Therapists in Blacklick, OH

Photo of Taylor White - Magnolia Counseling LLC, Counselor, LPCC
Magnolia Counseling LLC
Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
Every person has their own unique path. On this path, we are faced with obstacles and challenges that, at times, can feel too big for us or simply halt our forward progression. We have two choices - we can allow those challenges to continue to prevent our forward progression, or we can work through those challenges to allow us to clear the path so we can continue on our journey of having a more fulfilling life. If you are reading this, you have taken the first step in making the choice that you no longer want your challenges to dictate your quality of life.
Every person has their own unique path. On this path, we are faced with obstacles and challenges that, at times, can feel too big for us or simply halt our forward progression. We have two choices - we can allow those challenges to continue to prevent our forward progression, or we can work through those challenges to allow us to clear the path so we can continue on our journey of having a more fulfilling life. If you are reading this, you have taken the first step in making the choice that you no longer want your challenges to dictate your quality of life.
(380) 600-9457 View (380) 600-9457
Photo of Shawna Park, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Shawna Park
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Online Only
Welcome to my page! It takes a lot of courage to reach out for help, so I'm happy that you're here. My clients often describe me as friendly, validating and supportive. I am passionate about helping you to experience growth and change in an accepting and non-judgmental environment. My practice is fully remote, so all sessions are conducted via telehealth.
Welcome to my page! It takes a lot of courage to reach out for help, so I'm happy that you're here. My clients often describe me as friendly, validating and supportive. I am passionate about helping you to experience growth and change in an accepting and non-judgmental environment. My practice is fully remote, so all sessions are conducted via telehealth.
(740) 996-4747 View (740) 996-4747
Photo of Manny Kyei, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LISW
Manny Kyei
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LISW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hello! My name is Agyaaku, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of New Jersey and Ohio. I earned my Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice & Psychology at Rutgers University and my Master of Social Work degree from Rutgers University. My clinical experience has been working with individuals with anxiety, depression, ADHD, PTSD, self esteem issues, acculturation challenges, and relationship challenges.
Hello! My name is Agyaaku, and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of New Jersey and Ohio. I earned my Bachelor of Science in Criminal Justice & Psychology at Rutgers University and my Master of Social Work degree from Rutgers University. My clinical experience has been working with individuals with anxiety, depression, ADHD, PTSD, self esteem issues, acculturation challenges, and relationship challenges.
(614) 756-3239 View (614) 756-3239
Photo of Llena Carter, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW, LISW
Llena Carter
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW, LISW
Blacklick, OH 43004
I am nurturing, yet direct in my approach and see working towards tangible change as important. Therapy in my office is always client led coupled with some therapist guided cognitive changes to approaching problems and setting concrete goals. I come with 20 years of clinical experience working with individuals, families as well as with couples and groups. My experience has stemmed from a variety of settings including domestic violence shelters, psychiatric units, juvenile detention centers, college campuses and private practice.
I am nurturing, yet direct in my approach and see working towards tangible change as important. Therapy in my office is always client led coupled with some therapist guided cognitive changes to approaching problems and setting concrete goals. I come with 20 years of clinical experience working with individuals, families as well as with couples and groups. My experience has stemmed from a variety of settings including domestic violence shelters, psychiatric units, juvenile detention centers, college campuses and private practice.
(614) 689-3931 View (614) 689-3931
Photo of Amy M Prichard, Counselor, LPCC, PCC
Amy M Prichard
Counselor, LPCC, PCC
Online Only
20 + years helping youth, adults and families work through grief and trauma, restore relationships, and build healthier thought and behavior patterns with a focus on helping clients in transition or facing a dilemma. Are you tired of feeling sad, alone, or hopeless…of being angry for no apparent reason…or of taking out your frustrations on others? You are not responsible for what happens to you, but you are responsible to deal with it. I'm here to help you become aware of your unhealthy thinking patterns and behavior choices. I'll listen, ask great questions, and keep it real-with compassion and a sense of humor.
20 + years helping youth, adults and families work through grief and trauma, restore relationships, and build healthier thought and behavior patterns with a focus on helping clients in transition or facing a dilemma. Are you tired of feeling sad, alone, or hopeless…of being angry for no apparent reason…or of taking out your frustrations on others? You are not responsible for what happens to you, but you are responsible to deal with it. I'm here to help you become aware of your unhealthy thinking patterns and behavior choices. I'll listen, ask great questions, and keep it real-with compassion and a sense of humor.
(614) 820-5913 View (614) 820-5913
Photo of Arin Wade, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Arin Wade
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Blacklick, OH 43004
As we progress into the second year of being limited in traveling, gathering and socializing, we are finding ourselves less able to avoid our triggers, struggles, self image and overcome messages of being misunderstood and alone. For some, these last two years have caused more strain than strength within your relationship with children, family and or your partner. No matter the situation that brings a person to counseling the goal is to find a supportive, strength based, experienced, and compassionate clinician who will also challenge them to see that beyond the immediate storm there are blooming flowers.
As we progress into the second year of being limited in traveling, gathering and socializing, we are finding ourselves less able to avoid our triggers, struggles, self image and overcome messages of being misunderstood and alone. For some, these last two years have caused more strain than strength within your relationship with children, family and or your partner. No matter the situation that brings a person to counseling the goal is to find a supportive, strength based, experienced, and compassionate clinician who will also challenge them to see that beyond the immediate storm there are blooming flowers.
(614) 349-1438 View (614) 349-1438
Photo of Dawn Zweier Adler, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MPPM, LISW-S, MSW
Dawn Zweier Adler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MPPM, LISW-S, MSW
Blacklick, OH 43004
Not accepting new clients
Feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or struggling with negative thoughts? I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help you break free from patterns of anxiety, depression, and stress. Together, we’ll work on identifying unhelpful thoughts and replacing them with healthier, more positive ones. My approach is compassionate, practical, and rooted in evidence-based strategies. I’m here to provide you with the tools to manage life’s challenges, build resilience, and make lasting change. If you’re ready to take control of your mental well-being and find clarity, I’d love to work with you in a safe, non-judgmental space.
Feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or struggling with negative thoughts? I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help you break free from patterns of anxiety, depression, and stress. Together, we’ll work on identifying unhelpful thoughts and replacing them with healthier, more positive ones. My approach is compassionate, practical, and rooted in evidence-based strategies. I’m here to provide you with the tools to manage life’s challenges, build resilience, and make lasting change. If you’re ready to take control of your mental well-being and find clarity, I’d love to work with you in a safe, non-judgmental space.
(740) 313-5705 View (740) 313-5705
Photo of Dr. Latoya Davis, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Dr. Latoya Davis
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
With over 20 years of experience, I provide a supportive, client-centered space where growth, healing, and empowerment can unfold. I’m licensed by the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker, and Marriage and Family Therapist Board, and specialize in individual counseling for adults navigating anxiety, stress, depression, relationship issues, and trauma. My approach combines warmth and structure, integrating cognitive-behavioral (CBT), dialectical behavior (DBT), and solution-focused strategies. I also incorporate mindfulness and creative techniques to help you reconnect with yourself and move forward with intention
With over 20 years of experience, I provide a supportive, client-centered space where growth, healing, and empowerment can unfold. I’m licensed by the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker, and Marriage and Family Therapist Board, and specialize in individual counseling for adults navigating anxiety, stress, depression, relationship issues, and trauma. My approach combines warmth and structure, integrating cognitive-behavioral (CBT), dialectical behavior (DBT), and solution-focused strategies. I also incorporate mindfulness and creative techniques to help you reconnect with yourself and move forward with intention
(220) 205-1700 View (220) 205-1700
Photo of Chris Featherstone, Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, MTS
Chris Featherstone
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, MTS
Serves Area
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from your sense of purpose? I help adolescents and adults heal from trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and faith-based struggles, as well as navigate marital and relationship challenges. My approach blends therapy with life coaching and a strengths-based perspective to empower lasting change. Together, we’ll uncover your resilience, restore balance, and help you move forward with clarity and confidence.
Are you feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected from your sense of purpose? I help adolescents and adults heal from trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety, and faith-based struggles, as well as navigate marital and relationship challenges. My approach blends therapy with life coaching and a strengths-based perspective to empower lasting change. Together, we’ll uncover your resilience, restore balance, and help you move forward with clarity and confidence.
(614) 820-1901 View (614) 820-1901
Photo of Britni Karst, Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Britni Karst
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
5 Endorsed
Serves Area
Your relationship is not what you want it to be. Issues rarely are resolved, and both of you end up feeling undervalued, unheard, and unloved. Intimacy has long been absent and you are just don't know how to get it back . The space between seems to grow each day, and mending your strained relationship has started to feel hopeless. You ask yourself, “What happened? I did everything I was ‘supposed’ to do, so why do I feel so broken?" You don’t have to stay stuck in pain or distance.
Your relationship is not what you want it to be. Issues rarely are resolved, and both of you end up feeling undervalued, unheard, and unloved. Intimacy has long been absent and you are just don't know how to get it back . The space between seems to grow each day, and mending your strained relationship has started to feel hopeless. You ask yourself, “What happened? I did everything I was ‘supposed’ to do, so why do I feel so broken?" You don’t have to stay stuck in pain or distance.
(380) 205-3035 View (380) 205-3035
Photo of Robert A Pence, Counselor, LPCC, CWC
Robert A Pence
Counselor, LPCC, CWC
Online Only
I strive to provide positive, empathetic, non-judgmental, collaborative, and encouraging services with each client, working to match my approach to their individual needs and concerns. I help clients zoom out to see the bigger picture and zoom in to see the strengths that they bring to every situation. I listen, support, and value my clients’ beliefs while challenging them to reflect on how these developed and where these are leading them. This informs my counseling mantra, “Be a Lighthouse” - to act as a guide to help each person find their way through the storms, rocky coasts, and challenges of life.
I strive to provide positive, empathetic, non-judgmental, collaborative, and encouraging services with each client, working to match my approach to their individual needs and concerns. I help clients zoom out to see the bigger picture and zoom in to see the strengths that they bring to every situation. I listen, support, and value my clients’ beliefs while challenging them to reflect on how these developed and where these are leading them. This informs my counseling mantra, “Be a Lighthouse” - to act as a guide to help each person find their way through the storms, rocky coasts, and challenges of life.
(614) 957-1088 View (614) 957-1088
Photo of Jalane Miller, Licensed Social Worker, MSW, LSW
Jalane Miller
Licensed Social Worker, MSW, LSW
Serves Area
Hello and welcome! I'm so glad you're here. I have the privilege of working with a diverse range of individuals, including neurodivergent folks, those with intellectual and developmental disabilities, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and people from various cultural backgrounds. My goal is to create a warm and supportive space where you can feel comfortable exploring life transitions, identity, and any emotional or behavioral challenges you may be facing. No matter where you are in your journey, I'm here to help you navigate it with compassion and understanding. I look forward to getting to know you!
Hello and welcome! I'm so glad you're here. I have the privilege of working with a diverse range of individuals, including neurodivergent folks, those with intellectual and developmental disabilities, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and people from various cultural backgrounds. My goal is to create a warm and supportive space where you can feel comfortable exploring life transitions, identity, and any emotional or behavioral challenges you may be facing. No matter where you are in your journey, I'm here to help you navigate it with compassion and understanding. I look forward to getting to know you!
(614) 656-7025 View (614) 656-7025
Photo of Nichole Redic, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSEd, PCC-S
Nichole Redic
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MSEd, PCC-S
Serves Area
I am here to help you navigate through life's difficult circumstances. When you find yourself traveling down a path that is filled with stress, worry, pain, and/or grief, I will help you identify and draw on your strengths. You may not enjoy the things that used to make you smile. Perhaps, you are facing a family challenge that sparks ongoing conflict and tension. What ever you are experiencing, don't go through it alone! Allow me to partner with you to capture lost joy, build healthy relationships, and grow personally.
I am here to help you navigate through life's difficult circumstances. When you find yourself traveling down a path that is filled with stress, worry, pain, and/or grief, I will help you identify and draw on your strengths. You may not enjoy the things that used to make you smile. Perhaps, you are facing a family challenge that sparks ongoing conflict and tension. What ever you are experiencing, don't go through it alone! Allow me to partner with you to capture lost joy, build healthy relationships, and grow personally.
(614) 802-5717 View (614) 802-5717
Photo of Jenny Currie - Empower Therapy and Wellness LLC, LPCC-S
Empower Therapy and Wellness LLC
Verified Verified
Serves Area
You just want to breathe. You just want to hope. You just want to know that there can be a better tomorrow, a fresh start. You have tried it alone for long enough, and you have decided that it's time to bring in some reinforcements. At Fresh Start, we see each person as an individual and seek to fit treatment to his or her needs. We will be fair. We will be compassionate. We will be honest. We will be in it for as long as you are able or willing. Life can beat you up. It's not your fault. Give yourself the support you need in a judgment-free, kind, honest space. What do you have to lose?
You just want to breathe. You just want to hope. You just want to know that there can be a better tomorrow, a fresh start. You have tried it alone for long enough, and you have decided that it's time to bring in some reinforcements. At Fresh Start, we see each person as an individual and seek to fit treatment to his or her needs. We will be fair. We will be compassionate. We will be honest. We will be in it for as long as you are able or willing. Life can beat you up. It's not your fault. Give yourself the support you need in a judgment-free, kind, honest space. What do you have to lose?
(380) 333-9826 View (380) 333-9826
Photo of Connor Moore, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Connor Moore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Serves Area
“Feeling good is good enough!” My style is relaxed and collaborative. I have a conversational approach which focuses primarily on building connections within session through warmth and acceptance. I love to assist in self exploration; to explore the deep questions of life, meaning, and fulfillment. I’ve found things to be easier when we know who we are and what we want. I specialize in working with clients struggling with issues related to anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma, and managing life transitions. I work well with over-thinkers; those who know their own minds too well and often find themselves getting in their own way.
“Feeling good is good enough!” My style is relaxed and collaborative. I have a conversational approach which focuses primarily on building connections within session through warmth and acceptance. I love to assist in self exploration; to explore the deep questions of life, meaning, and fulfillment. I’ve found things to be easier when we know who we are and what we want. I specialize in working with clients struggling with issues related to anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma, and managing life transitions. I work well with over-thinkers; those who know their own minds too well and often find themselves getting in their own way.
(614) 629-8809 View (614) 629-8809
Photo of Britney Banyas, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Britney Banyas
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
I’m passionate about helping individuals heal, grow, and reconnect with themselves. I provide a safe, supportive space where you can explore challenges and work toward meaningful, client-centered goals. My approach is holistic, combining mind-body techniques to support emotional and physical well-being. I work with adolescents and adults facing a variety of concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, infertility, traumatic birth experiences, and pregnancy loss. I recognize how complex and deeply personal these experiences can be, and I aim to walk alongside you with compassion and respect.
I’m passionate about helping individuals heal, grow, and reconnect with themselves. I provide a safe, supportive space where you can explore challenges and work toward meaningful, client-centered goals. My approach is holistic, combining mind-body techniques to support emotional and physical well-being. I work with adolescents and adults facing a variety of concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, infertility, traumatic birth experiences, and pregnancy loss. I recognize how complex and deeply personal these experiences can be, and I aim to walk alongside you with compassion and respect.
(380) 207-1421 View (380) 207-1421
Photo of Mindy Wesselman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Mindy Wesselman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You’re ready for change—not just coping, but truly healing. I help clients find calm, rebuild self-worth, and create healthy boundaries that support peace and purpose. Using mindfulness, neuroscience, and practical strategies, we’ll address the stress, trauma, and patterns that hold you back. You deserve to feel balanced and free. Discover more in my book Grounded Solutions for Anxiety on Amazon.
You’re ready for change—not just coping, but truly healing. I help clients find calm, rebuild self-worth, and create healthy boundaries that support peace and purpose. Using mindfulness, neuroscience, and practical strategies, we’ll address the stress, trauma, and patterns that hold you back. You deserve to feel balanced and free. Discover more in my book Grounded Solutions for Anxiety on Amazon.
(513) 790-3286 View (513) 790-3286
Photo of Hayden Moreau, Counselor, CT
Hayden Moreau
Counselor, CT
Serves Area
Not accepting new clients
Starting therapy can feel like a big step and you don’t have to take it alone. Whether you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or simply curious about what’s next, I’m here to support you as we explore your experiences and work toward meaningful growth together.
Starting therapy can feel like a big step and you don’t have to take it alone. Whether you're feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or simply curious about what’s next, I’m here to support you as we explore your experiences and work toward meaningful growth together.
(380) 333-6792 View (380) 333-6792
Photo of Sydney Blackwell-Hill, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Sydney Blackwell-Hill
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Serves Area
My specialty lies in guiding couples and families through the intricate dance of connection and disconnection. I believe relationships are living systems—ever-evolving and deeply intertwined. My passion is helping clients rediscover their strengths, rewrite their stories, and build resilient bonds that inspire hope and transformation.
My specialty lies in guiding couples and families through the intricate dance of connection and disconnection. I believe relationships are living systems—ever-evolving and deeply intertwined. My passion is helping clients rediscover their strengths, rewrite their stories, and build resilient bonds that inspire hope and transformation.
(614) 656-7025 View (614) 656-7025
Photo of Kristen Gidel Kelly, Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC, CTTS
Kristen Gidel Kelly
Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC, CTTS
8 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
My name is Kristen Gidel Kelly and I am the Founder and Clinical Director of Imagine Recovery Counseling in Gahanna, OH. Trauma Recovery work to me is healing from ALL types of trauma that result from mental health or substance use disorders. I became a Chemical Dependency Counselor in 2008 because I have lived experience of the impact of substance use disorders. I became an EMDR therapist in 2016 because I realized that most people who use substances have trauma. I wanted to help people heal and recover, not just repeat the pattern of relapse behavior. I became a DBT therapist in 2019 because I was told by a trusted colleague
My name is Kristen Gidel Kelly and I am the Founder and Clinical Director of Imagine Recovery Counseling in Gahanna, OH. Trauma Recovery work to me is healing from ALL types of trauma that result from mental health or substance use disorders. I became a Chemical Dependency Counselor in 2008 because I have lived experience of the impact of substance use disorders. I became an EMDR therapist in 2016 because I realized that most people who use substances have trauma. I wanted to help people heal and recover, not just repeat the pattern of relapse behavior. I became a DBT therapist in 2019 because I was told by a trusted colleague
(380) 600-8723 View (380) 600-8723

See more therapy options for Blacklick

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Blacklick, OH

20+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Blacklick, OH who prioritize treating:

96% Depression
96% Anxiety
81% Trauma and PTSD
78% Coping Skills
78% Self Esteem
70% Relationship Issues
70% Stress

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

92% Aetna
92% Cigna and Evernorth
92% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Blacklick, OH see their clients

70% In Person and Online
30% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
19% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Blacklick?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.