Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists in Cave Spring, VA

Photo of Kyle Calhoun, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Kyle Calhoun
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
By using CBT and DBT treatment modalities, she will help you explore your story and gain insight into the emotions, thoughts, and experiences that have brought you to this point in your journey.
Kyle is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 7 years of experience. She is an experienced practitioner working with people of all ages but has come to specialize in adolescents through adulthood. Some of the diagnoses that Kyle is experienced in treating include but are not limited to depression, anxiety, mood disorders, personality disorders, family systems and attachment disorders, substance-related disorders, stage of life changes, and grief and loss.
By using CBT and DBT treatment modalities, she will help you explore your story and gain insight into the emotions, thoughts, and experiences that have brought you to this point in your journey.
Kyle is a Licensed Professional Counselor with 7 years of experience. She is an experienced practitioner working with people of all ages but has come to specialize in adolescents through adulthood. Some of the diagnoses that Kyle is experienced in treating include but are not limited to depression, anxiety, mood disorders, personality disorders, family systems and attachment disorders, substance-related disorders, stage of life changes, and grief and loss.
(540) 274-0711 View (540) 274-0711
Photo of Mia Gina Anderson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Mia Gina Anderson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018  (Online Only)
She utilizes a variety of evidence-based therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), trauma-focused therapy (TFT), and mindfulness-based practices.
Gina "Mia" Anderson is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Virginia with over 7 years of experience. She specializes in working with younger populations, helping clients overcome a range of mental health issues, including depression, stress, anxiety, anger, ADHD, addictions, LGBTIAQ+-related issues, trauma, and abuse.
She utilizes a variety of evidence-based therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), trauma-focused therapy (TFT), and mindfulness-based practices.
Gina "Mia" Anderson is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Virginia with over 7 years of experience. She specializes in working with younger populations, helping clients overcome a range of mental health issues, including depression, stress, anxiety, anger, ADHD, addictions, LGBTIAQ+-related issues, trauma, and abuse.
(540) 340-5506 View (540) 340-5506
Photo of Brandie Fraction, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Brandie Fraction
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cave Spring, VA 24018
Therapy is a powerful and special relationship that I honor in my work. My therapeutic approach is supportive, collaborative, and integrative. I work to create treatment approaches unique to the needs of my clients and to collaborate on identifying goals. I also focus on promoting wellness with my clients. I incorporate techniques used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma informed care, solution focused, and mindfulness. I use complimentary techniques to include creativity and humor. My specialties include the treatment of anxiety, depression, relationship concerns, substance use and life transitions.
Therapy is a powerful and special relationship that I honor in my work. My therapeutic approach is supportive, collaborative, and integrative. I work to create treatment approaches unique to the needs of my clients and to collaborate on identifying goals. I also focus on promoting wellness with my clients. I incorporate techniques used in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Trauma informed care, solution focused, and mindfulness. I use complimentary techniques to include creativity and humor. My specialties include the treatment of anxiety, depression, relationship concerns, substance use and life transitions.
(540) 384-5050 View (540) 384-5050
Photo of Leeann Allagas, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Leeann Allagas
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018  (Online Only)
By using Person-Centered Therapy, Leeann can meet you where you are, which is the best place to start! With the help of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, maladaptive thoughts can be reconciled over time and help you to manage your reaction to stimuli after integrating new thoughts into your daily life.
Leeann is a Registered Art Therapist (ATR) and a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Virginia. Her hope is to engage in a collaborative therapeutic alliance with each individual and couple, while encouraging one's self-efficacy, developing new coping skills, focusing on strengths, and discovering solutions to help them throughout their lives — whether it be for self-discovery, reconciling differences, and/or the overall healing process.
By using Person-Centered Therapy, Leeann can meet you where you are, which is the best place to start! With the help of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, maladaptive thoughts can be reconciled over time and help you to manage your reaction to stimuli after integrating new thoughts into your daily life.
Leeann is a Registered Art Therapist (ATR) and a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Virginia. Her hope is to engage in a collaborative therapeutic alliance with each individual and couple, while encouraging one's self-efficacy, developing new coping skills, focusing on strengths, and discovering solutions to help them throughout their lives — whether it be for self-discovery, reconciling differences, and/or the overall healing process.
(540) 698-3404 View (540) 698-3404
Photo of Lindsey Livesay, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Lindsey Livesay
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
Lindsey is a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Certified Substance Abuse Counselor, with 23 years of experience helping teens, adults, and couples find an optimal way to navigate life's issues. Lindsey specializes in depression, anxiety, LGBTQIA+ issues, trauma, grief, substance use issues, managing anger or stress, unproductive communication patterns, phase of life issues, and more. Lindsey also utilizes skills from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, solution-focused therapy, and more, tailoring intentional interventions to the unique needs of her clients.
Lindsey is a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Certified Substance Abuse Counselor, with 23 years of experience helping teens, adults, and couples find an optimal way to navigate life's issues. Lindsey specializes in depression, anxiety, LGBTQIA+ issues, trauma, grief, substance use issues, managing anger or stress, unproductive communication patterns, phase of life issues, and more. Lindsey also utilizes skills from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing, solution-focused therapy, and more, tailoring intentional interventions to the unique needs of her clients.
(540) 329-2104 View (540) 329-2104
Photo of Olivia Oakley, Supervisee in Clinical Social Work in Cave Spring, VA
Olivia Oakley
Supervisee in Clinical Social Work, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cave Spring, VA 24018
I understand that every individual's path to mental well-being is distinct, and utilize multiple modalities such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Mindfulness-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (M-CBT), and Integrative therapy techniques to best suit my client’s needs.
I am a dedicated counselor with a strong commitment to providing personalized and effective therapeutic services to individuals aged 14+. I believe in the strength and resilience of every individual, and my goal is to provide strengths-based and person-centered care to empower my clients on their path to healing and self-discovery. I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with depression, anxiety, and trauma. I am deeply committed to creating a safe space for individuals within the LGBTQ+ community, offering unwavering support as they navigate the complexities of identity and mental health.
I understand that every individual's path to mental well-being is distinct, and utilize multiple modalities such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Mindfulness-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (M-CBT), and Integrative therapy techniques to best suit my client’s needs.
I am a dedicated counselor with a strong commitment to providing personalized and effective therapeutic services to individuals aged 14+. I believe in the strength and resilience of every individual, and my goal is to provide strengths-based and person-centered care to empower my clients on their path to healing and self-discovery. I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults struggling with depression, anxiety, and trauma. I am deeply committed to creating a safe space for individuals within the LGBTQ+ community, offering unwavering support as they navigate the complexities of identity and mental health.
(540) 306-4707 View (540) 306-4707
Photo of Megan Leigh Keith, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cave Spring, VA
Megan Leigh Keith
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, CSOTP-T
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
I utilize a variety of approaches such as Cognitive Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Attachment Theory, and Art and Game therapies to meet you where you are.
Growth can be such a complicated and overwhelming experience. It can be hard to navigate through these challenges as you explore your ever changing identity, relationships, and environment. Sometimes your feelings can become so big and consuming that you might act out in ways that can be harmful to yourself or others around you. I want you to know that you don’t have to struggle through these big changes and challenges alone.
I utilize a variety of approaches such as Cognitive Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Attachment Theory, and Art and Game therapies to meet you where you are.
Growth can be such a complicated and overwhelming experience. It can be hard to navigate through these challenges as you explore your ever changing identity, relationships, and environment. Sometimes your feelings can become so big and consuming that you might act out in ways that can be harmful to yourself or others around you. I want you to know that you don’t have to struggle through these big changes and challenges alone.
(540) 264-3216 View (540) 264-3216
Photo of Westmoreland Counseling Services, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Westmoreland Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
CBT, mindfulness, DBT, narrative, and healthy lifestyle changes are frequently used techniques.
Counseling and Clinical Supervision: Would you like to improve your overall life satisfaction? Counseling helps people to improve their overall life satisfaction by supporting them in making changes. These changes can improve mood, sleep, relationships, work productivity, physical health and more according to your individual goals. I work with people 18 years old and up to support them in effectively making positive changes in their lives. My focus is on developing a trust-based relationship with clients to support them in reaching their goals that improve their overall life satisfaction and wellbeing.
CBT, mindfulness, DBT, narrative, and healthy lifestyle changes are frequently used techniques.
Counseling and Clinical Supervision: Would you like to improve your overall life satisfaction? Counseling helps people to improve their overall life satisfaction by supporting them in making changes. These changes can improve mood, sleep, relationships, work productivity, physical health and more according to your individual goals. I work with people 18 years old and up to support them in effectively making positive changes in their lives. My focus is on developing a trust-based relationship with clients to support them in reaching their goals that improve their overall life satisfaction and wellbeing.
(540) 709-7530 View (540) 709-7530
Photo of Andrea Church Harris, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Andrea Church Harris
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
Andrea uses Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to reveal the relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Andrea Church is a Resident in Counseling working towards licensure as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). She has over three years of clinical experience conducting both individual and group therapy in a variety of settings. She best serves children (ages 10 and up), adolescents, and adults with treatment needs such as anxiety, substance use, grief, depression, and trauma. Andrea is trained in Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) to treat trauma symptoms.
Andrea uses Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to reveal the relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Andrea Church is a Resident in Counseling working towards licensure as a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). She has over three years of clinical experience conducting both individual and group therapy in a variety of settings. She best serves children (ages 10 and up), adolescents, and adults with treatment needs such as anxiety, substance use, grief, depression, and trauma. Andrea is trained in Eye-Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) to treat trauma symptoms.
(540) 802-5806 View (540) 802-5806
Photo of Dr. Mary Ann S. Callen, Psychologist in Cave Spring, VA
Dr. Mary Ann S. Callen
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
I have specialized training and years of experience using evidence-based and integrative treatments that include Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR), Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Clinical Hypnosis .
It’s summertime “…and the livin’ is easy” or at least it’s supposed to be. If you are feeling tired, down and even a little lost or if you’re feeling anxious or on edge, it may be time to make a change and learn skills with the help of a licensed psychologist and evidence-based treatments. These are treatments that use the most effective, economic, and available therapeutic interventions and they are cultivated within a healthy therapeutic relationship that blends mutual respect, supportive candor and gentle humor to foster personal healing, health and growth. So, let’s work together and learn to make the livin’ easy again !
I have specialized training and years of experience using evidence-based and integrative treatments that include Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR), Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Clinical Hypnosis .
It’s summertime “…and the livin’ is easy” or at least it’s supposed to be. If you are feeling tired, down and even a little lost or if you’re feeling anxious or on edge, it may be time to make a change and learn skills with the help of a licensed psychologist and evidence-based treatments. These are treatments that use the most effective, economic, and available therapeutic interventions and they are cultivated within a healthy therapeutic relationship that blends mutual respect, supportive candor and gentle humor to foster personal healing, health and growth. So, let’s work together and learn to make the livin’ easy again !
(540) 632-0847 View (540) 632-0847
Photo of Heidi Ann Taylor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Heidi Ann Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
I specialize in helping clients find their personal path to healing and growth by utilizing a strength based approach that incorporates CBT, Gestalt therapy, EMDR, Mindfulness-based approaches and expressive therapies such as Jungian Sand-tray to name a few.
Welcome. You have taken the first courageous step in seeking help. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over thirty years of clinical experience. I work with adults and couples who are dealing with: anxiety, depression, relationship issues, grief, family of origin issues and codependency. I have a master's degree in Counseling from West Virginia University and am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR). Additionally, I am a certified Clinical Supervisor and am open to supervising counseling residents as well as licensed professionals.
I specialize in helping clients find their personal path to healing and growth by utilizing a strength based approach that incorporates CBT, Gestalt therapy, EMDR, Mindfulness-based approaches and expressive therapies such as Jungian Sand-tray to name a few.
Welcome. You have taken the first courageous step in seeking help. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with over thirty years of clinical experience. I work with adults and couples who are dealing with: anxiety, depression, relationship issues, grief, family of origin issues and codependency. I have a master's degree in Counseling from West Virginia University and am certified in Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR). Additionally, I am a certified Clinical Supervisor and am open to supervising counseling residents as well as licensed professionals.
(540) 253-1479 View (540) 253-1479
Photo of Kristene Thorne, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Kristene Thorne
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018  (Online Only)
Kristene Thorne is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). She has over 17 years of experience in providing clinical/therapeutic care. Kristene affirms all genders, sexualities, faiths, and families. As a former public school counselor, Kristene works well with children, teens, families, and teachers in the Virginia school system.
Kristene Thorne is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). She has over 17 years of experience in providing clinical/therapeutic care. Kristene affirms all genders, sexualities, faiths, and families. As a former public school counselor, Kristene works well with children, teens, families, and teachers in the Virginia school system.
(540) 592-4916 View (540) 592-4916
Photo of Morgan Whittaker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cave Spring, VA
Morgan Whittaker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
Morgan Whittaker is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) whose primary areas of focus with clients have been anxiety, depression, trauma (to include but not limited to domestic violence, childhood trauma, and combat), grief/loss, substance abuse, and coping with severe mental illness or coping with changing health circumstances. Morgan has primarily worked with adults, but she does have experience working with adolescents. Morgan completed her Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology at the College of William & Mary and her Master of Social Work (MSW) at Virginia Commonwealth University.
Morgan Whittaker is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) whose primary areas of focus with clients have been anxiety, depression, trauma (to include but not limited to domestic violence, childhood trauma, and combat), grief/loss, substance abuse, and coping with severe mental illness or coping with changing health circumstances. Morgan has primarily worked with adults, but she does have experience working with adolescents. Morgan completed her Bachelor of Arts (BA) in Psychology at the College of William & Mary and her Master of Social Work (MSW) at Virginia Commonwealth University.
(540) 625-1579 View (540) 625-1579
Photo of Drew Taylor, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Drew Taylor
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cave Spring, VA 24018
If you are feeling lost, stuck, or out of touch with your self, I would welcome the chance to meet you. Maybe you have had counseling before and need to revisit something, or maybe all of this is new and intimidating. Whatever your perspective now, there is always something to be gained through exploration.
If you are feeling lost, stuck, or out of touch with your self, I would welcome the chance to meet you. Maybe you have had counseling before and need to revisit something, or maybe all of this is new and intimidating. Whatever your perspective now, there is always something to be gained through exploration.
(540) 340-5085 View (540) 340-5085
Photo of Nytasia Dockery, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cave Spring, VA
Nytasia Dockery
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018  (Online Only)
Nytasia Dockery, Supervisee in Social Work (SISW), is a mental health professional with over 3 years of professional experience helping clients of all ages to overcome concerns or conditions related to couples issues, family matters, anxiety, depression, academic issues, career transitions, and much more.
Nytasia Dockery, Supervisee in Social Work (SISW), is a mental health professional with over 3 years of professional experience helping clients of all ages to overcome concerns or conditions related to couples issues, family matters, anxiety, depression, academic issues, career transitions, and much more.
(540) 358-8535 View (540) 358-8535
Photo of Shannon Roosma, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Shannon Roosma
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
Shannon is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia who has approximately 10 years of experience in providing mental health services in multiple environments. She has had the opportunity to work in private practice, university counseling centers, and crisis services. She has worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, trauma, personality disorders, abuse histories, relationship issues, stress, life changes, personal growth, and family of origin issues.
Shannon is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Virginia who has approximately 10 years of experience in providing mental health services in multiple environments. She has had the opportunity to work in private practice, university counseling centers, and crisis services. She has worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, trauma, personality disorders, abuse histories, relationship issues, stress, life changes, personal growth, and family of origin issues.
(540) 724-8762 View (540) 724-8762
Photo of Patrick Knicely, Pre-Licensed Professional in Cave Spring, VA
Patrick Knicely
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
Patrick Knicely is a Resident in Counseling (RIC) who has pioneered personality psychology within the counseling field. He specializes in working with clients of all ages who are experiencing anger, stress, anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, self-esteem issues, behavioral issues, and much more. At the core of his practice, Patrick empowers clients to uncover the layers of their personalities.
Patrick Knicely is a Resident in Counseling (RIC) who has pioneered personality psychology within the counseling field. He specializes in working with clients of all ages who are experiencing anger, stress, anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship issues, self-esteem issues, behavioral issues, and much more. At the core of his practice, Patrick empowers clients to uncover the layers of their personalities.
(540) 924-3302 View (540) 924-3302
Photo of Gabriel Villarreal, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Gabriel Villarreal
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Cave Spring, VA 24018
Is your child's ADHD getting in the way of how amazing and smart you know they really are? It is frustrating knowing their potential but watching them struggle to focus, follow directions, sit still or listen in school or at home. Most parents fear how their child will get through the week, or school year, but all parents are terrified how their child will get through life without struggling so hard. Throughout counseling we will move you and your child away from the "deficit" label; the only "disorders" are the stigmas placed on those diagnosed.
Is your child's ADHD getting in the way of how amazing and smart you know they really are? It is frustrating knowing their potential but watching them struggle to focus, follow directions, sit still or listen in school or at home. Most parents fear how their child will get through the week, or school year, but all parents are terrified how their child will get through life without struggling so hard. Throughout counseling we will move you and your child away from the "deficit" label; the only "disorders" are the stigmas placed on those diagnosed.
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Photo of Emily Crutchfield, Resident in Couseling in Cave Spring, VA
Emily Crutchfield
Resident in Couseling, MA Ed, NCC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
I am currently accepting new clients that may be struggling with a range of issues including, but not limited to, anxiety, depression, trauma, attachment, behavioral concerns, relational issues, challenges in the school or work setting, grief, and self-esteem. I am able to offer both in-person and telehealth sessions in Virginia. I would love to hear your story, chat with you about your goals, and support you on your journey of healing and growth.
I am currently accepting new clients that may be struggling with a range of issues including, but not limited to, anxiety, depression, trauma, attachment, behavioral concerns, relational issues, challenges in the school or work setting, grief, and self-esteem. I am able to offer both in-person and telehealth sessions in Virginia. I would love to hear your story, chat with you about your goals, and support you on your journey of healing and growth.
(540) 305-3552 View (540) 305-3552
Photo of Markeia Young, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cave Spring, VA
Markeia Young
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Cave Spring, VA 24018
Markeia Young is a Licensed Professional Counselor with over a decade of experience helping people achieve balance and take responsibility for creating the lives they want. She believes that self-care is about nurturing yourself from the inside out, and that it's important to address the things that can get in the way of this practice, such as past traumas, dysfunctional thinking patterns, and undefined boundaries. As a trauma-informed therapist, Markeia utilizes person-centered and solution-focused interventions to support adults of all ages from the diverse backgrounds she works with toward achieving their goals.
Markeia Young is a Licensed Professional Counselor with over a decade of experience helping people achieve balance and take responsibility for creating the lives they want. She believes that self-care is about nurturing yourself from the inside out, and that it's important to address the things that can get in the way of this practice, such as past traumas, dysfunctional thinking patterns, and undefined boundaries. As a trauma-informed therapist, Markeia utilizes person-centered and solution-focused interventions to support adults of all ages from the diverse backgrounds she works with toward achieving their goals.
(540) 453-7912 View (540) 453-7912

Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) Therapists

How does cognitive behavioral therapy work?

Cognitive behavioral therapy works by exploring how your thoughts affect your emotions and experiences. CBT helps you identify distortions in your thinking. For example, you may tend to jump to the worst case scenario catastrophizing or think in extremes (all-or-nothing thinking). A therapist can teach you how to push back against those thoughts to ultimately change your feelings and behavior for the better. They can also provide coping skills to better deal with stressors and challenges.

When do I know to seek treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy?

It’s reasonable to consider cognitive behavioral therapy if you struggle to manage difficult emotions or behaviors to such an extent that you are not getting the most out of life on a day-to-day basis. If you want a shorter term, concrete, skills-based approach, CBT is a great option. (By contrast, other types of therapy may devote more time to exploring your past and its effects.) The decision to seek CBT also depends on the condition you’re treating; CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, and many other disorders.

How can I find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else?

To find a cognitive behavioral therapist for someone else, you may want to begin by discussing the person’s problem, researching cognitive behavioral therapy, and assessing whether the approach is the right fit. You could then reach out to a few cognitive behavioral therapists in this directory, explain the scenario, have a consultation with those available, and determine who could be a good match.

Why is CBT such a popular form of therapy?

CBT has become a popular form of therapy because it is effective and accessible. Robust research has demonstrated that CBT is an effective treatment for many mental health conditions. And CBT can be learned in relatively few sessions, which means that many people can engage in the process, afford it, and see results quickly. It involves learning concrete skills such as disputing unhelpful thoughts; these skills can also be taught and spread widely.