Narrative Therapists in Gladwyne, PA

Photo of Lori Ezzedine, MA, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lori Ezzedine
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Gladwyne, PA 19035  (Online Only)
I believe that everyone is unique in their own way and that everyone's personal background brings a unique perspective. I aim to explore that perspective and help guide client’s in a place where they feel safe and comfortable. This allows for mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual growth. I create an individualized treatment plan for each client and help them develop realistic and attainable goals. Psychoeducation is an intervention I often incorporate and I tend to put an emphasis on coping skills, self care, and healthy boundaries, as they are all a very important piece of the healing and growing process.
I believe that everyone is unique in their own way and that everyone's personal background brings a unique perspective. I aim to explore that perspective and help guide client’s in a place where they feel safe and comfortable. This allows for mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual growth. I create an individualized treatment plan for each client and help them develop realistic and attainable goals. Psychoeducation is an intervention I often incorporate and I tend to put an emphasis on coping skills, self care, and healthy boundaries, as they are all a very important piece of the healing and growing process.
(484) 969-8639 View (484) 969-8639
Photo of undefined - Sex Dr. Heather, LLC, LMFT, MEd, CST, PhD, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sex Dr. Heather, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MEd, CST, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Gladwyne, PA 19035  (Online Only)
Congratulations! Taking the steps to improve upon your current life is brave & deserves recognition as this is you taking charge of your future joy. We all have challenges whether past or present but what sets us apart is the ability to recognize what they are & move in a direction of healing. We will assist you with unlearning some of those unwanted behaviors that just won’t stop following you around. In addition, we will help you recognize patterns & explore experiences around emotions that might be troubling for your life. This will allow you to feel more joy & begin to paint new colors in your rainbow. Are You Ready to Grow?
Congratulations! Taking the steps to improve upon your current life is brave & deserves recognition as this is you taking charge of your future joy. We all have challenges whether past or present but what sets us apart is the ability to recognize what they are & move in a direction of healing. We will assist you with unlearning some of those unwanted behaviors that just won’t stop following you around. In addition, we will help you recognize patterns & explore experiences around emotions that might be troubling for your life. This will allow you to feel more joy & begin to paint new colors in your rainbow. Are You Ready to Grow?
(267) 214-5067 View (267) 214-5067
Photo of Jenna R Giagnacova, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jenna R Giagnacova
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Gladwyne, PA 19035
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Pennsylvania and have been working in mental health since 2008. I began my work in a preschool partial hospitalization program and a community outpatient program with children, adults, and families. I have also worked as a Family Based Services (FBS) therapist and director. I co-founded Conshohocken Counseling Services in 2012 and have been enjoying providing clients with assistance in their life journeys since then.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Pennsylvania and have been working in mental health since 2008. I began my work in a preschool partial hospitalization program and a community outpatient program with children, adults, and families. I have also worked as a Family Based Services (FBS) therapist and director. I co-founded Conshohocken Counseling Services in 2012 and have been enjoying providing clients with assistance in their life journeys since then.
(610) 422-3676 View (610) 422-3676
Photo of undefined - Main Line Relationship Center, MEd, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Main Line Relationship Center
Marriage & Family Therapist, MEd, LMFT
Verified Verified
Gladwyne, PA 19035
You want to see the "best" therapist, but with 2200 + of us in Montgomery County alone, how do you begin? For help narrowing the field, read "How do I find the best therapist for me?" by visiting my website. As a PA-licensed psychotherapist, I've been helping clients improve their lives for more than 20 years. Through insight and skills acquisition, my goal is to get you out of therapy and back to enjoying your life. Bring your concerns, goals, strengths and humor. We'll figure out the rest together.
You want to see the "best" therapist, but with 2200 + of us in Montgomery County alone, how do you begin? For help narrowing the field, read "How do I find the best therapist for me?" by visiting my website. As a PA-licensed psychotherapist, I've been helping clients improve their lives for more than 20 years. Through insight and skills acquisition, my goal is to get you out of therapy and back to enjoying your life. Bring your concerns, goals, strengths and humor. We'll figure out the rest together.
(215) 995-0227 View (215) 995-0227
Photo of undefined - McInvale Family Therapy LLC, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
McInvale Family Therapy LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Gladwyne, PA 19035
Waitlist for new clients
I truly enjoy facilitating meaningful change. I am not interested in helping your cope. I am interested in helping you heal the root of what you have been living with for too long. Couple and family therapy clients learn to deepen and strengthen their connection so that they are better able to manage the challenges of life. Clients participating in trauma therapy have the opportunity to explore their experience in a safe and healing environment. Individuals may work towards client-identified treatment goals while developing a rewarding and secure connection with themselves.
I truly enjoy facilitating meaningful change. I am not interested in helping your cope. I am interested in helping you heal the root of what you have been living with for too long. Couple and family therapy clients learn to deepen and strengthen their connection so that they are better able to manage the challenges of life. Clients participating in trauma therapy have the opportunity to explore their experience in a safe and healing environment. Individuals may work towards client-identified treatment goals while developing a rewarding and secure connection with themselves.
(843) 491-6511 View (843) 491-6511
Photo of Bill Golden, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bill Golden
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Gladwyne, PA 19035  (Online Only)
Life can be increasingly difficult to manage in our current social and economic environment. It can feel increasingly difficult to cope with life’s stressors as we struggle with our relationships as well as our own feelings of self-worth. Feelings of depression and anxiety can easily take hold of us, becoming increasingly dangerous to our wellbeing. There are times that it becomes increasingly important for us to have someone to turn to for support in times of despair. The way we feel about ourselves very often defines our relationships with others.
Life can be increasingly difficult to manage in our current social and economic environment. It can feel increasingly difficult to cope with life’s stressors as we struggle with our relationships as well as our own feelings of self-worth. Feelings of depression and anxiety can easily take hold of us, becoming increasingly dangerous to our wellbeing. There are times that it becomes increasingly important for us to have someone to turn to for support in times of despair. The way we feel about ourselves very often defines our relationships with others.
(215) 600-4835 View (215) 600-4835
Photo of Crystal Horninger, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Crystal Horninger
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Gladwyne, PA 19035  (Online Only)
Counseling is a space where you can explore, process, heal and grow. By being vulnerable we can allow ourselves the space to reflect on who we are now and where we have come from. I believe that we deserve a space where we can feel safe, comfortable and free from judgement. In this space, we can take out some of the boxes that are stored away and discover how we can let go of what no longer serves us while creating new ways of being and relating to ourselves, others, and the world around us .
Counseling is a space where you can explore, process, heal and grow. By being vulnerable we can allow ourselves the space to reflect on who we are now and where we have come from. I believe that we deserve a space where we can feel safe, comfortable and free from judgement. In this space, we can take out some of the boxes that are stored away and discover how we can let go of what no longer serves us while creating new ways of being and relating to ourselves, others, and the world around us .
(215) 261-5175 View (215) 261-5175
Photo of Stacy Bernstein, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stacy Bernstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Gladwyne, PA 19035  (Online Only)
I am dedicated to working with individual adults of all ages who are struggling with depression, stress, anxiety, and grief, among many other life challenges. By exploring and processing thoughts, feelings and behaviors together, we can work to promote change and enhance your quality of life. I have a special interest in working with adults navigating major life stage transitions, such as with chronic illness and changes that come with aging. I address these concerns, which can include anxiety, grief, dementia, end-of-life issues, and caregiving, in ways that embody compassion, dignity, and respect.
I am dedicated to working with individual adults of all ages who are struggling with depression, stress, anxiety, and grief, among many other life challenges. By exploring and processing thoughts, feelings and behaviors together, we can work to promote change and enhance your quality of life. I have a special interest in working with adults navigating major life stage transitions, such as with chronic illness and changes that come with aging. I address these concerns, which can include anxiety, grief, dementia, end-of-life issues, and caregiving, in ways that embody compassion, dignity, and respect.
(832) 841-4268 View (832) 841-4268
Photo of undefined - Matthew Tapper's Systemic Therapy, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Matthew Tapper's Systemic Therapy
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Gladwyne, PA 19035
Hi, I'm Matt. As a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT), my expertise is in reconnecting spouses and family members who genuinely seek to change their relationship. However, I also excel at applying systemic insights to many individual problems, such as anxiety, depression, anger, or low self-esteem. I find the most success with people who've tried everything else, but haven't yet been able to escape the problem they feel stuck with. Systemic insights are evidence based and backed by current research. You don't know it yet, but there's a way in which you and your experiences make sense, and I like it when things make sense.
Hi, I'm Matt. As a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT), my expertise is in reconnecting spouses and family members who genuinely seek to change their relationship. However, I also excel at applying systemic insights to many individual problems, such as anxiety, depression, anger, or low self-esteem. I find the most success with people who've tried everything else, but haven't yet been able to escape the problem they feel stuck with. Systemic insights are evidence based and backed by current research. You don't know it yet, but there's a way in which you and your experiences make sense, and I like it when things make sense.
(484) 430-3693 View (484) 430-3693
Photo of Jeffrey Johnson, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jeffrey Johnson
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Gladwyne, PA 19035  (Online Only)
With over 20 years of mental health experience and 14 years practicing therapy, I have learned to specialize in relationship/couples therapy and work as well as individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, and other life and circumstantial issues. If you are looking to repair, strengthen, regain connection, improve intimacy, or generally work on your relationships or your mental health I can help you find that path. My experience has also led me to work with trauma in a systemic and experiential way and utilize EMDR, mindfulness and trauma informed interventions.
With over 20 years of mental health experience and 14 years practicing therapy, I have learned to specialize in relationship/couples therapy and work as well as individuals struggling with anxiety, depression, and other life and circumstantial issues. If you are looking to repair, strengthen, regain connection, improve intimacy, or generally work on your relationships or your mental health I can help you find that path. My experience has also led me to work with trauma in a systemic and experiential way and utilize EMDR, mindfulness and trauma informed interventions.
(267) 214-4821 View (267) 214-4821
Photo of Michelle (Shelley) Snapp, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Michelle (Shelley) Snapp
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
8 Endorsed
Gladwyne, PA 19035
I believe I’m the best fit for clients who are struggling with diagnoses such as anxiety and PTSD, and clients looking to focus on topics such as perfectionism, self-esteem, self-care, burnout, boundary setting, family/ relationship conflict, navigating life transitions and major life events. You’ll find that I have a kind, energetic, authentic, and friendly attitude, paired with the ability to support and motivate my clients towards change. Whether you’re in a place where you’re motivated for change or just need a compassionate listening ear, you are welcome as you are!
I believe I’m the best fit for clients who are struggling with diagnoses such as anxiety and PTSD, and clients looking to focus on topics such as perfectionism, self-esteem, self-care, burnout, boundary setting, family/ relationship conflict, navigating life transitions and major life events. You’ll find that I have a kind, energetic, authentic, and friendly attitude, paired with the ability to support and motivate my clients towards change. Whether you’re in a place where you’re motivated for change or just need a compassionate listening ear, you are welcome as you are!
(484) 209-4425 View (484) 209-4425
Photo of Dr. Jeff J. Rocker, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMHC, LCPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Jeff J. Rocker
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, NCC, LPC, LMHC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Gladwyne, PA 19035
With 12 years of experience working with clients going through individual, relationship, and family issues, Celebrity Therapist Dr. Jeff Rocker has provided therapeutic services to clients nationwide. He is Licensed in 14 states and has served clients from all age groups. Over the years, Dr. Jeff has organized lectures and various events in the community, including excursions and retreats for couples to improve their communication and better understand each other. He has experience working with athletes in the NFL, NBA, and MLB. In addition, Dr. Jeff has also worked with clients in the Movie, Music, and Entertainment Industries.
With 12 years of experience working with clients going through individual, relationship, and family issues, Celebrity Therapist Dr. Jeff Rocker has provided therapeutic services to clients nationwide. He is Licensed in 14 states and has served clients from all age groups. Over the years, Dr. Jeff has organized lectures and various events in the community, including excursions and retreats for couples to improve their communication and better understand each other. He has experience working with athletes in the NFL, NBA, and MLB. In addition, Dr. Jeff has also worked with clients in the Movie, Music, and Entertainment Industries.
(484) 249-0659 View (484) 249-0659
Photo of Anxiety And Relationship Therapist Monica DiLaurenzo, MA, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Anxiety And Relationship Therapist Monica DiLaurenzo
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Gladwyne, PA 19035  (Online Only)
Currently accepting NEW clients! I believe that you are already capable of change and I guide you through stepping into it. I specialize in anxiety and relationships. Much of my work has been in treating anxious individuals who struggle with worry, self-doubt, and "analysis paralysis". I can help you recognize what is interfering with your daily life, relationships and overall well-being and adopt healthier belief systems. I am also especially passionate about helping couples recognize the "stuck points" in their communication patterns and replace them with with vulnerability, closeness, and connection.
Currently accepting NEW clients! I believe that you are already capable of change and I guide you through stepping into it. I specialize in anxiety and relationships. Much of my work has been in treating anxious individuals who struggle with worry, self-doubt, and "analysis paralysis". I can help you recognize what is interfering with your daily life, relationships and overall well-being and adopt healthier belief systems. I am also especially passionate about helping couples recognize the "stuck points" in their communication patterns and replace them with with vulnerability, closeness, and connection.
(610) 345-7308 View (610) 345-7308

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Caroline J Munden, LMFT, PMH-C, Marriage & Family Therapist
Caroline J Munden
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, PMH-C
Verified Verified
Penn Valley, PA 19072
Through both a narrative and client centered framework, I work to meet individuals where they are.
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story and reauthor a new one. I strive to create a safe and nurturing environment in which individuals feel supported in their efforts to develop preferred ways of experiencing life. We will work collaboratively to empower you to overcome issues and embody your best self as you recognize your own strength and resiliency.
Through both a narrative and client centered framework, I work to meet individuals where they are.
I believe one of the bravest things you can do is begin to understand your own story and reauthor a new one. I strive to create a safe and nurturing environment in which individuals feel supported in their efforts to develop preferred ways of experiencing life. We will work collaboratively to empower you to overcome issues and embody your best self as you recognize your own strength and resiliency.
View
Photo of Bridget McElroy, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bridget McElroy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Narberth, PA 19072
Waitlist for new clients
I utilize Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, play therapy (directive and non-directive), and narrative therapy during my sessions, adapting to the unique needs and preferences of each client.
My therapeutic approach is strengths-based and neurodiversity-affirming. My primary focus is working with autistic and other neurodivergent children (age 4 and up), teens, and young adults as they navigate a world that can be confusing and complex. I also work with individuals with anxiety, depression, sensory processing differences, executive functioning challenges, and divergent ways of communicating and socializing. In particular, I have significant experience supporting teens and young adults as they transition to adulthood, helping them navigate this daunting but exciting time in their lives.
I utilize Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, play therapy (directive and non-directive), and narrative therapy during my sessions, adapting to the unique needs and preferences of each client.
My therapeutic approach is strengths-based and neurodiversity-affirming. My primary focus is working with autistic and other neurodivergent children (age 4 and up), teens, and young adults as they navigate a world that can be confusing and complex. I also work with individuals with anxiety, depression, sensory processing differences, executive functioning challenges, and divergent ways of communicating and socializing. In particular, I have significant experience supporting teens and young adults as they transition to adulthood, helping them navigate this daunting but exciting time in their lives.
(267) 641-9318 View (267) 641-9318
Photo of Miriah Rutledge, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Miriah Rutledge
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Conshohocken, PA 19428
I use a combination of theories in my approach to best support my clients which include: Contextual Family Therapy and Narrative Therapy, as well as techniques from the Gottman Method, the work of Ester Perel, CBT, and Somatic Therapy.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist who believes in the resilience of others. I believe that life is entirely relational, and that working within the context of relationships helps ensure long-term treatment success. Relationships can take effort; however they are also our greatest source of happiness. When we feel understood, valued, and loved in our relationships, our self-confidence increases. I work with individuals, families and couples that are working on healthy communication, divorce recovery, dating, infidelity recovery, domestic violence, recovering from narcissistic or sociopathic abuse, and self-esteem.
I use a combination of theories in my approach to best support my clients which include: Contextual Family Therapy and Narrative Therapy, as well as techniques from the Gottman Method, the work of Ester Perel, CBT, and Somatic Therapy.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist who believes in the resilience of others. I believe that life is entirely relational, and that working within the context of relationships helps ensure long-term treatment success. Relationships can take effort; however they are also our greatest source of happiness. When we feel understood, valued, and loved in our relationships, our self-confidence increases. I work with individuals, families and couples that are working on healthy communication, divorce recovery, dating, infidelity recovery, domestic violence, recovering from narcissistic or sociopathic abuse, and self-esteem.
(267) 440-6962 View (267) 440-6962
Photo of Emily Cody, Pre-Licensed Professional
Emily Cody
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Conshohocken, PA 19428
As a master’s-level clinician, I specialize in working with adults and couples who are navigating anxiety, depression, relationship issues, life transitions, and building self-esteem. I have specialized training in family systems dynamics and sex therapy. My approach to therapy includes a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solutions-Focused Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and mindfulness skills. I focus on taking an open approach with each client to understand their specific needs in treatment.
As a master’s-level clinician, I specialize in working with adults and couples who are navigating anxiety, depression, relationship issues, life transitions, and building self-esteem. I have specialized training in family systems dynamics and sex therapy. My approach to therapy includes a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solutions-Focused Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and mindfulness skills. I focus on taking an open approach with each client to understand their specific needs in treatment.
(484) 559-7291 View (484) 559-7291
Photo of Meg Costa, Pre-Licensed Professional
Meg Costa
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Narberth, PA 19072
My approach to therapy is client-centered, humanistic, integrative, narrative, and trauma-informed. Together, we can work to uncover and retell the narratives of your life. We will in no way dismiss the hardships you have faced, rather, we can honor these experiences through thoughtful reflection. Through this process, we can also collaborate to cultivate more balance, purpose, passion, and growth in your life. I also strive to always acknowledge how systemic oppression can affect my clients lives. Therapy is absolutely a space where one should feel comfortable processing the impact of oppression.
My approach to therapy is client-centered, humanistic, integrative, narrative, and trauma-informed. Together, we can work to uncover and retell the narratives of your life. We will in no way dismiss the hardships you have faced, rather, we can honor these experiences through thoughtful reflection. Through this process, we can also collaborate to cultivate more balance, purpose, passion, and growth in your life. I also strive to always acknowledge how systemic oppression can affect my clients lives. Therapy is absolutely a space where one should feel comfortable processing the impact of oppression.
(267) 863-4956 View (267) 863-4956
Photo of Gabrielle Harman, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gabrielle Harman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bryn Mawr, PA 19010  (Online Only)
I also use narrative therapy, art therapy and CBT as part of my practice.
I am a relational therapist who believes the path to healing is best done in partnership. I enjoy helping individuals work through relationship issues, anxiety and depression. My therapeutic style is based on understanding and compassion; I will meet you where you are, so we can work towards where you want to be. It is my goal to offer you a space in sessions where you can feel heard, understood and connected. We will work together to identify and overcome unhelpful patterns that have been built to protect and navigate difficult situations. In this therapeutic space, these unhelpful patterns can be transformed.
I also use narrative therapy, art therapy and CBT as part of my practice.
I am a relational therapist who believes the path to healing is best done in partnership. I enjoy helping individuals work through relationship issues, anxiety and depression. My therapeutic style is based on understanding and compassion; I will meet you where you are, so we can work towards where you want to be. It is my goal to offer you a space in sessions where you can feel heard, understood and connected. We will work together to identify and overcome unhelpful patterns that have been built to protect and navigate difficult situations. In this therapeutic space, these unhelpful patterns can be transformed.
(484) 573-7869 View (484) 573-7869
Photo of Damon Constantinides, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Damon Constantinides
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Bryn Mawr, PA 19010
Waitlist for new clients
These are uncertain times. Therapy can be an anchor as we all weather the unpredictable circumstances of our lives and the world around us. It can be a place to grow, heal, or make changes in your live that feel difficult. I work with clients who need help managing anxiety, are feeling sad or confused, or are going through a hard time. I see my job as sitting next to you, seeing the world through your eyes, and helping you come up with the plan that's right for you. I come from a relational and social justice perspective and bring tools from narrative therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and mindfulness based stress reduction.
These are uncertain times. Therapy can be an anchor as we all weather the unpredictable circumstances of our lives and the world around us. It can be a place to grow, heal, or make changes in your live that feel difficult. I work with clients who need help managing anxiety, are feeling sad or confused, or are going through a hard time. I see my job as sitting next to you, seeing the world through your eyes, and helping you come up with the plan that's right for you. I come from a relational and social justice perspective and bring tools from narrative therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and mindfulness based stress reduction.
(215) 273-3601 View (215) 273-3601

See more therapy options for Gladwyne

Narrative Therapists

Is narrative therapy evidence-based?

Narrative therapy is not well-studied, and it may not be as effective in treating mental health conditions when compared with evidence-based treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Some small studies do show that depressed and anxious individuals who were treated with narrative therapy reported improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms.

How long does narrative therapy last?

Narrative therapy is less structured when compared with psychoanalysis, for example. Narrative therapy is more open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a few months, and sometimes a year or longer. Patients see their therapist one to two times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a person’s challenges and progress. Individuals can also practice the principles of narrative therapy after treatment has ended.

Does narrative therapy work?

Narrative therapy can help a person manage or reduce symptoms of conditions like depression or anxiety. This type of therapy encourages a person to reflect on the moments of their life when their particular problem was not at the forefront of their minds—perhaps life celebrations, achievements, and other successes. The individual is encouraged to rewrite their storyline as if their particular problem was not part of their life. This therapy may offer benefits that are hard to measure.

What are the possible limitations of narrative therapy?

Narrative therapy is person-centered or client-centered, and the health professional pays more attention to the subjective narratives that are constructed by the client, as opposed to other objective measures. The therapist privileges the individual’s perspective over all others. This open form may feel frustrating for individuals seeking a more structured approach; certainly, no one therapy type will work for every individual.