Psychoanalytic Therapists in 93108

Photo of Dana Bryon Staub, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 93108, CA
Dana Bryon Staub
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Montecito, CA 93108
In my experience, psychoanalytic psychotherapy has proven to be one of the best treatments for obtaining long-lasting results and consistent life changes that one desires.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck? Do you find yourself repeating negative patterns? Do you want to make positive changes within yourself and your relationships? I believe that therapy is a collaborative process in which we together determine what you need. Years of experience contribute to my ability to create a safe space that will encourage deep exploration into understanding your emotional concerns. Often after completing the therapeutic process, many come to discover that they have more choices in their lives and report feeling more optimistic and alive.
In my experience, psychoanalytic psychotherapy has proven to be one of the best treatments for obtaining long-lasting results and consistent life changes that one desires.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, anxious, or stuck? Do you find yourself repeating negative patterns? Do you want to make positive changes within yourself and your relationships? I believe that therapy is a collaborative process in which we together determine what you need. Years of experience contribute to my ability to create a safe space that will encourage deep exploration into understanding your emotional concerns. Often after completing the therapeutic process, many come to discover that they have more choices in their lives and report feeling more optimistic and alive.
(424) 294-8863 View (424) 294-8863
Photo of Alex J. Russan, Associate Marriage & Family Therapist in 93108, CA
Alex J. Russan
Associate Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Montecito, CA 93108  (Online Only)
People come to see me for a wide variety of reasons, but almost always, they feel stuck in some way—whether from difficult or volatile relationships, overwhelming thoughts and emotions, addictions, or the effects of trauma. I work with adults of all ages, kids, and couples, to figure out what’s keeping them stuck and unhappy, to help them get freed up to live life in new ways. As a psychoanalytic therapist, I can help you to recognize and accept difficult-to-see parts of yourself and your present experience that are getting in your way. Our work together would be unique, based on you as an individual.
People come to see me for a wide variety of reasons, but almost always, they feel stuck in some way—whether from difficult or volatile relationships, overwhelming thoughts and emotions, addictions, or the effects of trauma. I work with adults of all ages, kids, and couples, to figure out what’s keeping them stuck and unhappy, to help them get freed up to live life in new ways. As a psychoanalytic therapist, I can help you to recognize and accept difficult-to-see parts of yourself and your present experience that are getting in your way. Our work together would be unique, based on you as an individual.
(650) 753-8282 View (650) 753-8282
Photo of Charles Eckhart, Psychologist in 93108, CA
Charles Eckhart
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Montecito, CA 93108
I offer psychoanalytic psychotherapy, a empirically validated type of therapy that focuses on emotional experience, defensive strategies (how we avoid painful, frustrating, scary, intolerable feelings and thoughts), recurring patterns and themes in our lives and our relationships, and discussion of our past and its influence on how we came to be.
I think "being human" can be quite a mess sometimes, and relational psychotherapy can be a big help along the way. I work with people from a variety of backgrounds who have varied concerns that bring them to psychotherapy. Most enter therapy because their circumstances, temperament, and awareness has pushed them to a point where they want help. Often folks are not quite sure how they got here, but they know things need to be sorted through. I've been in practice 15+ years and also have extensive experience teaching, writing, and lecturing to doctoral students and post-grad therapists. I'd be happy to see if I can be helpful to you.
I offer psychoanalytic psychotherapy, a empirically validated type of therapy that focuses on emotional experience, defensive strategies (how we avoid painful, frustrating, scary, intolerable feelings and thoughts), recurring patterns and themes in our lives and our relationships, and discussion of our past and its influence on how we came to be.
I think "being human" can be quite a mess sometimes, and relational psychotherapy can be a big help along the way. I work with people from a variety of backgrounds who have varied concerns that bring them to psychotherapy. Most enter therapy because their circumstances, temperament, and awareness has pushed them to a point where they want help. Often folks are not quite sure how they got here, but they know things need to be sorted through. I've been in practice 15+ years and also have extensive experience teaching, writing, and lecturing to doctoral students and post-grad therapists. I'd be happy to see if I can be helpful to you.
(805) 892-6505 View (805) 892-6505
Photo of Silvia Popa, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate in 93108, CA
Silvia Popa
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA, AMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montecito, CA 93108
In a safe and serene space, I meet you where you are. I welcome individuals open to exploring their own deep wisdom, truth, and Inner Healer. Engaging in our own healing work can provide growth, transformation, or new states of consciousness. My approach to therapy is an eclectic, multicultural and individualized therapy for different issues-trauma, relationships, daily life stressors, transpersonal experiences, or whatever is needed for the stage of your life.
In a safe and serene space, I meet you where you are. I welcome individuals open to exploring their own deep wisdom, truth, and Inner Healer. Engaging in our own healing work can provide growth, transformation, or new states of consciousness. My approach to therapy is an eclectic, multicultural and individualized therapy for different issues-trauma, relationships, daily life stressors, transpersonal experiences, or whatever is needed for the stage of your life.
(805) 303-5503 View (805) 303-5503
Photo of Find Your Center, A Therapy Collective , Marriage & Family Therapist in 93108, CA
Find Your Center, A Therapy Collective
Marriage & Family Therapist
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93108
We are here to help you heal and grow. We are genuine, real people who believe that actual, loving feedback is more useful than simply listening and repeating. That is why we partner concrete take-home skills with open, active listening. Our style incorporates humor and play. We tailor every single session to your unique needs. We want to be by your side, to listen, support, and challenge you every step of the way. You do not have do this alone. Together, we will discover untapped purpose, passion, clarity, and courage.
We are here to help you heal and grow. We are genuine, real people who believe that actual, loving feedback is more useful than simply listening and repeating. That is why we partner concrete take-home skills with open, active listening. Our style incorporates humor and play. We tailor every single session to your unique needs. We want to be by your side, to listen, support, and challenge you every step of the way. You do not have do this alone. Together, we will discover untapped purpose, passion, clarity, and courage.
(805) 424-5986 View (805) 424-5986
Photo of KD Farris, Pastoral Counselor in 93108, CA
KD Farris
Pastoral Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93108
My roots as a therapist and healer have seeded over the past thirty-five years, bringing substance and depth to my one-on-one sessions with couples and individuals. During this time, I have maintained a private practice, which has always consisted of process-oriented consciousness work -- a means by which to enter safely and deeply into the inner landscape of the psyche for positive and real world change. My results-oriented approach to psychology is derived from the commitment to a conscious process and the intrapsychic relationship one can access when choosing to turn toward--and look at--oneself.
My roots as a therapist and healer have seeded over the past thirty-five years, bringing substance and depth to my one-on-one sessions with couples and individuals. During this time, I have maintained a private practice, which has always consisted of process-oriented consciousness work -- a means by which to enter safely and deeply into the inner landscape of the psyche for positive and real world change. My results-oriented approach to psychology is derived from the commitment to a conscious process and the intrapsychic relationship one can access when choosing to turn toward--and look at--oneself.
(310) 889-0677 View (310) 889-0677
Photo of Irina Dashevsky-Kerdman, Psychologist in 93108, CA
Irina Dashevsky-Kerdman
Psychologist, PhD, BCN
Verified Verified
Montecito, CA 93108
In my practice I blend together the art and science of psychotherapy with a strong focus on global change. My intention is to help you thrive. I use a comprehensive approach with a strong mind-body focus and integrate psychoanalysis with neuroscience. This helps to interpret properly and work more efficiently toward transforming maladaptive mechanisms that stifle your life. Often I use Neurofeedback, Biofeedback, and Photobiomodulation and work directly and noninvasively with the brain and the nervous system. This helps you self-regulate and embody change quicker, with less distress. In most cases the results are permanent.
In my practice I blend together the art and science of psychotherapy with a strong focus on global change. My intention is to help you thrive. I use a comprehensive approach with a strong mind-body focus and integrate psychoanalysis with neuroscience. This helps to interpret properly and work more efficiently toward transforming maladaptive mechanisms that stifle your life. Often I use Neurofeedback, Biofeedback, and Photobiomodulation and work directly and noninvasively with the brain and the nervous system. This helps you self-regulate and embody change quicker, with less distress. In most cases the results are permanent.
(805) 585-5906 View (805) 585-5906
Photo of Danielle Birrittella, Marriage & Family Therapist in 93108, CA
Danielle Birrittella
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA, MFA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Montecito, CA 93108
My role as a psychotherapist is to accompany people on their courageous journeys of healing, discovery, and self-expression. I enjoy working with individuals who are curious and inspired to take their inner work seriously. I believe that the narratives we tell about ourselves hold tremendous power and that, through our work together, we can become more conscious of how these stories shape our lives in order to find opportunities for new understanding and meaning making. As a depth psychotherapist, I have reverence for the wisdom of psyche, the unconscious, to help guide us to explore parts of ourselves in order to become more whole.
My role as a psychotherapist is to accompany people on their courageous journeys of healing, discovery, and self-expression. I enjoy working with individuals who are curious and inspired to take their inner work seriously. I believe that the narratives we tell about ourselves hold tremendous power and that, through our work together, we can become more conscious of how these stories shape our lives in order to find opportunities for new understanding and meaning making. As a depth psychotherapist, I have reverence for the wisdom of psyche, the unconscious, to help guide us to explore parts of ourselves in order to become more whole.
(424) 233-1239 View (424) 233-1239
Photo of Jenna Lane Marsala, Marriage & Family Therapist in 93108, CA
Jenna Lane Marsala
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93108
Do you ever ask yourself, "Why do I keep doing the same things but expect different outcomes?" Or "Do I look at the world differently than all my family and friends?" Life can feel stressful, overwhelming, and out of control at times. I try to help life feel a little bit more manageable and work through issues at your own pace. Psychotherapy is about an exploration of self and the world around you. As a psychotherapist, I am here to provide guidance through this exploration in a safe place and to improve interaction with those you love.
Do you ever ask yourself, "Why do I keep doing the same things but expect different outcomes?" Or "Do I look at the world differently than all my family and friends?" Life can feel stressful, overwhelming, and out of control at times. I try to help life feel a little bit more manageable and work through issues at your own pace. Psychotherapy is about an exploration of self and the world around you. As a psychotherapist, I am here to provide guidance through this exploration in a safe place and to improve interaction with those you love.
(925) 261-7827 View (925) 261-7827
Photo of Melissa Jones Cantekin, Psychologist in 93108, CA
Melissa Jones Cantekin
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Montecito, CA 93108
Imagine being listened to with complete attention, without interruption or judgment in a confidential, supportive environment. I am both practical and holistic in my commitment to focus short-term on a specific problem or, to work over time to find what is lacking in your life that causes suffering. Through exploring and making transitions in relationships, career, creativity, sexuality and spirituality including dreams, we will solve or get beyond obstacles and grieve losses together, and relate them to the present. I can help guide the process in a compassionate and timely fashion, mediate any pain and give your future hope.
Imagine being listened to with complete attention, without interruption or judgment in a confidential, supportive environment. I am both practical and holistic in my commitment to focus short-term on a specific problem or, to work over time to find what is lacking in your life that causes suffering. Through exploring and making transitions in relationships, career, creativity, sexuality and spirituality including dreams, we will solve or get beyond obstacles and grieve losses together, and relate them to the present. I can help guide the process in a compassionate and timely fashion, mediate any pain and give your future hope.
(805) 317-4458 View (805) 317-4458
Photo of Dr. Michael A Vogel, Marriage & Family Therapist in 93108, CA
Dr. Michael A Vogel
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Montecito, CA 93108
Waitlist for new clients
It is ...."The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are" C.G. Jung. Life is about relationship and they can sometimes be complicated to navigate. If you are experiencing personal conflict, trauma, or have experienced significant changes in your life; I am available to help you through challenges. I have a Master's Degree in Counseling Psychology and currently finishing my Doctorate in Depth-Psychology at PGI. My emphasis is Psychoanalysis/Jungian Psychology, and I am a practitioner of EMDR. In addition I hold a board certification as a PTSD-Clinician and certified in Psychological First-Aid (PFA).
It is ...."The privilege of a lifetime is to become who you truly are" C.G. Jung. Life is about relationship and they can sometimes be complicated to navigate. If you are experiencing personal conflict, trauma, or have experienced significant changes in your life; I am available to help you through challenges. I have a Master's Degree in Counseling Psychology and currently finishing my Doctorate in Depth-Psychology at PGI. My emphasis is Psychoanalysis/Jungian Psychology, and I am a practitioner of EMDR. In addition I hold a board certification as a PTSD-Clinician and certified in Psychological First-Aid (PFA).
(805) 728-1619 View (805) 728-1619
Photo of Dr. Deborah Smilovitz Foster, Psychologist in 93108, CA
Dr. Deborah Smilovitz Foster
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
Montecito, CA 93108
Each of us passes through struggles that are difficult to cope with. In working together to form a therapeutic relationship we can become healthier and more able to react more skillfully to the challenges that present themselves. My work with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families is based off a strong clinical foundation and woven together with compassion, respect and caring. By resolving some of our issues we can become balanced and find improved overall health (mentally, physically, spiritually, financially, emotionally).
Each of us passes through struggles that are difficult to cope with. In working together to form a therapeutic relationship we can become healthier and more able to react more skillfully to the challenges that present themselves. My work with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families is based off a strong clinical foundation and woven together with compassion, respect and caring. By resolving some of our issues we can become balanced and find improved overall health (mentally, physically, spiritually, financially, emotionally).
(805) 324-6515 View (805) 324-6515
Photo of Nancy Gunzberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in 93108, CA
Nancy Gunzberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Montecito, CA 93108
What if our most challenging difficulties with depressions, anxieties and relationship problems are messages pointing the way to more connection, confidence and aliveness? I work with individuals to transform the avoided places in you to a kinder, wiser relationship with yourself. With over 30 years experience, I am dedicated to helping you have your inner life reflect the outer life you long for, allowing your most genuine self to emerge. Seeing difficulty as an opportunity to rework outdated patterns and unproductive mental habits, one develops a limitless capacity to generate unexpected, imaginative and effective solutions.
What if our most challenging difficulties with depressions, anxieties and relationship problems are messages pointing the way to more connection, confidence and aliveness? I work with individuals to transform the avoided places in you to a kinder, wiser relationship with yourself. With over 30 years experience, I am dedicated to helping you have your inner life reflect the outer life you long for, allowing your most genuine self to emerge. Seeing difficulty as an opportunity to rework outdated patterns and unproductive mental habits, one develops a limitless capacity to generate unexpected, imaginative and effective solutions.
(805) 360-5790 View (805) 360-5790
Photo of Dr. Marie Grancourt, Psychologist in 93108, CA
Dr. Marie Grancourt
Psychologist, PsyD, MSIO
Verified Verified
Montecito, CA 93108
New Clients Welcome! I offer a Free 15-minute consultation. I'm glad you are taking these first steps in seeking help and investing in your mental health. I can assist you with decreasing and managing any psychologically distressing symptoms and increasing and improving your overall mental health and well-being. I specialize in anxiety, depression, sex therapy, psychedelic-assisted therapy, sexual trauma, and all types of trauma. I also specialize in working with bipolar disorder, OCD, LGBTQ+ issues, PTSD and more. I hold a Doctorate degree (Psy.D.) in Clinical Psychology and am a licensed Psychologist.
New Clients Welcome! I offer a Free 15-minute consultation. I'm glad you are taking these first steps in seeking help and investing in your mental health. I can assist you with decreasing and managing any psychologically distressing symptoms and increasing and improving your overall mental health and well-being. I specialize in anxiety, depression, sex therapy, psychedelic-assisted therapy, sexual trauma, and all types of trauma. I also specialize in working with bipolar disorder, OCD, LGBTQ+ issues, PTSD and more. I hold a Doctorate degree (Psy.D.) in Clinical Psychology and am a licensed Psychologist.
(805) 758-6732 View (805) 758-6732
Photo of L. O. Aranye Fradenburg Joy, Licensed Psychoanalyst in 93108, CA
L. O. Aranye Fradenburg Joy
Licensed Psychoanalyst, PhD, PhD
Verified Verified
Montecito, CA 93108
I've been an educator for over 20 years, at Dartmouth College and UC Santa Barbara, where I met many young adults facing stress, anxiety, and depression. Their experience inspired me to start clinical training in 2005 at the New Center for Psychoanalysis in LA, where I have also been a faculty member. My approach to psychoanalysis is interdisciplinary; I'm affiliated with the Neuroscience Institute at UCSB and was a clinical member of THRIVE Infant-Family Program in LA. My current research focuses on the links between biology, sociality, psychology and the environment. I specialize in infant-family therapy, adults, and seniors.
I've been an educator for over 20 years, at Dartmouth College and UC Santa Barbara, where I met many young adults facing stress, anxiety, and depression. Their experience inspired me to start clinical training in 2005 at the New Center for Psychoanalysis in LA, where I have also been a faculty member. My approach to psychoanalysis is interdisciplinary; I'm affiliated with the Neuroscience Institute at UCSB and was a clinical member of THRIVE Infant-Family Program in LA. My current research focuses on the links between biology, sociality, psychology and the environment. I specialize in infant-family therapy, adults, and seniors.
(805) 250-4027 View (805) 250-4027
Photo of John A Valenzuela, Psychologist in 93108, CA
John A Valenzuela
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montecito, CA 93108
Over the course of his career, Dr. Valenzuela has worked in a variety of settings. The breadth of his experience includes extensive work with severe mood and psychotic disorders. Dr. Valenzuela’s commitment to addressing mental health issues from an early age has informed his work with adolescents in the juvenile justice system and in schools. His work in local community settings has guided his professional identity as a warm, empathic, nonjudgmental, and depth-oriented practitioner.
Over the course of his career, Dr. Valenzuela has worked in a variety of settings. The breadth of his experience includes extensive work with severe mood and psychotic disorders. Dr. Valenzuela’s commitment to addressing mental health issues from an early age has informed his work with adolescents in the juvenile justice system and in schools. His work in local community settings has guided his professional identity as a warm, empathic, nonjudgmental, and depth-oriented practitioner.
(323) 524-2278 View (323) 524-2278
Photo of Nina Savelle-Rocklin, Marriage & Family Therapist in 93108, CA
Nina Savelle-Rocklin
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montecito, CA 93108  (Online Only)
Do you think about food constantly (even when you're not hungry)? Are you always counting calories and weighing yourself... or taking more drastic measures? I guide women and men struggling with binge eating to liberate themselves from emotional eating, take back control, and feel good in their bodies. Keep in mind that it's not what you're eating that is the true problem; it's what's eating "at" you. If you or someone you love has an unhealthy, unhappy relationship with food, I can help!
Do you think about food constantly (even when you're not hungry)? Are you always counting calories and weighing yourself... or taking more drastic measures? I guide women and men struggling with binge eating to liberate themselves from emotional eating, take back control, and feel good in their bodies. Keep in mind that it's not what you're eating that is the true problem; it's what's eating "at" you. If you or someone you love has an unhealthy, unhappy relationship with food, I can help!
(818) 649-5436 View (818) 649-5436
Photo of Jean Wolfe Powers Psychotherapist, Marriage & Family Therapist in 93108, CA
Jean Wolfe Powers Psychotherapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CMC, ACC
Verified Verified
Santa Barbara, CA 93108  (Online Only)
My extensive work with trauma, grief, and loss has earned worldwide attention spanning across four decades. Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and International Certified Life Coach, I work with individuals, families, and groups to transform mental and emotional challenges into experiences of thriving health and well-being. My early career defining work began in the 80’s alongside John Bradshaw and focused on addiction, recovery, and codependency. Together with a team of cutting-edge psychotherapists, I developed groundbreaking techniques for understanding trauma: when it starts, how it affects the brain, and how to heal.
My extensive work with trauma, grief, and loss has earned worldwide attention spanning across four decades. Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and International Certified Life Coach, I work with individuals, families, and groups to transform mental and emotional challenges into experiences of thriving health and well-being. My early career defining work began in the 80’s alongside John Bradshaw and focused on addiction, recovery, and codependency. Together with a team of cutting-edge psychotherapists, I developed groundbreaking techniques for understanding trauma: when it starts, how it affects the brain, and how to heal.
(805) 283-6695 View (805) 283-6695
Photo of Colin Mattingly, Psychological Associate in 93108, CA
Colin Mattingly
Psychological Associate, PsyD, MA
Verified Verified
Montecito, CA 93108
Just like physical health, mental health is an essential aspect of living well. When our mental health is amiss, our ability to enjoy life is compromised. Just as a physical limp impedes our ability to move freely, emotional suffering hinders our ability to live as we would like. Effective therapy puts you back in the driver’s seat of your own life. I’m here to collaborate with you to find creative solutions to the sources of your distress.
Just like physical health, mental health is an essential aspect of living well. When our mental health is amiss, our ability to enjoy life is compromised. Just as a physical limp impedes our ability to move freely, emotional suffering hinders our ability to live as we would like. Effective therapy puts you back in the driver’s seat of your own life. I’m here to collaborate with you to find creative solutions to the sources of your distress.
(805) 978-4584 View (805) 978-4584
Photo of Dr. Jennifer Tansey, Psychologist in 93108, CA
Dr. Jennifer Tansey
Psychologist, PhD, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Barbara, CA 93108
**Virtual Therapy**&" In Office" In this unique time of uncertainty there are many moments of anxiety and uncertainty. Don't do it alone! If you are struggling please reach out & get the support you need to navigate this time. I've been helping others for 35+ years. I'm a Clinical Psychologist trained in many different modalities. My life experience combined with my training & education has equipped me to serve a variety of people. I work effectively with people challenged by traumatic memories, anxiety, depression, social fears, relationship problem or low self-esteem. I have a strong interest in the spiritual dimensions of growth.
**Virtual Therapy**&" In Office" In this unique time of uncertainty there are many moments of anxiety and uncertainty. Don't do it alone! If you are struggling please reach out & get the support you need to navigate this time. I've been helping others for 35+ years. I'm a Clinical Psychologist trained in many different modalities. My life experience combined with my training & education has equipped me to serve a variety of people. I work effectively with people challenged by traumatic memories, anxiety, depression, social fears, relationship problem or low self-esteem. I have a strong interest in the spiritual dimensions of growth.
(541) 658-3433 View (541) 658-3433
Psychoanalytic Therapists

Does psychoanalytic therapy work?

Psychoanalytic therapy derives from the work of Sigmund Freud. In this type of therapy, discovering buried thoughts and emotions from the unconscious will help a person work through their difficulties and negative behaviors. Research shows that psychoanalytic therapy can be highly effective, with patients reporting improvement in mood, quality of life, and overall well-being.

How long are people typically in psychoanalytic therapy?

Traditional psychoanalysis is in-depth and is conducted in five sessions every week. Today, modern psychoanalytic therapy is less intense and normally incorporates as few as one or two sessions a week. In some cases, positive change can occur quickly. However, if the condition, difficulty, or behavior is deep-seated, improvement may require many months or years of therapy.

Is psychoanalytic therapy suitable for young people?

Children and adolescents can benefit from this type of therapy. Many kids and teens are often unable to form and communicate their thoughts and emotions. Psychoanalytic therapy uses specific techniques such as dream analysis, symbolism, and free association or word association; all of which can be useful tools for less-communicative young people. Through this therapy, a patient will hopefully make connections between what they feel inside and how the world works outside.

Can psychoanalytic therapy be done online?

Modern-day psychoanalytic therapy is very different from traditional psychoanalysis. While an individual can sit face-to-face with the psychoanalyst for multiple sessions a week, they do not have to. Today, psychoanalytic therapy can be effectively conducted online or by phone. The key is that the individual confronts what is repressed and avoided, and this can be done whether in person or over online video.