherapy and psychological evaluations for individuals ages 4 and above, with expertise working with children and adolescents. She earned her PhD in Clinical-Community Psychology from Wichita State University and completed her pre-doctoral internship at the University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita. As a Wichita native, Dr. McGill is dedicated to serving and supporting her local community.
(316) 844-7260 View (316) 844-7260
Photo of Lindsay Carbajal - Lindsay Mullins Carbajal, L, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, , LCMFT
Lindsay Mullins Carbajal, L
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, , LCMFT
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67206
I feel called to help people and I am passionate about journeying with others to find hope and healing. I believe that through God’s grace, and meaningful human connection there is opportunity for change that will bring positive outcome to any situation possible. I seek to build trusting and supportive relationships with clients and to walk alongside them to meet their goals and ultimately find peace and contentment, despite potential suffering or hardship. I feel it is a privilege to sit together with clients and hold space for great transformative work to occur.
I feel called to help people and I am passionate about journeying with others to find hope and healing. I believe that through God’s grace, and meaningful human connection there is opportunity for change that will bring positive outcome to any situation possible. I seek to build trusting and supportive relationships with clients and to walk alongside them to meet their goals and ultimately find peace and contentment, despite potential suffering or hardship. I feel it is a privilege to sit together with clients and hold space for great transformative work to occur.
(316) 453-0259 View (316) 453-0259
Photo of Lisa L Oldham, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Lisa L Oldham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67226
Lisa is a Licensed Master Social Worker with a deep passion for supporting people on their journey to healing, self-discovery, and empowerment. A proud graduate of Wichita State University with both a Bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice and a Master’s in Social Work, Lisa has dedicated her education and career to serving Indigenous communities, children and families, and individuals navigating complex life challenges. She was an active member of the Phi Alpha Honor Society, the Indigenous Student Collective, and the Graduate Student Council during her studies, focusing her research and training on Indigenous women and families.
Lisa is a Licensed Master Social Worker with a deep passion for supporting people on their journey to healing, self-discovery, and empowerment. A proud graduate of Wichita State University with both a Bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice and a Master’s in Social Work, Lisa has dedicated her education and career to serving Indigenous communities, children and families, and individuals navigating complex life challenges. She was an active member of the Phi Alpha Honor Society, the Indigenous Student Collective, and the Graduate Student Council during her studies, focusing her research and training on Indigenous women and families.
(316) 974-3199 View (316) 974-3199
Photo of Michael Farlow, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CMPC
Michael Farlow
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CMPC
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67220
Hello, I'm Michael, a Licensed Professional Counselor with a proficiency in handling a diverse array of issues. My experience include Couples Counseling, Managing Anxiety, Depression, optimizing Mental Performance, and various other concerns. I focus on assisting clients aged 14 and above, providing empathetic assistance to navigate life's difficulties and improve their overall wellness. I earned my Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Wichita State University, with a focused track in sport counseling. I am also a Certified Mental Performance Consultant, which is the gold standard for Sport Psychology.
Hello, I'm Michael, a Licensed Professional Counselor with a proficiency in handling a diverse array of issues. My experience include Couples Counseling, Managing Anxiety, Depression, optimizing Mental Performance, and various other concerns. I focus on assisting clients aged 14 and above, providing empathetic assistance to navigate life's difficulties and improve their overall wellness. I earned my Master's degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Wichita State University, with a focused track in sport counseling. I am also a Certified Mental Performance Consultant, which is the gold standard for Sport Psychology.
(316) 365-8009 View (316) 365-8009
Photo of Morgan Salazar, Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, CPT
Morgan Salazar
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, CPT
1 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67212
Feel free to text, email or fill out my Google Form on the website link! There is a huge diversity of needs in our world today. From trauma, to family issues, to work-related stress and everything in between, life gets hard to manage alone sometimes. It is hard to open up to someone about these difficulties and hardships. I'm happy to help navigate through the ups and the downs. You're not alone!
Feel free to text, email or fill out my Google Form on the website link! There is a huge diversity of needs in our world today. From trauma, to family issues, to work-related stress and everything in between, life gets hard to manage alone sometimes. It is hard to open up to someone about these difficulties and hardships. I'm happy to help navigate through the ups and the downs. You're not alone!
(316) 290-9110 View (316) 290-9110
Photo of Cori Adair-Cardinale, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Cori Adair-Cardinale
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Wichita, KS 67202
Allow me the opportunity to assist you on your healing journey. Elevating those I serve to experience a higher quality of life has been the highlight of my career. I see myself as an instrument to be utilized for gain insight, strength, education and self-compassion. The growth clients obtain while in therapy is attributed to the strong therapeutic alliance that is achieved through building trust, exercising patience, offering empathy and encouragement. Growth happens through outlining achievable goals. Identifying the client's struggle to encourage healing in a safe, comfortable and confidential space. Let's get started!
Allow me the opportunity to assist you on your healing journey. Elevating those I serve to experience a higher quality of life has been the highlight of my career. I see myself as an instrument to be utilized for gain insight, strength, education and self-compassion. The growth clients obtain while in therapy is attributed to the strong therapeutic alliance that is achieved through building trust, exercising patience, offering empathy and encouragement. Growth happens through outlining achievable goals. Identifying the client's struggle to encourage healing in a safe, comfortable and confidential space. Let's get started!
(316) 746-7689 View (316) 746-7689
Photo of Nedra Cannon, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Nedra Cannon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
My ideal client may be feeling overwhelmed by trauma, chronic stress, anxiety, grief, or identity-related pressures. They may be tired of carrying things alone and want a space where they feel understood, respected, and safe. Their goals often include healing from past experiences, strengthening boundaries, improving emotional regulation, and reconnecting with themselves in a more grounded, empowered way so they can move forward with clarity and intention.
My ideal client may be feeling overwhelmed by trauma, chronic stress, anxiety, grief, or identity-related pressures. They may be tired of carrying things alone and want a space where they feel understood, respected, and safe. Their goals often include healing from past experiences, strengthening boundaries, improving emotional regulation, and reconnecting with themselves in a more grounded, empowered way so they can move forward with clarity and intention.
(316) 799-8975 View (316) 799-8975

See more therapy options for Wichita

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Wichita, KS

800+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Wichita, KS who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
86% Depression
75% Trauma and PTSD
71% Self Esteem
67% Relationship Issues
67% Stress
59% Grief

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

91% BlueCross and BlueShield
84% Aetna
65% Medicaid

How Therapists in Wichita, KS see their clients

81% In Person and Online
19% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
19% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Wichita?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.