Therapists in 84332

Ty B Aller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
Are you looking for a positive change in life? Take the first step and give me a call. From our first interaction, I'll encourage you to identify your personal goals to help guide your therapy. I strive to provide a warm, open, and non-judging environment to help you progress. I work from a solution focused/strengths based approach drawing heavily from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other mindfulness-based methods.
Are you looking for a positive change in life? Take the first step and give me a call. From our first interaction, I'll encourage you to identify your personal goals to help guide your therapy. I strive to provide a warm, open, and non-judging environment to help you progress. I work from a solution focused/strengths based approach drawing heavily from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and other mindfulness-based methods.
(385) 290-4541 View (385) 290-4541
Spencer Dutson
Pre-Licensed Professional, AMFT
1 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
I recognize your efforts and desire to obtain happiness and healing in your life and relationships and I am so happy that you are here. To help you, I strive to create an environment where you can feel safe to go to your hurt places and navigate your healing processes, whether as an individual, couple, or family seeking therapy. I know this can be difficult, so I work hard to be there with you in the process to help you experience real changes in your life and relationships.
I recognize your efforts and desire to obtain happiness and healing in your life and relationships and I am so happy that you are here. To help you, I strive to create an environment where you can feel safe to go to your hurt places and navigate your healing processes, whether as an individual, couple, or family seeking therapy. I know this can be difficult, so I work hard to be there with you in the process to help you experience real changes in your life and relationships.
(435) 294-3634 View (435) 294-3634
Krystopher Brett Oyler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
Over the past 21 years as a clinician, I have developed a passion for helping individuals and families improve their lives. I specialize in working with individuals struggling with high anxiety and OCD issues, depressive symptomology, trauma, eating disorders, and sexual addiction. I’ve worked extensively with individuals dealing with pre and post missionary service issues as well as a great deal of time working with neurodiverse/autism spectrum issues and helping these individuals and families navigate their challenges. With my experience and skillset as a therapist, I look forward to helping my clients walk the road of healing.
Over the past 21 years as a clinician, I have developed a passion for helping individuals and families improve their lives. I specialize in working with individuals struggling with high anxiety and OCD issues, depressive symptomology, trauma, eating disorders, and sexual addiction. I’ve worked extensively with individuals dealing with pre and post missionary service issues as well as a great deal of time working with neurodiverse/autism spectrum issues and helping these individuals and families navigate their challenges. With my experience and skillset as a therapist, I look forward to helping my clients walk the road of healing.
(435) 441-4213 View (435) 441-4213
Ashley Paynter
Pre-Licensed Professional, ACMHC
Providence, UT 84332
You may be here feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure how you got to this point. I work with mothers navigating pregnancy or postpartum changes, individuals struggling with anxiety or addiction, and families supporting a loved one through these challenges. You might feel exhausted, emotionally flooded, or stuck in patterns filled with guilt, shame, or fear. Parents may wonder if their feelings are “normal,” while loved ones may feel helpless or unsure how to help. These experiences are more common than you think. You deserve compassionate, informed support without judgment.
You may be here feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure how you got to this point. I work with mothers navigating pregnancy or postpartum changes, individuals struggling with anxiety or addiction, and families supporting a loved one through these challenges. You might feel exhausted, emotionally flooded, or stuck in patterns filled with guilt, shame, or fear. Parents may wonder if their feelings are “normal,” while loved ones may feel helpless or unsure how to help. These experiences are more common than you think. You deserve compassionate, informed support without judgment.
(435) 500-6032 View (435) 500-6032
Karen J Lacy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Providence, UT 84332
Maybe you’ve been carrying something difficult for a long time—an experience that still affects you, a relationship that feels stuck, anxiety that won’t let up, or simply a sense that you’re not quite yourself anymore. I enjoy working with adults who want to understand what is happening with their struggles and move toward feeling more peaceful, confident, and connected. Whether you are dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, grief, or a difficult life transition, you don’t have to figure it all out on your own. I provide a safe, compassionate space where we can help you move forward in your life.
Maybe you’ve been carrying something difficult for a long time—an experience that still affects you, a relationship that feels stuck, anxiety that won’t let up, or simply a sense that you’re not quite yourself anymore. I enjoy working with adults who want to understand what is happening with their struggles and move toward feeling more peaceful, confident, and connected. Whether you are dealing with trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, grief, or a difficult life transition, you don’t have to figure it all out on your own. I provide a safe, compassionate space where we can help you move forward in your life.
(385) 332-4379 View (385) 332-4379
Kent W Anderson
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
I am a clinical psychologist with 30 years of experience, working with children, adolescents, adults and couples. Areas of specialization include depression and anxiety—including chronic stress, overthinking & excessive worry, panic disorder, OCD, social anxiety, and excessive fears. I help resolve marital and relationship conflict, as well as recovery after divorce or major loss. I also work with individuals navigating life transitions and the strain these can place on identity and relationships. I help bridge divisions when differences in values or life direction have created distance. I also provide ADHD and Autism assessments.
I am a clinical psychologist with 30 years of experience, working with children, adolescents, adults and couples. Areas of specialization include depression and anxiety—including chronic stress, overthinking & excessive worry, panic disorder, OCD, social anxiety, and excessive fears. I help resolve marital and relationship conflict, as well as recovery after divorce or major loss. I also work with individuals navigating life transitions and the strain these can place on identity and relationships. I help bridge divisions when differences in values or life direction have created distance. I also provide ADHD and Autism assessments.
(435) 660-7381 View (435) 660-7381
Cache Valley Counseling
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, CEFT
1 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
Chelsea holds advanced training in couple therapy (EFT). She understands the negative pattern that couples get stuck in that quickly takes over their relationship; those moments when you say something clearly to your partner and they hear something completely opposite of what your intentions were and before you know it, we are in a fight. Chelsea helps couples to understand those patterns and help to not get stuck in them. Individuals who are seen at her practice, understand distress in their lives and are able to make sense of it and find the tools to move forward in a way that feels right for them.
Chelsea holds advanced training in couple therapy (EFT). She understands the negative pattern that couples get stuck in that quickly takes over their relationship; those moments when you say something clearly to your partner and they hear something completely opposite of what your intentions were and before you know it, we are in a fight. Chelsea helps couples to understand those patterns and help to not get stuck in them. Individuals who are seen at her practice, understand distress in their lives and are able to make sense of it and find the tools to move forward in a way that feels right for them.
(435) 414-6284 View (435) 414-6284
Brenan Godfrey
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, EMDR
2 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges and struggling to maintain joy and peace in your relationships? I currently don’t have a waitlist and have openings for new clients for days or evenings. It's not uncommon to encounter obstacles that seem insurmountable. If you're finding it difficult to navigate through these issues, know that you're not alone. As a therapist, I bring extensive experience in providing care to children, adolescents, and adults. I believe in empowering individuals to overcome difficulties and discover the tools they need to thrive.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by life's challenges and struggling to maintain joy and peace in your relationships? I currently don’t have a waitlist and have openings for new clients for days or evenings. It's not uncommon to encounter obstacles that seem insurmountable. If you're finding it difficult to navigate through these issues, know that you're not alone. As a therapist, I bring extensive experience in providing care to children, adolescents, and adults. I believe in empowering individuals to overcome difficulties and discover the tools they need to thrive.
(435) 915-6927 View (435) 915-6927
Katie Heinsohn
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Providence, UT 84332
Hi, I’m Katie. You’re tired of overthinking, overdoing, and carrying more than your share—mentally and emotionally. Whether you're navigating anxiety, depression, ADHD, or trauma, therapy can be a place to exhale, reflect, and finally feel supported. I work with teens and adults who are ready to feel more grounded, connected, and whole. In our sessions, all parts of you are welcome—especially the ones you've been taught to hide. My approach is warm, collaborative, and nonjudgmental, creating space for you to explore patterns, connect with your inner world, and move toward meaningful change.
Hi, I’m Katie. You’re tired of overthinking, overdoing, and carrying more than your share—mentally and emotionally. Whether you're navigating anxiety, depression, ADHD, or trauma, therapy can be a place to exhale, reflect, and finally feel supported. I work with teens and adults who are ready to feel more grounded, connected, and whole. In our sessions, all parts of you are welcome—especially the ones you've been taught to hide. My approach is warm, collaborative, and nonjudgmental, creating space for you to explore patterns, connect with your inner world, and move toward meaningful change.
(435) 422-4545 View (435) 422-4545
Becky Lynn Spotten
Counselor, CMHC, LPC, NCC, EFT, EMDR
3 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
Are you exhausted from over-functioning, chronic people-pleasing, or feeling like your body is constantly bracing for the next emergency? You might feel like you are "failing" at self-care, lacking discipline, or unable to set boundaries without guilt. What if your anxiety, fatigue, and burnout aren't character flaws, but brilliant biological survival strategies? I am a Somatic and Attachment trauma therapist. I help high-functioning individuals stop fighting their biology by understanding their unique environmental psychophysiology—the profound connection between environment, mental health, and physical biology.
Are you exhausted from over-functioning, chronic people-pleasing, or feeling like your body is constantly bracing for the next emergency? You might feel like you are "failing" at self-care, lacking discipline, or unable to set boundaries without guilt. What if your anxiety, fatigue, and burnout aren't character flaws, but brilliant biological survival strategies? I am a Somatic and Attachment trauma therapist. I help high-functioning individuals stop fighting their biology by understanding their unique environmental psychophysiology—the profound connection between environment, mental health, and physical biology.
(435) 246-7636 View (435) 246-7636
Jason Dalton
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Providence, UT 84332
I work from the idea that good mental health comes from and is strengthened by healthy relationships. Anxiety and depression are never isolated to the individual. Mental and emotional struggles connect to imbalanced coping and the ways we develop and maintain connections with ourselves and one another. We will address most challenges through an Interpersonal Neurobiology lense to increase autonomy and connection with a strong focus on Brainspotting as the treatment modality. My clients experience direct, attentive, warm, and caring dialog with a safe and accepting presence. I work with individuals, couples and families.
I work from the idea that good mental health comes from and is strengthened by healthy relationships. Anxiety and depression are never isolated to the individual. Mental and emotional struggles connect to imbalanced coping and the ways we develop and maintain connections with ourselves and one another. We will address most challenges through an Interpersonal Neurobiology lense to increase autonomy and connection with a strong focus on Brainspotting as the treatment modality. My clients experience direct, attentive, warm, and caring dialog with a safe and accepting presence. I work with individuals, couples and families.
(435) 708-3388 View (435) 708-3388
Mindi Strong
Pre-Licensed Professional
Providence, UT 84332
Are you lying awake while your mind is racing with endless what-ifs or exhausted from trying to outrun your body before it crashes? Are you doing your best to keep up but your body is screaming to stop until you don’t recognize yourself anymore? Managing chronic illness or tackling the hormonal chaos of postpartum, perimenopause, and menopause transitions can cause an undercurrent of anxiety or depression, leaving you depleted. On the outside, you’re holding it all together. On the inside, you’re navigating a perfect storm: a changing body, unpredictability of chronic illness, a nervous system that feels hijacked by hormonal drama.
Are you lying awake while your mind is racing with endless what-ifs or exhausted from trying to outrun your body before it crashes? Are you doing your best to keep up but your body is screaming to stop until you don’t recognize yourself anymore? Managing chronic illness or tackling the hormonal chaos of postpartum, perimenopause, and menopause transitions can cause an undercurrent of anxiety or depression, leaving you depleted. On the outside, you’re holding it all together. On the inside, you’re navigating a perfect storm: a changing body, unpredictability of chronic illness, a nervous system that feels hijacked by hormonal drama.
(435) 222-3093 View (435) 222-3093
Mike Bodrero
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
2 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
I am experienced in working with children, adolescents, adults, and families with complex diagnostic profiles, varying needs, and challenging dynamics and behaviors. I encourage my clients to treat themselves with honesty, compassion, respect, kindness, and gratitude to drive action and intention toward their goals. I have extensive experience working with neurodiverse profiles, learning differences, challenging behaviors, mood dysregulation, depression, anxiety, trauma response, and identity formation needs.
I am experienced in working with children, adolescents, adults, and families with complex diagnostic profiles, varying needs, and challenging dynamics and behaviors. I encourage my clients to treat themselves with honesty, compassion, respect, kindness, and gratitude to drive action and intention toward their goals. I have extensive experience working with neurodiverse profiles, learning differences, challenging behaviors, mood dysregulation, depression, anxiety, trauma response, and identity formation needs.
(435) 527-7082 View (435) 527-7082
Clear Horizons Clinical Services
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Providence, UT 84332
We work with families and individuals who are in transition due to a variety of situations, and work to help them get back to their best functioning state. We are very client oriented and feel that our clients know what what they need. We are just there to facilitate the changes they want to make as they grow and learn from the difficulties that come their way. We have several therapist that are available to meet your needs, Check out their biographies on our website at clearhorizons.org. We have 3 locations including Springville, Orem and Providence.
We work with families and individuals who are in transition due to a variety of situations, and work to help them get back to their best functioning state. We are very client oriented and feel that our clients know what what they need. We are just there to facilitate the changes they want to make as they grow and learn from the difficulties that come their way. We have several therapist that are available to meet your needs, Check out their biographies on our website at clearhorizons.org. We have 3 locations including Springville, Orem and Providence.
(801) 436-7950 View (801) 436-7950
Rebecca Farnsworth
Counselor, LCMHC, SSW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
I realize coming to therapy can be difficult. Thus, my therapy office is a safe and nonjudgmental place. I love working with children, adults, and the geriatric populations. Other populations include teens, people with trauma issues, anxiety, depression, loss, eating disorders, TBI, and more. I am committed to helping my clients process their trauma and progress on their healing journey, and I understand the complicated nature of family dynamics. I work hard to ensure that all family members feel supported in the treatment process.
I realize coming to therapy can be difficult. Thus, my therapy office is a safe and nonjudgmental place. I love working with children, adults, and the geriatric populations. Other populations include teens, people with trauma issues, anxiety, depression, loss, eating disorders, TBI, and more. I am committed to helping my clients process their trauma and progress on their healing journey, and I understand the complicated nature of family dynamics. I work hard to ensure that all family members feel supported in the treatment process.
(435) 660-4824 View (435) 660-4824
Pamela K King
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Taking care of yourself, even in tiny ways, helps your overall mental health and well-being, even in, or maybe especially in, the darkest times. People often have more skills, abilities, and ideas than they realize. I love working with my clients to uncover and refine their own gifts of creativity to build personalized solutions. We work with people to identify their ideal future and concrete steps toward that future. I am a clinic supervisor, therapist, and trainer. I work closely with my clinical staff to enhance their skills in helping children, families, and individuals. Contact us to learn more about our range of therapists.
Taking care of yourself, even in tiny ways, helps your overall mental health and well-being, even in, or maybe especially in, the darkest times. People often have more skills, abilities, and ideas than they realize. I love working with my clients to uncover and refine their own gifts of creativity to build personalized solutions. We work with people to identify their ideal future and concrete steps toward that future. I am a clinic supervisor, therapist, and trainer. I work closely with my clinical staff to enhance their skills in helping children, families, and individuals. Contact us to learn more about our range of therapists.
(435) 774-0487 View (435) 774-0487
Chloé Noel Woods
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Being a part of my client’s therapeutic journey is one of the most fulfilling aspects of my work. I take a client-centered approach to therapy, focusing on your unique goals and aspirations to help you build a better, more fulfilling life. With specialized expertise in EMDR, ADHD, depression, faith transitions, and anxiety, I am equipped to support you through challenges and guide you toward meaningful change. While therapy can sometimes feel daunting, I believe it holds the potential for immense joy and personal discovery. I am excited to connect with you soon!(:
Being a part of my client’s therapeutic journey is one of the most fulfilling aspects of my work. I take a client-centered approach to therapy, focusing on your unique goals and aspirations to help you build a better, more fulfilling life. With specialized expertise in EMDR, ADHD, depression, faith transitions, and anxiety, I am equipped to support you through challenges and guide you toward meaningful change. While therapy can sometimes feel daunting, I believe it holds the potential for immense joy and personal discovery. I am excited to connect with you soon!(:
(435) 412-9676 View (435) 412-9676
Becky Earl
Pre-Licensed Professional, CSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi, I’m Becky, a compassionate Certified Social Worker specializing in guiding individuals and couples, through challenging times. With a deep understanding of the complexities of faith crisis, mixed-faith marriages, anxiety, and depression, I offer a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their innermost thoughts and feelings. Drawing on my expertise founded on my Spiritual Competency in Mental Health Program and National Research Study, March 2023, I help individuals reconcile their beliefs, explore existential questions, and find and renewed sense of purpose and meaning in their life.
Hi, I’m Becky, a compassionate Certified Social Worker specializing in guiding individuals and couples, through challenging times. With a deep understanding of the complexities of faith crisis, mixed-faith marriages, anxiety, and depression, I offer a safe and supportive environment for clients to explore their innermost thoughts and feelings. Drawing on my expertise founded on my Spiritual Competency in Mental Health Program and National Research Study, March 2023, I help individuals reconcile their beliefs, explore existential questions, and find and renewed sense of purpose and meaning in their life.
(435) 465-1825 View (435) 465-1825
Shalise Reid
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, CSW
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Do you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or like you've lost touch with who you really are? Maybe anxiety keeps you up at night. You're exhausted from putting everyone else first. A big life change has left you feeling lost. Or your relationships feel more draining than fulfilling. When we don't address these struggles, they don't stay the same, they get worse. The anxiety grows. The disconnection deepens. You start going through the motions, losing sight of what actually matters to you. It can feel lonely, heavy, and hopeless. But it doesn't have to stay this way. I'm here to help you move toward a life that feels meaningful again.
Do you feel stuck, overwhelmed, or like you've lost touch with who you really are? Maybe anxiety keeps you up at night. You're exhausted from putting everyone else first. A big life change has left you feeling lost. Or your relationships feel more draining than fulfilling. When we don't address these struggles, they don't stay the same, they get worse. The anxiety grows. The disconnection deepens. You start going through the motions, losing sight of what actually matters to you. It can feel lonely, heavy, and hopeless. But it doesn't have to stay this way. I'm here to help you move toward a life that feels meaningful again.
(435) 291-7426 View (435) 291-7426
Cache Valley Center for Couples and Families
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
We offer a wide range of clinical specializations to help you make the changes you are seeking. We have been trained and are prepared to help you address a wide variety of individual and relational issues, whether they involve individual mental health or marital/family problems. Our goal is to help you learn the skills necessary to cope with any issues you are dealing with and have intimate and fulfilling relationships. Change is possible if you have a desire to learn and apply the skills and knowledge you will acquire through participating in therapy.
We offer a wide range of clinical specializations to help you make the changes you are seeking. We have been trained and are prepared to help you address a wide variety of individual and relational issues, whether they involve individual mental health or marital/family problems. Our goal is to help you learn the skills necessary to cope with any issues you are dealing with and have intimate and fulfilling relationships. Change is possible if you have a desire to learn and apply the skills and knowledge you will acquire through participating in therapy.
(435) 562-9075 View (435) 562-9075

See more therapy options for 84332

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 84332

50+

Average cost per session

$135

Therapists in 84332 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
93% Social Anxiety
93% Health Anxiety
93% Driving Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Trauma and PTSD
84% Complex PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

94% SelectHealth
90% BlueCross and BlueShield
54% Aetna

How Therapists in 84332 see their clients

95% In Person and Online
5% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 84332?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.