Therapists in Canonsburg, PA

Photo of Susan Cononge, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Susan Cononge
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Canonsburg, PA 15317
It's not whats wrong with you, it's whats happened to you. I believe that our past plays a significant role in our present. Genetics, environments we grew up in, and life experiences all have ways of creating patterns of thoughts and behaviors. When people have a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore their thoughts and feelings, they can begin to process the experiences, gain understanding of themselves, and start healing. I pull from CBT, DBT, client centered therapy, motivational interviewing, mindfulness practices, and psychoeducation to help clients gain awareness, understanding, and tools to move forward from the past.
It's not whats wrong with you, it's whats happened to you. I believe that our past plays a significant role in our present. Genetics, environments we grew up in, and life experiences all have ways of creating patterns of thoughts and behaviors. When people have a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore their thoughts and feelings, they can begin to process the experiences, gain understanding of themselves, and start healing. I pull from CBT, DBT, client centered therapy, motivational interviewing, mindfulness practices, and psychoeducation to help clients gain awareness, understanding, and tools to move forward from the past.
(412) 685-3408 View (412) 685-3408
Photo of Autumn Staszak, Licensed Professional Counselor, MAEd, LPC
Autumn Staszak
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAEd, LPC
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Hi there! Are you struggling with racing thoughts that keep you up at night or cause significant muscle tension? How about the inability to get out of bed or crying spells that affect your daily functioning? Do you struggle with communicating your needs and wants with your partner? Let’s work together to help you live a healthy, more productive life worth living.
Hi there! Are you struggling with racing thoughts that keep you up at night or cause significant muscle tension? How about the inability to get out of bed or crying spells that affect your daily functioning? Do you struggle with communicating your needs and wants with your partner? Let’s work together to help you live a healthy, more productive life worth living.
(724) 603-1495 View (724) 603-1495
Photo of Pauline Amaismeier, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, RN, BC-TMH
Pauline Amaismeier
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC, RN, BC-TMH
Online Only
I have worked extensively with adults experiencing depression, grief and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Many have experienced a scary event that has been very difficult for them to effectively deal with the feelings and nightmares. I also have a lot of experience working with first responders and have assisted them in coping more successfully with work and family stressors.
I have worked extensively with adults experiencing depression, grief and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Many have experienced a scary event that has been very difficult for them to effectively deal with the feelings and nightmares. I also have a lot of experience working with first responders and have assisted them in coping more successfully with work and family stressors.
(724) 572-6452 View (724) 572-6452
Photo of Lettie Walker, MS, LAPC
Lettie Walker
Verified Verified
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Hi, I am Lettie! I am a LAPC Clinical Mental Health Therapist, with experience in working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I strive for my clients to be able to reach their goals by guiding them down the right path to meet their respective needs.
Hi, I am Lettie! I am a LAPC Clinical Mental Health Therapist, with experience in working with children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families. I strive for my clients to be able to reach their goals by guiding them down the right path to meet their respective needs.
(412) 385-6635 View (412) 385-6635
Photo of Adam Thomas Oshnock, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Adam Thomas Oshnock
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Canonsburg, PA 15317
I have been practicing as a therapist for over twenty years and have worked with children, adults, and families in many different types of therapeutic settings. I have the clinical skills necessary to develop a therapeutic relationship, which I feel is key to advance the therapeutic process. I am able to teach the skills to clients so they can apply them when needed. I can help clients to learn from their past, live a healthy life in the present, and set goals for the future.
I have been practicing as a therapist for over twenty years and have worked with children, adults, and families in many different types of therapeutic settings. I have the clinical skills necessary to develop a therapeutic relationship, which I feel is key to advance the therapeutic process. I am able to teach the skills to clients so they can apply them when needed. I can help clients to learn from their past, live a healthy life in the present, and set goals for the future.
(724) 399-3113 View (724) 399-3113
Photo of Abbey Bell, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Abbey Bell
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MEd
Canonsburg, PA 15317
There are moments when we realize our emotional and mental health needs more care and attention than we’ve been able to give it. Life can shift suddenly, and what once felt manageable can start to feel heavy and uncertain. You might find yourself trying to hold it all together while quietly feeling overwhelmed or disconnected. These experiences don’t mean you’re failing, they’re simply signs that you deserve support, understanding, and space to heal.
There are moments when we realize our emotional and mental health needs more care and attention than we’ve been able to give it. Life can shift suddenly, and what once felt manageable can start to feel heavy and uncertain. You might find yourself trying to hold it all together while quietly feeling overwhelmed or disconnected. These experiences don’t mean you’re failing, they’re simply signs that you deserve support, understanding, and space to heal.
(412) 547-9661 View (412) 547-9661
Photo of Amanda Lee Neace, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, CCTP-II, LPC
Amanda Lee Neace
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, CCTP-II, LPC
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Waitlist for new clients
You’ve survived what should have broken you, but the impact of those experiences lingers in sneaky ways like dissociation, shame, emotional numbness, or feeling stuck in unhealthy / toxic patterns that no longer serve you or the person you're becoming. You long for deeper connections to safe people, crave relief from overwhelm, or need to break cycles of trauma, especially as a parent. You want to heal, to feel whole, and to reclaim / unconditionally embrace the parts of yourself lost to survival. Learning to be important to yourself can be challenging if you were never safe enough to be important before. Trust is scary.
You’ve survived what should have broken you, but the impact of those experiences lingers in sneaky ways like dissociation, shame, emotional numbness, or feeling stuck in unhealthy / toxic patterns that no longer serve you or the person you're becoming. You long for deeper connections to safe people, crave relief from overwhelm, or need to break cycles of trauma, especially as a parent. You want to heal, to feel whole, and to reclaim / unconditionally embrace the parts of yourself lost to survival. Learning to be important to yourself can be challenging if you were never safe enough to be important before. Trust is scary.
(724) 605-4948 View (724) 605-4948
Photo of Sherry A Raineri, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Sherry A Raineri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Welcome to "We Talk Straight Counseling"! A place where incredible and sometimes surprising changes have happened. I have enjoyed helping to change the lives not only of my clients but also the lives of those they love for the past 29 years. It takes courage to be able to recognize that a change needs to be made and to be able to reach out for help. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, codependency, self-injury, marital or family conflict, grief and despair as well as other concerns, there is hope. When you are ready, I will be there to help you improve your life.
Welcome to "We Talk Straight Counseling"! A place where incredible and sometimes surprising changes have happened. I have enjoyed helping to change the lives not only of my clients but also the lives of those they love for the past 29 years. It takes courage to be able to recognize that a change needs to be made and to be able to reach out for help. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, codependency, self-injury, marital or family conflict, grief and despair as well as other concerns, there is hope. When you are ready, I will be there to help you improve your life.
(724) 580-1039 View (724) 580-1039
Photo of Jenny McClarren, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Jenny McClarren
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Now accepting Aetna. Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsatisfied? Perhaps you are ready to make changes in your life, seeking a new direction, or are ready to embark on a new journey. Whether you are grieving a loss, experiencing the effects of traumatic events, or have been exposed to conflicts in your relationships, I want to hear your story. I welcome you to bring your grief, infidelity, and questions or concerns surrounding sex and relationships into our space. Together we can build a collaborative relationship that will inspire you to take control of your story and empower you to narrate your future.
Now accepting Aetna. Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsatisfied? Perhaps you are ready to make changes in your life, seeking a new direction, or are ready to embark on a new journey. Whether you are grieving a loss, experiencing the effects of traumatic events, or have been exposed to conflicts in your relationships, I want to hear your story. I welcome you to bring your grief, infidelity, and questions or concerns surrounding sex and relationships into our space. Together we can build a collaborative relationship that will inspire you to take control of your story and empower you to narrate your future.
(724) 202-0617 View (724) 202-0617
Photo of Alexis Griffin, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Alexis Griffin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Welcome! I’m Alexis Griffin, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) providing compassionate, person-centered therapy in Canonsburg, PA and surrounding areas, including Pittsburgh and Southpointe. I work with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, life transitions, and identity or self-worth concerns. I believe therapy should be a collaborative and supportive process where you feel heard, respected, and understood. My approach focuses on creating a safe, nonjudgmental space where we can explore your experiences, build insight, and develop practical tools for healing and growth.
Welcome! I’m Alexis Griffin, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) providing compassionate, person-centered therapy in Canonsburg, PA and surrounding areas, including Pittsburgh and Southpointe. I work with individuals navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, life transitions, and identity or self-worth concerns. I believe therapy should be a collaborative and supportive process where you feel heard, respected, and understood. My approach focuses on creating a safe, nonjudgmental space where we can explore your experiences, build insight, and develop practical tools for healing and growth.
(724) 450-9951 View (724) 450-9951
Photo of Samantha Burgess, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Samantha Burgess
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or out of control? Are your worries preventing you from doing the things you love? If so, you are not alone. Anxiety can make you feel worry, fear, anger, and shame. The good news is, you do not have to travel the road to recovery alone. There is hope and you can get better! “Just because no one else can heal or do your inner work for you doesn’t mean you can, should, or need to do it alone” – Lisa Olivera.
Feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or out of control? Are your worries preventing you from doing the things you love? If so, you are not alone. Anxiety can make you feel worry, fear, anger, and shame. The good news is, you do not have to travel the road to recovery alone. There is hope and you can get better! “Just because no one else can heal or do your inner work for you doesn’t mean you can, should, or need to do it alone” – Lisa Olivera.
(724) 401-4218 View (724) 401-4218
Photo of Shawn Anthony Beard - New U by Design, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
New U by Design
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
1 Endorsed
Canonsburg, PA 15317
When our quality of life suffers, we suffer. We can feel pushed, pulled, stretched, judged, or used by people. We look away from that emotional pain and cope. We lose ourselves and our dreams. If this is you, therapy can help. We live by rules. Not all serve us well. Most likely there are patterns you are repeating. Even if people cause you stress, there's a reason you keep them in your life. There are ways you relate to them that you can change. In turn, perhaps they will treat you differently. You can feel better. I can help.
When our quality of life suffers, we suffer. We can feel pushed, pulled, stretched, judged, or used by people. We look away from that emotional pain and cope. We lose ourselves and our dreams. If this is you, therapy can help. We live by rules. Not all serve us well. Most likely there are patterns you are repeating. Even if people cause you stress, there's a reason you keep them in your life. There are ways you relate to them that you can change. In turn, perhaps they will treat you differently. You can feel better. I can help.
(855) 234-0626 View (855) 234-0626
Photo of Brittney Mendiola, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Brittney Mendiola
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
"It's not selfish to love yourself, take care of yourself, & to make your Happiness a priority. It's necessary." So often we put off the pursuit of therapy because of our busy schedules. If you, you & your partner and/or you & your child know that the time has come to care for yourselves, I'd be happy to support your doing so while working around school/work schedules, rush hour traffic, and after school activities. Like all of us, life and how I approach it shifted when the pandemic occurred. One positive takeaway for me has been being able to be a part of life-changing therapy in a way I hadn’t yet experienced, Telehealth.
"It's not selfish to love yourself, take care of yourself, & to make your Happiness a priority. It's necessary." So often we put off the pursuit of therapy because of our busy schedules. If you, you & your partner and/or you & your child know that the time has come to care for yourselves, I'd be happy to support your doing so while working around school/work schedules, rush hour traffic, and after school activities. Like all of us, life and how I approach it shifted when the pandemic occurred. One positive takeaway for me has been being able to be a part of life-changing therapy in a way I hadn’t yet experienced, Telehealth.
(833) 527-0723 View (833) 527-0723
Photo of Krissie Jarabeck, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC, LPCC
Krissie Jarabeck
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LMHC, LPCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Licensed in FL, OH, KY, and PA. Can now accept UPMC For You Medicaid plan! I have worked with a variety of diagnoses, including anxiety, depression, and trauma. I support clients in linking how these illnesses can affect peer relationships, self-esteem, and can create barriers to life transitions. My approach to treatment is person-centered, empowering the client to lead sessions at their own pace. My philosophy is that anyone can make a change if they have the proper tools and support, and my goal is to help my clients find paths that set them up for success. I am an EMDR Approved Consultant with EMDRIA.
Licensed in FL, OH, KY, and PA. Can now accept UPMC For You Medicaid plan! I have worked with a variety of diagnoses, including anxiety, depression, and trauma. I support clients in linking how these illnesses can affect peer relationships, self-esteem, and can create barriers to life transitions. My approach to treatment is person-centered, empowering the client to lead sessions at their own pace. My philosophy is that anyone can make a change if they have the proper tools and support, and my goal is to help my clients find paths that set them up for success. I am an EMDR Approved Consultant with EMDRIA.
(412) 737-0990 View (412) 737-0990
Photo of Karianne Bilsky, Psychologist, PhD
Karianne Bilsky
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Not accepting new clients
I enjoy helping people to live in wellness and wholeness. I think the therapy relationship is critical to being able to work as a team to accomplish that. I always hope to collaborate with my clients to set therapy goals and design a plan to achieve them. My focus is on providing a therapy setting in which people can learn new skills to cope with difficulties, recover from trauma, adjust to life's challenges, and improve their functioning. I approach therapy from a cognitive-behavioral perspective but use other approaches as needed to assist clients to reach their goals.
I enjoy helping people to live in wellness and wholeness. I think the therapy relationship is critical to being able to work as a team to accomplish that. I always hope to collaborate with my clients to set therapy goals and design a plan to achieve them. My focus is on providing a therapy setting in which people can learn new skills to cope with difficulties, recover from trauma, adjust to life's challenges, and improve their functioning. I approach therapy from a cognitive-behavioral perspective but use other approaches as needed to assist clients to reach their goals.
(412) 226-5772 View (412) 226-5772
Photo of Dj Dennison, Psychologist, PsyD
Dj Dennison
Psychologist, PsyD
Online Only
Seeking a psychological evaluation can feel overwhelming, especially if you've spent years wondering why certain challenges seem harder for you than they appear for others. Whether you're seeking diagnostic clarity, documentation for accommodations, medication management with another provider, or a pre-surgical bariatric evaluation, my goal is to provide a thoughtful, individualized, and evidence-based assessment that helps you move forward with confidence. I specialize in psychological evaluations for adolescents and adults, with particular expertise in ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and pre-surgical bariatric evaluations.
Seeking a psychological evaluation can feel overwhelming, especially if you've spent years wondering why certain challenges seem harder for you than they appear for others. Whether you're seeking diagnostic clarity, documentation for accommodations, medication management with another provider, or a pre-surgical bariatric evaluation, my goal is to provide a thoughtful, individualized, and evidence-based assessment that helps you move forward with confidence. I specialize in psychological evaluations for adolescents and adults, with particular expertise in ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and pre-surgical bariatric evaluations.
View
Photo of James Yackuboskey, Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, LPC, NCC
James Yackuboskey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Canonsburg, PA 15317
I provide a safe and non-judgmental therapeutic environment with several different integrative approaches. My counseling style is rooted in person-centered compassion, along with a strength-based and mindfulness emphasis.
I provide a safe and non-judgmental therapeutic environment with several different integrative approaches. My counseling style is rooted in person-centered compassion, along with a strength-based and mindfulness emphasis.
(724) 260-6117 View (724) 260-6117
Photo of Olivia Leonard, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Olivia Leonard
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Beginning your journey of self-growth can feel like an exciting yet daunting time, but I am glad you are here. I will aim to build a safe space through our trusted relationship so that you are able to gain better awareness of areas that are keeping you stuck. My hope is to guide you through that process, providing skills and support, all in effort to help you live a less stressful and more fulfilling life. Above all, I see you as human rather than a diagnosis and will meet you where you are each time we meet.
Beginning your journey of self-growth can feel like an exciting yet daunting time, but I am glad you are here. I will aim to build a safe space through our trusted relationship so that you are able to gain better awareness of areas that are keeping you stuck. My hope is to guide you through that process, providing skills and support, all in effort to help you live a less stressful and more fulfilling life. Above all, I see you as human rather than a diagnosis and will meet you where you are each time we meet.
(412) 912-2441 View (412) 912-2441
Photo of Claire Barber, Associate Professional Counselor, MS, LAPC, NCC
Claire Barber
Associate Professional Counselor, MS, LAPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life is a delicate balance and sometimes feels heavy to manage alone. When grief, anxiety, depression, or the weight of life’s changes feel too much, you don’t have to navigate it by yourself. I offer a warm, welcoming space where you can feel truly seen and heard without judgment. I’m especially comfortable walking beside people through grief, loss, and life’s big transitions. Alongside talk therapy, I draw on my deep understanding of health and fitness to help you reconnect with your body, restore balance, and find practical ways to care for your whole self.
Life is a delicate balance and sometimes feels heavy to manage alone. When grief, anxiety, depression, or the weight of life’s changes feel too much, you don’t have to navigate it by yourself. I offer a warm, welcoming space where you can feel truly seen and heard without judgment. I’m especially comfortable walking beside people through grief, loss, and life’s big transitions. Alongside talk therapy, I draw on my deep understanding of health and fitness to help you reconnect with your body, restore balance, and find practical ways to care for your whole self.
(724) 948-1573 View (724) 948-1573
Photo of Megan Banes, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Megan Banes
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, NCC
Canonsburg, PA 15317
I am a pre-licensed professional counselor who is dedicated to providing a supportive and judgment free therapeutic space where people feel safe to work through the complexities of life and all of its challenges. With a Master’s degree in Counseling from Waynesburg University, I have been trained in multiple modalities. I typically incorporate aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and narrative therapy, tailoring my approach to meet the individual needs of each person I work with.
I am a pre-licensed professional counselor who is dedicated to providing a supportive and judgment free therapeutic space where people feel safe to work through the complexities of life and all of its challenges. With a Master’s degree in Counseling from Waynesburg University, I have been trained in multiple modalities. I typically incorporate aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and narrative therapy, tailoring my approach to meet the individual needs of each person I work with.
(412) 547-5263 View (412) 547-5263

See more therapy options for Canonsburg

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Canonsburg, PA

90+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Canonsburg, PA who prioritize treating:

97% Anxiety
97% Social Anxiety
97% Health Anxiety
97% Driving Anxiety
91% Depression
74% Self Esteem
69% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

89% Highmark
88% BlueCross and BlueShield
85% Aetna

How Therapists in Canonsburg, PA see their clients

73% In Person and Online
27% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
23% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Canonsburg?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.