Therapists in Elizabeth, PA

Photo of Nicole Brooke - Sanderson Psychological, LLC, Psychologist
Sanderson Psychological, LLC
Psychologist
Verified Verified
Elizabeth, PA 15037
Sanderson Psychological is a mental health counseling practice that values quality of client care. We have multiple providers with varying interests and expertise in order to provide the best therapist/client fit. Our mission is to help our clients reconnect with themselves and to explore current or past experiences that have not yet been processed. We hope that through this journey, we will help our clients find deeper self-understanding and compassion.
Sanderson Psychological is a mental health counseling practice that values quality of client care. We have multiple providers with varying interests and expertise in order to provide the best therapist/client fit. Our mission is to help our clients reconnect with themselves and to explore current or past experiences that have not yet been processed. We hope that through this journey, we will help our clients find deeper self-understanding and compassion.
(412) 754-1100 View (412) 754-1100
Photo of Michelle Renee Dvorchak, LPC, NCC, CCATP, Licensed Professional Counselor
Michelle Renee Dvorchak
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, CCATP
Verified Verified
Elizabeth, PA 15037
My goal as a counselor is completely centered around the needs and desired outcomes of my clients. We will work together towards successful results. Throughout my career, I had the opportunity to work with individuals who were faced with a variety of difficult situations. I gained a wealth of personal and professional experience working through each situation.
My goal as a counselor is completely centered around the needs and desired outcomes of my clients. We will work together towards successful results. Throughout my career, I had the opportunity to work with individuals who were faced with a variety of difficult situations. I gained a wealth of personal and professional experience working through each situation.
(412) 489-0082 View (412) 489-0082
Photo of Connor Paoletti, MS, LAPC, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Connor Paoletti
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LAPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Elizabeth, PA 15037
As intimidating as therapy may seem, it is undoubtedly one of the most rewarding processes an individual can go through. I have such a deep appreciation for my clients as they show the willingness and commitment to improving their well-being. I believe that each client has their own unique set of strengths and through our collaborative efforts, will learn how to harness them to overcome their struggles. I work with individuals ranging from late adolescence to late adulthood. Additionally, I have experience with athletic populations both in treatment and mentoring.
As intimidating as therapy may seem, it is undoubtedly one of the most rewarding processes an individual can go through. I have such a deep appreciation for my clients as they show the willingness and commitment to improving their well-being. I believe that each client has their own unique set of strengths and through our collaborative efforts, will learn how to harness them to overcome their struggles. I work with individuals ranging from late adolescence to late adulthood. Additionally, I have experience with athletic populations both in treatment and mentoring.
(412) 801-7840 View (412) 801-7840
Photo of Shaun Mewes, MSEd, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Shaun Mewes
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Elizabeth, PA 15037
Creating meaningful change in how we approach life or our relationships can be difficult. If you are feeling stuck in a cycle that is hard to escape, therapy may be what you're looking for. I believe in the transformative power of the counseling relationship and the innate resilience that lies within everyone. In working together, we can create the space necessary to challenge unhelpful ideas and explore uncomfortable topics in a way that allows us to feel safe. I'm also an advocate for transparency in how therapy works. I intend to keep you informed on our goals and how we are working towards them.
Creating meaningful change in how we approach life or our relationships can be difficult. If you are feeling stuck in a cycle that is hard to escape, therapy may be what you're looking for. I believe in the transformative power of the counseling relationship and the innate resilience that lies within everyone. In working together, we can create the space necessary to challenge unhelpful ideas and explore uncomfortable topics in a way that allows us to feel safe. I'm also an advocate for transparency in how therapy works. I intend to keep you informed on our goals and how we are working towards them.
(412) 946-8089 View (412) 946-8089
Photo of Barbara L Check - White Oak Counseling, Inc., LCSW, MS, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
White Oak Counseling, Inc.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MS, MSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Elizabeth, PA 15037
You've taken the first step in overcoming challenges you face. Now, it comes to finding the therapist that is the right match, who can provide you with a compassionate place so you can explore and find the answers you are looking for. We are committed in helping you deal with challenges you face with a collaborative approach. Our goal is to find the most effective way to help you recognize and utilize your internal strengths, ultimately giving you the ability to control and improve your life.
You've taken the first step in overcoming challenges you face. Now, it comes to finding the therapist that is the right match, who can provide you with a compassionate place so you can explore and find the answers you are looking for. We are committed in helping you deal with challenges you face with a collaborative approach. Our goal is to find the most effective way to help you recognize and utilize your internal strengths, ultimately giving you the ability to control and improve your life.
(724) 964-7239 View (724) 964-7239
Photo of Richard Hoffman - Christian Counseling Associates of Western PA, PhD, Counselor
Christian Counseling Associates of Western PA
Counselor, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Elizabeth, PA 15037
Christian Counseling Associates (CCA) provides individual, marriage, and family counseling. We serve Christians who want their faith integrated into the counseling process and those holding any beliefs or attitudes toward spirituality. Our counselors will help you identify the core issues that have caused your emotional and personal problems, and immediately develop strategies to resolve these issues. CCA is able to provide a full range of clinical services. Please visit our website at www.ccawpa.com for a complete description of our faith based counseling services, locations, and counseling staff.
Christian Counseling Associates (CCA) provides individual, marriage, and family counseling. We serve Christians who want their faith integrated into the counseling process and those holding any beliefs or attitudes toward spirituality. Our counselors will help you identify the core issues that have caused your emotional and personal problems, and immediately develop strategies to resolve these issues. CCA is able to provide a full range of clinical services. Please visit our website at www.ccawpa.com for a complete description of our faith based counseling services, locations, and counseling staff.
(724) 764-4569 View (724) 764-4569
Photo of Christopher L Stough, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christopher L Stough
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Elizabeth, PA 15037
Hello! My name is Christopher Stough, LCSW. Are you looking for a therapist for your child, family, or individually as an adult, who has a lot of energy and a desire to help all people in reaching their fullest potential? If so, I am the child/family/individual therapist for you! Currently, I have worked as a social worker/mental health therapist specializing in child and family therapy for 20 years. I am looking forward to being of service for anyone seeking support, guidance, and a desire for reaching contentment in their lives.
Hello! My name is Christopher Stough, LCSW. Are you looking for a therapist for your child, family, or individually as an adult, who has a lot of energy and a desire to help all people in reaching their fullest potential? If so, I am the child/family/individual therapist for you! Currently, I have worked as a social worker/mental health therapist specializing in child and family therapy for 20 years. I am looking forward to being of service for anyone seeking support, guidance, and a desire for reaching contentment in their lives.
(878) 205-0446 View (878) 205-0446

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Meredith Armbrust, PsyD, Psychologist
Meredith Armbrust
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15122  (Online Only)
The time and energy you are spending right now researching and connecting with a therapist is not easy, but it is important. Therapy is a challenging and rewarding investment in yourself and your relationships. Perhaps you want to improve connection with others, feel less stress and more satisfaction, create new ways of thinking and understanding feelings, or increase insight to change your present and future. My approach is collaborative, supportive, and flexible.
The time and energy you are spending right now researching and connecting with a therapist is not easy, but it is important. Therapy is a challenging and rewarding investment in yourself and your relationships. Perhaps you want to improve connection with others, feel less stress and more satisfaction, create new ways of thinking and understanding feelings, or increase insight to change your present and future. My approach is collaborative, supportive, and flexible.
(412) 790-2725 View (412) 790-2725
Photo of Carolyn Theresa Skiff, MEd, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Carolyn Theresa Skiff
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15227
I am here to help people on their journey, wherever they are in life. I believe in empowering people to make good choices for themselves. I work well with clients suffering from depression and/or anxiety and want solid positive coping skills to help deal with stressors. I use CBT and trauma-informed care, as well as an Adlerian perspective to understand the importance of early childhood experiences on personality and belief structure. I believe mindfulness matters. Taking care of you is important!
I am here to help people on their journey, wherever they are in life. I believe in empowering people to make good choices for themselves. I work well with clients suffering from depression and/or anxiety and want solid positive coping skills to help deal with stressors. I use CBT and trauma-informed care, as well as an Adlerian perspective to understand the importance of early childhood experiences on personality and belief structure. I believe mindfulness matters. Taking care of you is important!
(412) 376-4050 View (412) 376-4050
Photo of Dr. Kathryn Defilippi, PhD, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Kathryn Defilippi
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15122  (Online Only)
Do you feel like no one understands you? Feel alone and don't know where to turn? Therapy might be the first big step you take to having someone provide you that space to talk freely and not feel judged. I believe that everyone can benefit from therapy. Therapy can be hard work, but I create a stress-free environment that makes therapy something you want to attend. In my experience, I have seen how talking can help. I listen to what you have to say and not just hear it. You no longer have to carry your burdens alone. Contact me to see how I can provide a safe place to talk. I work with adults, couples, and adolescents.
Do you feel like no one understands you? Feel alone and don't know where to turn? Therapy might be the first big step you take to having someone provide you that space to talk freely and not feel judged. I believe that everyone can benefit from therapy. Therapy can be hard work, but I create a stress-free environment that makes therapy something you want to attend. In my experience, I have seen how talking can help. I listen to what you have to say and not just hear it. You no longer have to carry your burdens alone. Contact me to see how I can provide a safe place to talk. I work with adults, couples, and adolescents.
View
Photo of Cynthia A. Paul, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Cynthia A. Paul
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pittsburgh, PA 15236
I enjoy working with individuals of all ages and feel very comfortable addressing any life-span issue or transitional concern. I also enjoy working with young adolescents as well as young adults addressing issues related to anxiety, depression, and relationship concerns. Working with a variety of age groups, including adults; allows me to maintain up to date clinical skills as well as having a better understanding to all life stages. Regardless of what difficulty you may be facing, the first step to change is the awareness that something doesn't feel right. This awareness is usually the first step to the possibility of change.
I enjoy working with individuals of all ages and feel very comfortable addressing any life-span issue or transitional concern. I also enjoy working with young adolescents as well as young adults addressing issues related to anxiety, depression, and relationship concerns. Working with a variety of age groups, including adults; allows me to maintain up to date clinical skills as well as having a better understanding to all life stages. Regardless of what difficulty you may be facing, the first step to change is the awareness that something doesn't feel right. This awareness is usually the first step to the possibility of change.
(412) 228-0967 View (412) 228-0967
Photo of Kesha S Brake, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kesha S Brake
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Monroeville, PA 15140
Hello! My name is Kesha Brake and I work as a therapist at Samaritan Counseling, Guidance, Consulting's Gibsonia office. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and adults in various backgrounds, and needs to help individuals reach their goals.
Hello! My name is Kesha Brake and I work as a therapist at Samaritan Counseling, Guidance, Consulting's Gibsonia office. I enjoy working with children, adolescents, and adults in various backgrounds, and needs to help individuals reach their goals.
(412) 981-2077 View (412) 981-2077
Photo of Marlana Wilson - Take Root Counseling and Consulting LLC, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Take Root Counseling and Consulting LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Monroeville, PA 15140  (Online Only)
You're here looking for something. . It could be looking for freedom from Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), support for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), relief from the effects of Trauma (CPTSD / PTSD) or help working through difficulties in your relationship. It could be a need for emotional regulation and distress tolerance skills. Maybe you're being faced with a problem and you need someone to lay out the steps to work through it and take them with you. Whatever it is, you're looking for someone to hear, validate, teach and support you.
You're here looking for something. . It could be looking for freedom from Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), support for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), relief from the effects of Trauma (CPTSD / PTSD) or help working through difficulties in your relationship. It could be a need for emotional regulation and distress tolerance skills. Maybe you're being faced with a problem and you need someone to lay out the steps to work through it and take them with you. Whatever it is, you're looking for someone to hear, validate, teach and support you.
(724) 701-3974 View (724) 701-3974
Photo of Dr. Ronald J. Dahl, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Ronald J. Dahl
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15122
Virtual Visits are possible. Sometimes the demands of everyday life can be overwhelming. Relationships, work, and daily life can be difficult to navigate when we are stuck in symptoms. But you don't have to let issues negatively impact your life. We will work together to move you out of the difficulties and on to better living. My treatment style is collaborative, using a non-judgmental approach, with achievable goals to help develop effective coping skills and reduce symptoms.
Virtual Visits are possible. Sometimes the demands of everyday life can be overwhelming. Relationships, work, and daily life can be difficult to navigate when we are stuck in symptoms. But you don't have to let issues negatively impact your life. We will work together to move you out of the difficulties and on to better living. My treatment style is collaborative, using a non-judgmental approach, with achievable goals to help develop effective coping skills and reduce symptoms.
(240) 376-3350 View (240) 376-3350
Photo of Kirsten Long, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kirsten Long
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15122  (Online Only)
Do you lay awake at night with an overwhelmed mind? I help with easing the mind. I am able to help you through past trauma and current trauma. I am able to help those experience compassion fatigue and burn out from work to home. I am passionate to help with relationship issues and use compassion and empathy. I am passionate about working with CBT to alleviate anxiety and overthinking. Together we can work on you being the best version of you!
Do you lay awake at night with an overwhelmed mind? I help with easing the mind. I am able to help you through past trauma and current trauma. I am able to help those experience compassion fatigue and burn out from work to home. I am passionate to help with relationship issues and use compassion and empathy. I am passionate about working with CBT to alleviate anxiety and overthinking. Together we can work on you being the best version of you!
(484) 209-1683 View (484) 209-1683
Photo of Samantha Crean, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Samantha Crean
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15122  (Online Only)
If you're here, I probably don't need to tell you that the rate of depression in college students continues to rise and college counseling centers can't keep up. You're sad. You're empty. You're filled with doom about the plight of the world and you're not even sure if there's a point in trying anymore. I specialize in working with individuals who are depressed, self-harming or having thoughts of suicide. I'll help you balance your mood, increase your self-worth and improve your relationships so that you can actually enjoy life again rather than trying to escape it.
If you're here, I probably don't need to tell you that the rate of depression in college students continues to rise and college counseling centers can't keep up. You're sad. You're empty. You're filled with doom about the plight of the world and you're not even sure if there's a point in trying anymore. I specialize in working with individuals who are depressed, self-harming or having thoughts of suicide. I'll help you balance your mood, increase your self-worth and improve your relationships so that you can actually enjoy life again rather than trying to escape it.
Photo of Zachary Wolfe, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Zachary Wolfe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15122
New Extended Hours Available Including Evenings. Hello! What an accomplishment to prioritize your mental health! I'm Zach. Together, we will work through a variety of issues such as Anxiety, Depression, Bi-Polar, Parenting, Family Conflict, and Grief to name a few. Our goal is to help you to navigate all of life's challenges in healthy ways, while being a safe, accepting, and non-judgmental space.
New Extended Hours Available Including Evenings. Hello! What an accomplishment to prioritize your mental health! I'm Zach. Together, we will work through a variety of issues such as Anxiety, Depression, Bi-Polar, Parenting, Family Conflict, and Grief to name a few. Our goal is to help you to navigate all of life's challenges in healthy ways, while being a safe, accepting, and non-judgmental space.
(724) 542-8383 View (724) 542-8383
Photo of Starshemah Duncan - For My Good Counseling Services, LLC, MS, NCC, LPC, CDAC, Licensed Professional Counselor
For My Good Counseling Services, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC, CDAC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Monroeville, PA 15140
For My Good Counseling Services, LLC, we aim to provide compassionate and client-centered mental health support. We are dedicated to fostering healing, personal growth, and emotional well-being for individuals, couples, children, adolescents, and families. We believe in creating a safe and non-judgmental space where individuals can explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, leading to positive transformation feelings for their overall well-being. We are committed to promoting mental health, resilience, and self-discovery, guiding our clients toward a path of self-fulfillment and lasting positive change.
For My Good Counseling Services, LLC, we aim to provide compassionate and client-centered mental health support. We are dedicated to fostering healing, personal growth, and emotional well-being for individuals, couples, children, adolescents, and families. We believe in creating a safe and non-judgmental space where individuals can explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, leading to positive transformation feelings for their overall well-being. We are committed to promoting mental health, resilience, and self-discovery, guiding our clients toward a path of self-fulfillment and lasting positive change.
(412) 419-0966 View (412) 419-0966
Photo of Zara Khan - Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lifebulb Counseling & Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West Mifflin, PA 15122  (Online Only)
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
Working with us you'll get results. Because we believe you're best served by a clinician who's passionate about not only their work, but who they work with as well. That's why we started Lifebulb - We're committed to building an organization that truly allows therapists to get back to enjoying their work, so you, our client, can receive the highest quality therapy services, whether in person at one of our locations or online through telehealth. We hire only highly trained and educated, licensed clinicians dedicated to the therapy process. We're confident we can help you achieve your therapy goals.
(412) 604-7643 View (412) 604-7643
Photo of Richard Hoffman - Christian Counseling Associates of Western PA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Christian Counseling Associates of Western PA
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Pittsburgh, PA 15236
Christian Counseling Associates (CCA) provides individual, marriage, and family counseling. We serve Christians who want their faith integrated into the counseling process and those holding any beliefs or attitudes toward spirituality. Our counselors will help you identify the core issues that have caused your emotional and personal problems, and immediately develop strategies to resolve these issues. CCA is able to provide a full range of clinical services. Please visit our website at www.ccawpa.com for a complete description of our faith based counseling services, locations, and counseling staff.
Christian Counseling Associates (CCA) provides individual, marriage, and family counseling. We serve Christians who want their faith integrated into the counseling process and those holding any beliefs or attitudes toward spirituality. Our counselors will help you identify the core issues that have caused your emotional and personal problems, and immediately develop strategies to resolve these issues. CCA is able to provide a full range of clinical services. Please visit our website at www.ccawpa.com for a complete description of our faith based counseling services, locations, and counseling staff.
(724) 749-5328 View (724) 749-5328

See more therapy options for Elizabeth

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Elizabeth, PA

< 10

Therapists in Elizabeth, PA who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
86% Self Esteem
71% Parenting
71% Family Conflict
71% Coping Skills
71% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hea
86% Aetna
86% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Elizabeth, PA see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

60% Male
40% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Elizabeth?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.