Therapists in Washington County, PA

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Photo of Kindall Davis - Mindful Tides Therapy, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Mindful Tides Therapy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Online Only
Accepting new clients! Mindful Tides Therapy was formed to provide an atmosphere for our clients to individualize their goals. We recognized the decrease in quality client care through the “big box” therapy practices that are owned by those who are not clinicians themselves, and it was important for us to provide a safe space for clients to have input into their treatment plans. Our goal is to aid our clients in finding a secure, collaborative, compassionate, and effective therapy environment. It is a priority for us to provide our team of therapists with the training and work and life balance they need to practice comfortably.
Accepting new clients! Mindful Tides Therapy was formed to provide an atmosphere for our clients to individualize their goals. We recognized the decrease in quality client care through the “big box” therapy practices that are owned by those who are not clinicians themselves, and it was important for us to provide a safe space for clients to have input into their treatment plans. Our goal is to aid our clients in finding a secure, collaborative, compassionate, and effective therapy environment. It is a priority for us to provide our team of therapists with the training and work and life balance they need to practice comfortably.
(724) 576-9996 View (724) 576-9996
Photo of Jim LoPresti, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Jim LoPresti
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
How do I become my own expert? Is it possible to get rid of the parts of my life that don’t fit and add the parts that make me happy? Am I heading in the right direction? And I know what I want, but how do I get there? If you have ever asked yourself these questions, I am ready to listen to your experiences, challenges, thoughts, and feelings. On this journey we can expect to learn about each other by working hard to build the life you wanted to live all along. “I am not what happened to me, I am what I choose to become.” - Carl Jung.
How do I become my own expert? Is it possible to get rid of the parts of my life that don’t fit and add the parts that make me happy? Am I heading in the right direction? And I know what I want, but how do I get there? If you have ever asked yourself these questions, I am ready to listen to your experiences, challenges, thoughts, and feelings. On this journey we can expect to learn about each other by working hard to build the life you wanted to live all along. “I am not what happened to me, I am what I choose to become.” - Carl Jung.
(724) 538-7478 View (724) 538-7478
Photo of Elizabeth Polovina, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Elizabeth Polovina
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Monongahela, PA 15063
Hello! My name is Elizabeth Polovina, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. My approach to therapy is centered around creating a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your thoughts and feelings at your own pace. I believe in the power of collaboration, and I aim to work together with you to identify your goals and challenges. My practice focuses on a holistic understanding of each individual, recognizing that everyone has unique experiences and perspectives.
Hello! My name is Elizabeth Polovina, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. My approach to therapy is centered around creating a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your thoughts and feelings at your own pace. I believe in the power of collaboration, and I aim to work together with you to identify your goals and challenges. My practice focuses on a holistic understanding of each individual, recognizing that everyone has unique experiences and perspectives.
(267) 412-2093 View (267) 412-2093
Photo of Rachel Anne Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW, QCSW, DCSW, CFT
Rachel Anne Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, ACSW, QCSW, DCSW, CFT
Venetia, PA 15367
"Wilson Consulting: Working Together To Meet Your Needs." The aforementioned is the basis of my practice. If you are looking for someone to be empathetic and supportive, you have found the person! I am well known for my work with people who are experiencing rages/angry outbursts, couples therapy, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, trauma, people who have low self-esteem and need an advocate and grief. I am passionate about what I undertake. I want everyone to understand that we are not defined by one moment in our lives but by many. Clients tell me that I am easy to talk with, passionate and motivational.
"Wilson Consulting: Working Together To Meet Your Needs." The aforementioned is the basis of my practice. If you are looking for someone to be empathetic and supportive, you have found the person! I am well known for my work with people who are experiencing rages/angry outbursts, couples therapy, relationship issues, depression, anxiety, trauma, people who have low self-esteem and need an advocate and grief. I am passionate about what I undertake. I want everyone to understand that we are not defined by one moment in our lives but by many. Clients tell me that I am easy to talk with, passionate and motivational.
(724) 361-8956 View (724) 361-8956
Photo of Thomas Thompson, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC
Thomas Thompson
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi there, I'm Thomas! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who specializes in providing trauma-informed therapy to adults who reside in Pennsylvania. Most of my clients come to me because they're feeling stuck in the past or feel like they can't "get over" something terrible that happened to them. It seems like no matter what they do, they can't move on. They notice their trauma is affecting their mood, self-esteem, anxiety, and even their relationships, but feel stuck in trying to change it. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or weighed down by past experiences, I’m here to help you find relief and move forward.
Hi there, I'm Thomas! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who specializes in providing trauma-informed therapy to adults who reside in Pennsylvania. Most of my clients come to me because they're feeling stuck in the past or feel like they can't "get over" something terrible that happened to them. It seems like no matter what they do, they can't move on. They notice their trauma is affecting their mood, self-esteem, anxiety, and even their relationships, but feel stuck in trying to change it. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or weighed down by past experiences, I’m here to help you find relief and move forward.
(878) 225-5265 View (878) 225-5265
Photo of Michon Dubbs, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS
Michon Dubbs
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS
1 Endorsed
Houston, PA 15342
I believe that your therapist should feel like your best friend that is not your friend. I believe in the therapeutic working relationship. I will work just as hard as you do. You are behind the drivers seat and you are the expert of your life. You know what you need and want. I just want to be the tour guide throughout your healing journey.
I believe that your therapist should feel like your best friend that is not your friend. I believe in the therapeutic working relationship. I will work just as hard as you do. You are behind the drivers seat and you are the expert of your life. You know what you need and want. I just want to be the tour guide throughout your healing journey.
(724) 892-5393 View (724) 892-5393
Photo of Stacy Dubina, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Stacy Dubina
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
1 Endorsed
Venetia, PA 15367
With over 20 years of experience, I specialize in providing compassionate, evidence-based therapy to individuals 18 and older. I offer virtual and in-person sessions, using a blend of Trauma-Focused CBT and Applied Behavioral Analysis to help clients navigate anxiety, depression, trauma, anger management, self-esteem, and relationship challenges. I am also passionate about supporting neurodivergent clients and find great fulfillment in helping them thrive. Together, we can work toward meaningful growth and healing.
With over 20 years of experience, I specialize in providing compassionate, evidence-based therapy to individuals 18 and older. I offer virtual and in-person sessions, using a blend of Trauma-Focused CBT and Applied Behavioral Analysis to help clients navigate anxiety, depression, trauma, anger management, self-esteem, and relationship challenges. I am also passionate about supporting neurodivergent clients and find great fulfillment in helping them thrive. Together, we can work toward meaningful growth and healing.
(724) 558-6601 View (724) 558-6601
Photo of Katelyn Blake, Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Katelyn Blake
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Katelyn Blake is a master’s-level therapist dedicated to helping children, teens, and adults navigate life’s challenges. She strives to create a safe, nonjudgmental environment where clients can explore their thoughts, emotions, and goals. Katelyn believes that meaningful change begins with recognizing patterns and uncovering the root causes of distress. Working collaboratively with her clients, Katelyn focuses on setting goals, building coping strategies, and identifying both formal and informal supports. She specializes in trauma and attachment therapy and has extensive experience working with families in community-based settings.
Katelyn Blake is a master’s-level therapist dedicated to helping children, teens, and adults navigate life’s challenges. She strives to create a safe, nonjudgmental environment where clients can explore their thoughts, emotions, and goals. Katelyn believes that meaningful change begins with recognizing patterns and uncovering the root causes of distress. Working collaboratively with her clients, Katelyn focuses on setting goals, building coping strategies, and identifying both formal and informal supports. She specializes in trauma and attachment therapy and has extensive experience working with families in community-based settings.
(724) 862-6323 View (724) 862-6323
Photo of Laura Nirella, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Laura Nirella
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
2 Endorsed
McMurray, PA 15317
I'm excited about the opportunity to build a caring, honest, and collaborative relationship with you. I strive to create a safe and nurturing space where you can find healing and growth. I am very passionate about helping parents find healing and hope, as well as helping couples nurture and grow their relationships. Whether you are an individual, couple, or part of family, I'm here to support you at any stage of your journey.
I'm excited about the opportunity to build a caring, honest, and collaborative relationship with you. I strive to create a safe and nurturing space where you can find healing and growth. I am very passionate about helping parents find healing and hope, as well as helping couples nurture and grow their relationships. Whether you are an individual, couple, or part of family, I'm here to support you at any stage of your journey.
(412) 850-4279 View (412) 850-4279
Photo of Sherry A Raineri, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Sherry A Raineri
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Not accepting new clients
Welcome to "We Talk Straight Counseling"! A place where incredible and sometimes surprising changes have happened. I have enjoyed helping to change the lives not only of my clients but also the lives of those they love for the past 29 years. It takes courage to be able to recognize that a change needs to be made and to be able to reach out for help. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, codependency, self-injury, marital or family conflict, grief and despair as well as other concerns, there is hope. When you are ready, I will be there to help you improve your life.
Welcome to "We Talk Straight Counseling"! A place where incredible and sometimes surprising changes have happened. I have enjoyed helping to change the lives not only of my clients but also the lives of those they love for the past 29 years. It takes courage to be able to recognize that a change needs to be made and to be able to reach out for help. Whether you are struggling with anxiety, depression, addiction, codependency, self-injury, marital or family conflict, grief and despair as well as other concerns, there is hope. When you are ready, I will be there to help you improve your life.
(724) 580-1039 View (724) 580-1039
Photo of Sabrina Yoniak, Licensed Associate Professional Counselor, MA, LAPC
Sabrina Yoniak
Licensed Associate Professional Counselor, MA, LAPC
Canonsburg, PA 15317
My ideal client is one who is open to exploring their inner identity while healing through the creative process.
My ideal client is one who is open to exploring their inner identity while healing through the creative process.
(724) 542-2440 View (724) 542-2440
Photo of Elana Lee Chilzer - Chilzer Counseling, LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Chilzer Counseling, LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
1 Endorsed
Eighty Four, PA 15330
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (PC007093) working in the state of Pennsylvania. Working in the mental health field since 2007 has allowed me the honor of working with a broad spectrum of clients. Upon completion of my MS from California University of Pennsylvania, I gained extensive experience working in substance abuse treatment. I entered the private practice realm in 2014 where I began treating individuals, children, and families in an outpatient setting.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (PC007093) working in the state of Pennsylvania. Working in the mental health field since 2007 has allowed me the honor of working with a broad spectrum of clients. Upon completion of my MS from California University of Pennsylvania, I gained extensive experience working in substance abuse treatment. I entered the private practice realm in 2014 where I began treating individuals, children, and families in an outpatient setting.
(724) 538-7762 View (724) 538-7762
Photo of Sarah Grippi-Snyder - 3GX Mental Performance Training, MS, CMPC, NASMPES
3GX Mental Performance Training
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Are you an athlete who struggles with confidence, focus, or returning back after an injury? Do you deal with setbacks, stress, or the pressure to succeed? You want to perform at your best, build mental toughness, and find balance on and off the field? Maybe you just want the sport to be fun again? At 3GX Mental Performance Training, we help you break through mental blocks, strengthen resilience, and unlock your full potential so you can compete with confidence and achieve your goals. Sarah works with all athletes but specializes working with injured athletes looking for support during the rehabilitation journey and return to play.
Are you an athlete who struggles with confidence, focus, or returning back after an injury? Do you deal with setbacks, stress, or the pressure to succeed? You want to perform at your best, build mental toughness, and find balance on and off the field? Maybe you just want the sport to be fun again? At 3GX Mental Performance Training, we help you break through mental blocks, strengthen resilience, and unlock your full potential so you can compete with confidence and achieve your goals. Sarah works with all athletes but specializes working with injured athletes looking for support during the rehabilitation journey and return to play.
(724) 248-6387 View (724) 248-6387
Photo of Angela Failor, Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, LPC, EEM-CLP
Angela Failor
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSCP, LPC, EEM-CLP
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello! My name is Angela. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, a Clinical Eden Energy Medicine Practitioner, Owner of Shine Your Light! LLC, and Board Member of OMA Center for Mind, Body, and Spirit. I have a passion for helping people heal from the chronic effects of trauma on the mind, body, and spirit. I have a therapeutic background in domestic violence, sexual assault, and drug and alcohol counseling. I have a clinical certificate in an energy healing modality called The Eden Method. In my energy healing business, I specialize in soul and somatic healing for trauma survivors.
Hello! My name is Angela. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor, a Clinical Eden Energy Medicine Practitioner, Owner of Shine Your Light! LLC, and Board Member of OMA Center for Mind, Body, and Spirit. I have a passion for helping people heal from the chronic effects of trauma on the mind, body, and spirit. I have a therapeutic background in domestic violence, sexual assault, and drug and alcohol counseling. I have a clinical certificate in an energy healing modality called The Eden Method. In my energy healing business, I specialize in soul and somatic healing for trauma survivors.
(412) 538-6128 View (412) 538-6128
Photo of Lindsay Carter, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Lindsay Carter
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
1 Endorsed
McMurray, PA 15317
Welcome! I am the owner of Rooted In Healing Counseling Center, and our team of trained providers takes a systemic, and faith-based approach to our work, and our belief is to work with clients in a collaborative way to ensure you feel heard, understood and are able to address issues at a pace that is most comfortable for you. We strive to make certain that our clients view therapy as a place that is safe, provides support, and also promotes change in a way that is nurturing, yet challenging. Together we will get to the root of the issues, in order to make long-standing changes in your life, healing on a deeper level!
Welcome! I am the owner of Rooted In Healing Counseling Center, and our team of trained providers takes a systemic, and faith-based approach to our work, and our belief is to work with clients in a collaborative way to ensure you feel heard, understood and are able to address issues at a pace that is most comfortable for you. We strive to make certain that our clients view therapy as a place that is safe, provides support, and also promotes change in a way that is nurturing, yet challenging. Together we will get to the root of the issues, in order to make long-standing changes in your life, healing on a deeper level!
(878) 881-1885 View (878) 881-1885
Photo of Lan Griffith, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Lan Griffith
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
McMurray, PA 15317
Imagine you are on a hike. It is warm and sunny at 70 degrees. You have your water bottle in hand, your sunglasses secured on your face, and your shoes tied. You and your friend have planned this trip together for so long and finally it’s here. As you walk, you begin thinking about that one text message you received and begin to question its meaning. Suddenly, you are no longer having fun; you are fixated on getting back to your phone. As your chest tightens, you go through the motions of the hike, not fully taking in the wilderness. Conversation falls flat because the tunnel vision has set in. What once was an afternoon
Imagine you are on a hike. It is warm and sunny at 70 degrees. You have your water bottle in hand, your sunglasses secured on your face, and your shoes tied. You and your friend have planned this trip together for so long and finally it’s here. As you walk, you begin thinking about that one text message you received and begin to question its meaning. Suddenly, you are no longer having fun; you are fixated on getting back to your phone. As your chest tightens, you go through the motions of the hike, not fully taking in the wilderness. Conversation falls flat because the tunnel vision has set in. What once was an afternoon
(412) 501-2697 View (412) 501-2697
Photo of Payton Etier, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LAPC
Payton Etier
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, LAPC
1 Endorsed
Washington, PA 15301
I have just graduated from Pennsylvania Western University, California. I earned a Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Additionally, I earned a Bachelor of Science in both Biology and Psychology at Loyola University Maryland.
I have just graduated from Pennsylvania Western University, California. I earned a Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. Additionally, I earned a Bachelor of Science in both Biology and Psychology at Loyola University Maryland.
(724) 302-5949 View (724) 302-5949
Photo of Richard Hoffman - Christian Counseling Associates of Western PA, Counselor
Christian Counseling Associates (CCA) provides individual, marriage, and family counseling. We serve Christians who want their faith integrated into the counseling process and those holding any beliefs or attitudes toward spirituality. Our counselors will help you identify the core issues that have caused your emotional and personal problems, and immediately develop strategies to resolve these issues. CCA is able to provide a full range of clinical services. Please visit our website at www.ccawpa.com for a complete description of our faith based counseling services, locations, and counseling staff.
Christian Counseling Associates (CCA) provides individual, marriage, and family counseling. We serve Christians who want their faith integrated into the counseling process and those holding any beliefs or attitudes toward spirituality. Our counselors will help you identify the core issues that have caused your emotional and personal problems, and immediately develop strategies to resolve these issues. CCA is able to provide a full range of clinical services. Please visit our website at www.ccawpa.com for a complete description of our faith based counseling services, locations, and counseling staff.
(724) 270-3201 View (724) 270-3201
Photo of Dr. Thomas Workman, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
Dr. Thomas Workman
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Break free from the mental and behavioral patterns that underly the various reasons that we seek help in counseling. We are often alerted to these painful patterns through our relationships, anxiety, depression, anger, trauma, or scrolling. Once underlying processes and patterns begin to change, we naturally begin experiencing and responding to problems and pain differently. It can become effortless and automatic. Acceptance & happiness become our new habit. I have diligently practiced for 17 years to develop skills to facilitate this change.
Break free from the mental and behavioral patterns that underly the various reasons that we seek help in counseling. We are often alerted to these painful patterns through our relationships, anxiety, depression, anger, trauma, or scrolling. Once underlying processes and patterns begin to change, we naturally begin experiencing and responding to problems and pain differently. It can become effortless and automatic. Acceptance & happiness become our new habit. I have diligently practiced for 17 years to develop skills to facilitate this change.
(724) 598-9893 View (724) 598-9893
Photo of Jaye Sobieski, Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Jaye Sobieski
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
McMurray, PA 15317
Life can be unpredictable, difficult, and even painful at times. When you find yourself overwhelmed by not just everyday responsibilities, thoughts, and choices, but also with past traumas, finding help can feel like an impossible task. As a counselor, I am here not only to help you detangle your current thoughts and feelings, but also to help you understand your life journey and how you have grown into the person you are today. Regardless of how, when, or why you have found your way into a therapeutic space, my goal is to help you to tackle issues that are causing you to feel as though you are living inauthentically.
Life can be unpredictable, difficult, and even painful at times. When you find yourself overwhelmed by not just everyday responsibilities, thoughts, and choices, but also with past traumas, finding help can feel like an impossible task. As a counselor, I am here not only to help you detangle your current thoughts and feelings, but also to help you understand your life journey and how you have grown into the person you are today. Regardless of how, when, or why you have found your way into a therapeutic space, my goal is to help you to tackle issues that are causing you to feel as though you are living inauthentically.
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Washington County, PA

200+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Washington County, PA who prioritize treating:

96% Anxiety
90% Depression
74% Self Esteem
72% Coping Skills
71% Trauma and PTSD
70% Relationship Issues
68% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

91% Highmark
85% Aetna
77% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Washington County, PA see their clients

74% In Person and Online
26% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Washington County?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.