Therapists in Columbus, OH

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Photo of Sarah M Towning, MSSA, LISW-S, CHES, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah M Towning
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSA, LISW-S, CHES
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43235  (Online Only)
I have been described by colleagues is a champion for the holistic well-being of my clients. I am an Operations Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veteran, serving as a Healthcare Specialist/Combat Medic and Medical Section Sergeant. In addition to personal experience and passion, I have further developed expertise in the treatment of trauma and First Responders and Veterans as a Certified Psychological First Aid Provider by the National Center for Traumatic Stress. I work with a wide range of conditions with individuals 18 years of age and older.
I have been described by colleagues is a champion for the holistic well-being of my clients. I am an Operations Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veteran, serving as a Healthcare Specialist/Combat Medic and Medical Section Sergeant. In addition to personal experience and passion, I have further developed expertise in the treatment of trauma and First Responders and Veterans as a Certified Psychological First Aid Provider by the National Center for Traumatic Stress. I work with a wide range of conditions with individuals 18 years of age and older.
(380) 207-9502 View (380) 207-9502
Photo of Kim Gillie, LISW-S, C-IAYT, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kim Gillie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S, C-IAYT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43220
At Eating and Behavioral Health Associates, I specialize in the treatment of eating disorders, PTSD and co-occurring emotional concerns. I help people to find their inner strength through connection of their mind and body, and use evidence-based treatments such as CBT-E and Cognitive Processing Therapy to help individuals become free of the burdens from eating disorders and trauma.
At Eating and Behavioral Health Associates, I specialize in the treatment of eating disorders, PTSD and co-occurring emotional concerns. I help people to find their inner strength through connection of their mind and body, and use evidence-based treatments such as CBT-E and Cognitive Processing Therapy to help individuals become free of the burdens from eating disorders and trauma.
(614) 412-0448 View (614) 412-0448
Photo of Georgia Gardner, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Georgia Gardner
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43212
Georgia Gardner is a Licensed Professional Counselor with a passion for working collaboratively with children, adolescents, and families to achieve their goals and holistically improve their lives. She has experience working with individuals and families in crisis in individual and group formats, in both inpatient and outpatient settings. She is experienced in counseling individuals through their most difficult moments and helping them to build the lives they deserve. Georgia specializes in substance abuse, crisis stabilization, ADHD, depression, anxiety, and trauma.
Georgia Gardner is a Licensed Professional Counselor with a passion for working collaboratively with children, adolescents, and families to achieve their goals and holistically improve their lives. She has experience working with individuals and families in crisis in individual and group formats, in both inpatient and outpatient settings. She is experienced in counseling individuals through their most difficult moments and helping them to build the lives they deserve. Georgia specializes in substance abuse, crisis stabilization, ADHD, depression, anxiety, and trauma.
(380) 225-9018 View (380) 225-9018
Photo of Gregory May - Talk. Listen. Grow. , LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Talk. Listen. Grow.
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43251  (Online Only)
I am Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist with active licenses in Ohio, Hawai'i, & Texas. I am a trauma informed practitioner with 10 years of experience in Zen and Integral Psychotherapy, and training in Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy and Internal Family Systems. I am Safe Zone trained and affirming of all gender identities & expressions. I am experienced in supporting the LGBTQ+ community, and other communities of diverse relational norms. I am skilled in healing religious trauma and renewing spiritual connection.
I am Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist with active licenses in Ohio, Hawai'i, & Texas. I am a trauma informed practitioner with 10 years of experience in Zen and Integral Psychotherapy, and training in Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy and Internal Family Systems. I am Safe Zone trained and affirming of all gender identities & expressions. I am experienced in supporting the LGBTQ+ community, and other communities of diverse relational norms. I am skilled in healing religious trauma and renewing spiritual connection.
(380) 204-9444 View (380) 204-9444
Photo of Megan McKee Shaffer, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Megan McKee Shaffer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43230
I am a licensed social worker with over 10 years of experience. I received my bachelor’s in social work as well as my master's of education as in intervention specialist at Mount Vernon Nazarene University. I also obtained a master’s of social work from Case Western Reserve University. I recently worked in hospice to provide therapeutic intervention to families, individuals, and couples as they work through major life events. I have worked within the hospital systems for oncology, obstetrics, hospice, crisis, and as a case manager providing therapy for a range of complex needs.
I am a licensed social worker with over 10 years of experience. I received my bachelor’s in social work as well as my master's of education as in intervention specialist at Mount Vernon Nazarene University. I also obtained a master’s of social work from Case Western Reserve University. I recently worked in hospice to provide therapeutic intervention to families, individuals, and couples as they work through major life events. I have worked within the hospital systems for oncology, obstetrics, hospice, crisis, and as a case manager providing therapy for a range of complex needs.
(614) 656-7025 View (614) 656-7025
Photo of Stephen Duraney - Lumin Counseling, LPCC-S, LICDC
Lumin Counseling
LPCC-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43231
Lumin Counseling is a local private practice that has a heart for helping people develop their inner strength, build deeper relationships with the people around them, and rediscover their joy!
Lumin Counseling is a local private practice that has a heart for helping people develop their inner strength, build deeper relationships with the people around them, and rediscover their joy!
(614) 683-4186 View (614) 683-4186
Photo of Dr. Noriyo Shoji-Schaffner, PhD , LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dr. Noriyo Shoji-Schaffner
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD , LPC
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221
Are you navigating personality disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety & depression, marital & familial conflicts, & grief? Are you ready to explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to improve your well-being by being open to asking tough questions, tackling big issues, and pursuing outcomes with perseverance? My goal is to provide support in improving relationships, managing stress, overcoming trauma, adopting healthier coping skills, & embracing fulfilling life options. My 15 years of clinical experience as a racial/ethnic minority practitioner has allowed me to cultivate expertise to assist racial/ethnic minority groups.
Are you navigating personality disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety & depression, marital & familial conflicts, & grief? Are you ready to explore your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to improve your well-being by being open to asking tough questions, tackling big issues, and pursuing outcomes with perseverance? My goal is to provide support in improving relationships, managing stress, overcoming trauma, adopting healthier coping skills, & embracing fulfilling life options. My 15 years of clinical experience as a racial/ethnic minority practitioner has allowed me to cultivate expertise to assist racial/ethnic minority groups.
(614) 739-8516 View (614) 739-8516
Photo of Danyel Heilman, MSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Danyel Heilman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43212
My private practice is titled Serenity Saga Counseling LLC. It gets its name from the definition of saga being a heroic story. I believe it takes a lot of strength to even look into counseling, much less following through and scheduling an appointment. I want to hear clients’ accounts and help them overcome the challenges in their stories. Human relations, how individuals form friendships, relationships and familial bonds and how these ties can impact an individual’s overall health has always been a central focus of my professional interests.
My private practice is titled Serenity Saga Counseling LLC. It gets its name from the definition of saga being a heroic story. I believe it takes a lot of strength to even look into counseling, much less following through and scheduling an appointment. I want to hear clients’ accounts and help them overcome the challenges in their stories. Human relations, how individuals form friendships, relationships and familial bonds and how these ties can impact an individual’s overall health has always been a central focus of my professional interests.
(614) 820-5383 View (614) 820-5383
Photo of Olivia Perna, LPCC, Counselor
Olivia Perna
Counselor, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43212
Olivia Perna is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2018. Olivia strives to provide a safe space for clients to explore self-discovery and grow into their ideal selves. She utilizes art, crafts, games, and stories to individualize sessions to the needs of each client. In her spare time, Olivia enjoys reading, drinking coffee, doing yoga, and playing with her dog, Gouda. She loves watching shows on Netflix and thrifting on the weekends.
Olivia Perna is a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio who has been practicing since 2018. Olivia strives to provide a safe space for clients to explore self-discovery and grow into their ideal selves. She utilizes art, crafts, games, and stories to individualize sessions to the needs of each client. In her spare time, Olivia enjoys reading, drinking coffee, doing yoga, and playing with her dog, Gouda. She loves watching shows on Netflix and thrifting on the weekends.
(614) 683-5037 View (614) 683-5037
Photo of Kallie Bishop, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kallie Bishop
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43235  (Online Only)
Hi! I'm a Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW-S) based in Columbus, Ohio. I received my Masters from the University of Denver and my Undergraduate from THE Ohio State University. I have been practicing for 8 years. I work with a variety of clients with traumatic experiences, depression, anxiety, and overall emotional health needs and will work with you to make you feel safe and cared for.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW-S) based in Columbus, Ohio. I received my Masters from the University of Denver and my Undergraduate from THE Ohio State University. I have been practicing for 8 years. I work with a variety of clients with traumatic experiences, depression, anxiety, and overall emotional health needs and will work with you to make you feel safe and cared for.
(614) 963-8507 View (614) 963-8507
Photo of Sophie Hans, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sophie Hans
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221
My ideal client is someone who comes to therapy in a time of need. They might be experiencing anxiety due to life changes and transitions or they might be experiencing symptoms of anxiety for the first time and be concerned as to where the anxiety came from. The client might be processing loss or grief from a loved one or past friendships and or relationships. My ideal client will have needs such as needing to identify coping skills to get through life stressors, assistance with reaching goals. As a therapist I would be able to provide the client with a objective perspective to bounce their ideas and situations off of.
My ideal client is someone who comes to therapy in a time of need. They might be experiencing anxiety due to life changes and transitions or they might be experiencing symptoms of anxiety for the first time and be concerned as to where the anxiety came from. The client might be processing loss or grief from a loved one or past friendships and or relationships. My ideal client will have needs such as needing to identify coping skills to get through life stressors, assistance with reaching goals. As a therapist I would be able to provide the client with a objective perspective to bounce their ideas and situations off of.
(614) 963-2790 View (614) 963-2790
Photo of Haselmayer Fayed - MIND - Psychotherapy and Relational Expertise, PhD, LMFT, AAMFT , Marriage & Family Therapist
MIND - Psychotherapy and Relational Expertise
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, AAMFT
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43215  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Dr. Haselmayer Fayed, a licensed marriage and family therapist and a life coach. What would you like to change? What's on your mind? I will work with you to find clarity and purpose. With over a decade of experience, I have empowered countless clients to navigate their unique journeys toward fulfillment and well-being. As a therapist, professor and researcher in the therapy field, I blend evidence-based techniques and innovative approaches, ensuring that our work together is tailored to YOUR needs. Let's embark on this journey together. Call me!
Hello, I'm Dr. Haselmayer Fayed, a licensed marriage and family therapist and a life coach. What would you like to change? What's on your mind? I will work with you to find clarity and purpose. With over a decade of experience, I have empowered countless clients to navigate their unique journeys toward fulfillment and well-being. As a therapist, professor and researcher in the therapy field, I blend evidence-based techniques and innovative approaches, ensuring that our work together is tailored to YOUR needs. Let's embark on this journey together. Call me!
(614) 810-8886 View (614) 810-8886
Photo of Nicholas Bolton, MSEd, LPCC, SEP, Counselor
Nicholas Bolton
Counselor, MSEd, LPCC, SEP
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214
The easiest way to schedule is through my website and the best contact is email. Change, although inevitable, can be difficult and feel ruthless especially when life takes a turn you don't expect. We can start feeling lost, alone and out of touch with ourselves and those around us. Each of us are vulnerable to the pain, grief and the uncertainty of the human condition. In this way, I believe we can each benefit from a safe and non-judgmental space that allows us to put our guard down and encourages us to learn, be flexible and rest more fully into the natural process of simply being ourselves and listening to our own wounds.
The easiest way to schedule is through my website and the best contact is email. Change, although inevitable, can be difficult and feel ruthless especially when life takes a turn you don't expect. We can start feeling lost, alone and out of touch with ourselves and those around us. Each of us are vulnerable to the pain, grief and the uncertainty of the human condition. In this way, I believe we can each benefit from a safe and non-judgmental space that allows us to put our guard down and encourages us to learn, be flexible and rest more fully into the natural process of simply being ourselves and listening to our own wounds.
(614) 454-4587 View (614) 454-4587
Photo of Brooke Taylor, CT, Pre-Licensed Professional
Brooke Taylor
Pre-Licensed Professional, CT
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43215
It can be difficult to navigate life’s challenges on your own. I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgmental environment where you have the freedom to explore your emotions, values, and make progress toward meaningful change. Just as everyone’s story is unique, so is their path to healing. If you are seeking treatment for anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, religious issues, or for personal growth, I am here to support you.
It can be difficult to navigate life’s challenges on your own. I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgmental environment where you have the freedom to explore your emotions, values, and make progress toward meaningful change. Just as everyone’s story is unique, so is their path to healing. If you are seeking treatment for anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, religious issues, or for personal growth, I am here to support you.
(380) 221-8970 View (380) 221-8970
Photo of Erica M Wood, LPCC-S, MT-BC, Counselor
Erica M Wood
Counselor, LPCC-S, MT-BC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43215  (Online Only)
My therapeutic philosophy is rooted in the belief that each person possesses unique strengths and resilience. Through a collaborative and compassionate therapeutic alliance, I strive to create a safe and nonjudgmental space where clients can explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
My therapeutic philosophy is rooted in the belief that each person possesses unique strengths and resilience. Through a collaborative and compassionate therapeutic alliance, I strive to create a safe and nonjudgmental space where clients can explore their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
(740) 762-4591 View (740) 762-4591
Photo of Julie A Shuptrine, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie A Shuptrine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43201
Not accepting new clients
*I am not taking new clients at this time* Strongly influenced by Jungian Depth Psychology and Eastern spiritual traditions, I strive to create an environment where honest self-exploration can occur. I act as a mirror, held before you so that you can see yourself more clearly. I bear witness to your experience and examine with you how to create balance and meaning in your life. I try to make it easier for you to talk, explore solutions, and make changes. I am able to address diverse issues with clients, including: depression, anxiety, trauma, the midlife transition, parenting, grief/loss, relationships, self-esteem and body image.
*I am not taking new clients at this time* Strongly influenced by Jungian Depth Psychology and Eastern spiritual traditions, I strive to create an environment where honest self-exploration can occur. I act as a mirror, held before you so that you can see yourself more clearly. I bear witness to your experience and examine with you how to create balance and meaning in your life. I try to make it easier for you to talk, explore solutions, and make changes. I am able to address diverse issues with clients, including: depression, anxiety, trauma, the midlife transition, parenting, grief/loss, relationships, self-esteem and body image.
(614) 568-9032 View (614) 568-9032
Photo of Rebekah Fink, LPCC-S, Counselor
Rebekah Fink
Counselor, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221
Are you suffering from trauma & finding it holding you back from living your true, authentic life? From my experience, I can see how challenging a Borderline Personality Disorder diagnosis can be on a person, & working with someone open to learning new skills to manage it better can be very rewarding! I enjoy working with people who are suffering from anxiety or depressive disorder as I have seen the progress my clients have made in those areas & I love to watch them start to live a more satisfying life. I am here to assist with any life transitions, relationship issues, grief, or OCD/phobias that are preventing you from your goals.
Are you suffering from trauma & finding it holding you back from living your true, authentic life? From my experience, I can see how challenging a Borderline Personality Disorder diagnosis can be on a person, & working with someone open to learning new skills to manage it better can be very rewarding! I enjoy working with people who are suffering from anxiety or depressive disorder as I have seen the progress my clients have made in those areas & I love to watch them start to live a more satisfying life. I am here to assist with any life transitions, relationship issues, grief, or OCD/phobias that are preventing you from your goals.
(614) 412-2126 View (614) 412-2126
Photo of Kelli L. Riedl, PsyD, Psychologist
Kelli L. Riedl
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43221
Each day it seems that life presents a new challenge, often causing us to question certain decisions that we have made or to consider new paths that we would like to explore. My goal is to gain a clear picture of each individual's needs, explore new and more effective ways of problem solving, and help each individual develop greater insight and growth. I believe the relational component of therapy is essential and serves at the foundation for establishing trust, compassion, empathy, and respect. I have expertise in working with individuals of all ages: children, adolescents, adults and families.
Each day it seems that life presents a new challenge, often causing us to question certain decisions that we have made or to consider new paths that we would like to explore. My goal is to gain a clear picture of each individual's needs, explore new and more effective ways of problem solving, and help each individual develop greater insight and growth. I believe the relational component of therapy is essential and serves at the foundation for establishing trust, compassion, empathy, and respect. I have expertise in working with individuals of all ages: children, adolescents, adults and families.
(614) 389-9424 View (614) 389-9424
Photo of Kegan D Beraduce, MSW, LISW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kegan D Beraduce
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
Columbus, OH 43214
Hello, I am a licensed social worker who has been practicing for 7 years. I have worked with many different client backgrounds from addiction to children and family issues. I take an eclectic approach in therapy with my clients. I'm specifically trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused, motivational interviewing and interpersonal therapy.
Hello, I am a licensed social worker who has been practicing for 7 years. I have worked with many different client backgrounds from addiction to children and family issues. I take an eclectic approach in therapy with my clients. I'm specifically trained in cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused, motivational interviewing and interpersonal therapy.
(614) 432-8404 View (614) 432-8404
Photo of Jackie A Hatten, MEd, LPCC-S, Counselor
Jackie A Hatten
Counselor, MEd, LPCC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Columbus, OH 43220
Are you a teen or young adult who feels stressed or depressed? I help my clients beat stress and anxiety so they can live their best life! Whether it's dealing with fear, freaking out in social situations, or getting stuck in your head with worries, I can help. Therapy can give you the tools to handle those intense feelings, improve your relationships, and loosen anxiety's grip on you. Let's tackle this together!
Are you a teen or young adult who feels stressed or depressed? I help my clients beat stress and anxiety so they can live their best life! Whether it's dealing with fear, freaking out in social situations, or getting stuck in your head with worries, I can help. Therapy can give you the tools to handle those intense feelings, improve your relationships, and loosen anxiety's grip on you. Let's tackle this together!
(614) 356-7833 View (614) 356-7833
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Columbus, OH

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Columbus, OH who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
73% Trauma and PTSD
67% Self Esteem
64% Relationship Issues
64% Stress
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

86% Aetna
75% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
71% Cigna and Evernorth

How Therapists in Columbus, OH see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Columbus?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.