Chronic Pain Therapists in Hoffman Estates, IL

Photo of Lori A. Jensen, Psychologist in Hoffman Estates, IL
Lori A. Jensen
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in Barrington, Illinois, with more than 20 years of experience working with adults of all ages, adolescents and families. Whether discouraged or overwhelmed, therapy can help improve the quality of your life. I work with clients who are struggling with anxiety, obsessive thoughts or compulsive behaviors, academic and occupational problems, depression, relationship issues, and the challenges of life transition. With a background in health psychology, I also have expertise in helping clients whose illness or pain interfere with daily living, (e.g., migraine and IBS as well as other chronic illnesses such as cancer, fibromyalgia, diabetes and heart disease.)
I am a licensed clinical psychologist in Barrington, Illinois, with more than 20 years of experience working with adults of all ages, adolescents and families. Whether discouraged or overwhelmed, therapy can help improve the quality of your life. I work with clients who are struggling with anxiety, obsessive thoughts or compulsive behaviors, academic and occupational problems, depression, relationship issues, and the challenges of life transition. With a background in health psychology, I also have expertise in helping clients whose illness or pain interfere with daily living, (e.g., migraine and IBS as well as other chronic illnesses such as cancer, fibromyalgia, diabetes and heart disease.)
(847) 453-9513 View (847) 453-9513
Photo of Dr. Kelly Hamoudah, Psychologist in Hoffman Estates, IL
Dr. Kelly Hamoudah
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoffman Estates, IL 60067  (Online Only)
My specialties are anxiety, depression, daily stress, as well as the psychosocial impact and mental health management of chronic pain and medical conditions.
Hello, I’m Dr. Kelly Hamoudah! In my work, I believe that establishing a safe space and building rapport is the first step towards the healing process. If you’re looking for help from a psychologist who uses evidence based interventions, is warm and friendly, and cares about you reaching your goals, then you’re in the right spot.
My specialties are anxiety, depression, daily stress, as well as the psychosocial impact and mental health management of chronic pain and medical conditions.
Hello, I’m Dr. Kelly Hamoudah! In my work, I believe that establishing a safe space and building rapport is the first step towards the healing process. If you’re looking for help from a psychologist who uses evidence based interventions, is warm and friendly, and cares about you reaching your goals, then you’re in the right spot.
(312) 847-9858 View (312) 847-9858
Photo of Riddhi Joshi, Psychologist in Hoffman Estates, IL
Riddhi Joshi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is tailored to individuals who struggle with: Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, Trauma, Women’s Issues, Chronic Pain, Life Transitions, Stress Management, Self Esteem, & Personality Disorders.
Welcome! I specialize in working with individuals who are ready to invest in their well-being. My ideal client is someone who courageously shows up for themselves and is open to the therapeutic process. If you’re navigating emotional disturbances, interpersonal challenges, low self-esteem, or struggling with coping skills, you’ve come to the right place. Together, we’ll create a safe space where you can be heard, understood, and empowered. My approach is collaborative—we’ll explore healthy strategies to navigate life’s stressors, nurturing inner strength and personal development. Let’s embark on this transformative journey together.
My therapeutic approach is tailored to individuals who struggle with: Anxiety, Depression, Mood Disorders, Trauma, Women’s Issues, Chronic Pain, Life Transitions, Stress Management, Self Esteem, & Personality Disorders.
Welcome! I specialize in working with individuals who are ready to invest in their well-being. My ideal client is someone who courageously shows up for themselves and is open to the therapeutic process. If you’re navigating emotional disturbances, interpersonal challenges, low self-esteem, or struggling with coping skills, you’ve come to the right place. Together, we’ll create a safe space where you can be heard, understood, and empowered. My approach is collaborative—we’ll explore healthy strategies to navigate life’s stressors, nurturing inner strength and personal development. Let’s embark on this transformative journey together.
(847) 307-7374 View (847) 307-7374
Photo of Theresa Ewing, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hoffman Estates, IL
Theresa Ewing
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
I also have training in grief therapy and much experience working with individuals with chronic and life limiting illness.
When in the midst of the storm; anxiety, relationship challenges, parenting struggles, perinatal mental health, or medical concerns, connecting with a counselor could be the tool that you need to find hope and skills to get through it. My passion is to get to know you, your thoughts and stress in order to partner with you so you are not alone and establish coping skills, goals and work toward what you long for.
I also have training in grief therapy and much experience working with individuals with chronic and life limiting illness.
When in the midst of the storm; anxiety, relationship challenges, parenting struggles, perinatal mental health, or medical concerns, connecting with a counselor could be the tool that you need to find hope and skills to get through it. My passion is to get to know you, your thoughts and stress in order to partner with you so you are not alone and establish coping skills, goals and work toward what you long for.
(815) 355-6490 View (815) 355-6490
Photo of Susan Davis, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Hoffman Estates, IL
Susan Davis
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
It is no different to seek counseling for emotional pain than to call the doctor when one breaks a leg or has the flu.
Specialties: Palliative care (comfort care) for individuals and families coping with terminal illnesses. Bereavement/grief issues due to expected and unexpected losses. Loss due to suicide, drug overdose, and accidental deaths. Post traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, panic and anxiety disorders and anger management. Adult patients. It is essential for people to feel they are able to manage their emotions and their emotions are not controlling their lives. I'm bad, I'm weak, there is something wrong with me, are mistaken ideas people have when they are suffering emotional pain.
It is no different to seek counseling for emotional pain than to call the doctor when one breaks a leg or has the flu.
Specialties: Palliative care (comfort care) for individuals and families coping with terminal illnesses. Bereavement/grief issues due to expected and unexpected losses. Loss due to suicide, drug overdose, and accidental deaths. Post traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, panic and anxiety disorders and anger management. Adult patients. It is essential for people to feel they are able to manage their emotions and their emotions are not controlling their lives. I'm bad, I'm weak, there is something wrong with me, are mistaken ideas people have when they are suffering emotional pain.
(708) 634-5864 View (708) 634-5864
Photo of Jamie Gray, Pre-Licensed Professional in Hoffman Estates, IL
Jamie Gray
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
Waitlist for new clients
As a functional therapist, I am passionate about journeying with clients as they return to their authentic Self. The work I focus on in the counseling room is root-cause or “trauma-informed”, meaning together we will discover the moment(s) of harm that are still carried in your mind and body today. When overwhelm, stress, and trauma are unattended to, they can manifest as depression, anxiety, low-self esteem, and emotional dysregulation – even physical pain and disease. Sometimes it’s possible to pin-point the exact moment, while others are struggling to understand what has gotten them to “this place” – and that is okay!
As a functional therapist, I am passionate about journeying with clients as they return to their authentic Self. The work I focus on in the counseling room is root-cause or “trauma-informed”, meaning together we will discover the moment(s) of harm that are still carried in your mind and body today. When overwhelm, stress, and trauma are unattended to, they can manifest as depression, anxiety, low-self esteem, and emotional dysregulation – even physical pain and disease. Sometimes it’s possible to pin-point the exact moment, while others are struggling to understand what has gotten them to “this place” – and that is okay!
(224) 232-5464 View (224) 232-5464
Photo of Claudia Ramirez, Pre-Licensed Professional in Hoffman Estates, IL
Claudia Ramirez
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
I like working with adolescents to adults who struggle with concerns such as depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, relationship issues, major life transitions, chronic pain, and substance use. I believe in the importance of partnership and collaboration as I accompany my clients navigating the journey of their lives, with warmth and cultural sensitivity. Being a native of Puerto Rico, I also love working with the Spanish- speaking community.
I like working with adolescents to adults who struggle with concerns such as depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, relationship issues, major life transitions, chronic pain, and substance use. I believe in the importance of partnership and collaboration as I accompany my clients navigating the journey of their lives, with warmth and cultural sensitivity. Being a native of Puerto Rico, I also love working with the Spanish- speaking community.
(847) 786-0987 x410 View (847) 786-0987 x410
Photo of Dr. Michael G Tavolacci, Counselor in Hoffman Estates, IL
Dr. Michael G Tavolacci
Counselor, PhD, LPC
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
Well here we are! You’re here looking for help and it’s exhausting . I know, I’ve been there! Who doesn’t want to feel better, happier, and more in charge of their life? I want you to make the dreams of your life a reality and we can help. Feeling stressed, depressed, overwhelmed, or pain from life’s experiences can rob you of your joy and damage relationships. One size does not fit all. Your story is unique and your approach to change should be too. Drawing from a variety of approaches, I help you work through those things you want to change.
Well here we are! You’re here looking for help and it’s exhausting . I know, I’ve been there! Who doesn’t want to feel better, happier, and more in charge of their life? I want you to make the dreams of your life a reality and we can help. Feeling stressed, depressed, overwhelmed, or pain from life’s experiences can rob you of your joy and damage relationships. One size does not fit all. Your story is unique and your approach to change should be too. Drawing from a variety of approaches, I help you work through those things you want to change.
(847) 744-9423 View (847) 744-9423
Photo of Kate Geiser, Counselor in Hoffman Estates, IL
Kate Geiser
Counselor, MA, LCPC
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169  (Online Only)
I believe that people have primary accountability for their own lives, and that within each of us is the power and capacity to make choices that will lead to happiness and fulfillment. However, sometimes there are obstacles that must first be overcome (for example, anger, depression, trauma, anxiety, sexual identity issues, relationship problems, etc.) to be able to make healthy choices. I assist my clients along their journey of self-discovery as they learn how to empower themselves to overcome their obstacles. They then are able to make choices that will lead them to the life they want to have.
I believe that people have primary accountability for their own lives, and that within each of us is the power and capacity to make choices that will lead to happiness and fulfillment. However, sometimes there are obstacles that must first be overcome (for example, anger, depression, trauma, anxiety, sexual identity issues, relationship problems, etc.) to be able to make healthy choices. I assist my clients along their journey of self-discovery as they learn how to empower themselves to overcome their obstacles. They then are able to make choices that will lead them to the life they want to have.
(224) 268-1651 View (224) 268-1651
Photo of Jesse Perez, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Hoffman Estates, IL
Jesse Perez
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
Jesse M Perez is a licensed psychotherapist with a decade of experience working with children, adolescents, young adults, and adults from a myriad of backgrounds. He has a Master’s Degree in Educational Specialist in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Loyola University Chicago. He believes therapy to be a collaborative effort where he is highly engaged and active in the work with my clients. His clinical experience and interests include working with individuals and families dealing with ADHD, depression, anxiety, anger, peer difficulties, and complex trauma among adolescents and children.
Jesse M Perez is a licensed psychotherapist with a decade of experience working with children, adolescents, young adults, and adults from a myriad of backgrounds. He has a Master’s Degree in Educational Specialist in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Loyola University Chicago. He believes therapy to be a collaborative effort where he is highly engaged and active in the work with my clients. His clinical experience and interests include working with individuals and families dealing with ADHD, depression, anxiety, anger, peer difficulties, and complex trauma among adolescents and children.
(847) 242-2472 x145 View (847) 242-2472 x145
Photo of Empowered And Authentic Living, LLC, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in Hoffman Estates, IL
Empowered And Authentic Living, LLC
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, JD, LCPC
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
Thank you for taking the time to read about EAL. We believe you have the right to live your best life; to be your most empowered and authentic self. We believe that everyone eventually seeks meaning and purpose in their life, and finding and living this ultimate goal will bring long lasting joy and true happiness. We are a unique holistic practice that focuses on mind, body, and spirit, integrating Psychology, Spirituality, and Metaphysics to get to the root of your emotional issues that block you from experiencing peace and happiness. We help young children, teens, adults, couples, and families to help open and guide them on a path to living and enjoying life fully. We also hold retreats, seminars, and trainings (CEUs) to support the needs of our clients and our community.
Thank you for taking the time to read about EAL. We believe you have the right to live your best life; to be your most empowered and authentic self. We believe that everyone eventually seeks meaning and purpose in their life, and finding and living this ultimate goal will bring long lasting joy and true happiness. We are a unique holistic practice that focuses on mind, body, and spirit, integrating Psychology, Spirituality, and Metaphysics to get to the root of your emotional issues that block you from experiencing peace and happiness. We help young children, teens, adults, couples, and families to help open and guide them on a path to living and enjoying life fully. We also hold retreats, seminars, and trainings (CEUs) to support the needs of our clients and our community.
(847) 780-2081 View (847) 780-2081
Photo of Kay Nohelty, Licensed Professional Counselor in Hoffman Estates, IL
Kay Nohelty
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
If you have found yourself feeling disconnected from yourself, those around you, or the parts of your world that used to bring you joy, it can feel hopeless when that connection doesn't return on it's own. Maybe you've just experienced trauma, feel stuck in your life, burnt out, or lost. You're not alone; finding the right therapist to support you in your journey back to your authentic self is the first step.
If you have found yourself feeling disconnected from yourself, those around you, or the parts of your world that used to bring you joy, it can feel hopeless when that connection doesn't return on it's own. Maybe you've just experienced trauma, feel stuck in your life, burnt out, or lost. You're not alone; finding the right therapist to support you in your journey back to your authentic self is the first step.
(708) 726-0259 View (708) 726-0259
Photo of Nutashia Baynes, Counselor in Hoffman Estates, IL
Nutashia Baynes
Counselor, PhD, LMHC, LPC, NBCC, CST
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
Relationships can be a source of fulfillment to draw from in our lives. Often, however, miscommunication, old habits, physiological issues and daily stress create barriers preventing them from being a source of happiness and strength. Therapy can help break down barriers to improve communication, decrease conflict and increase emotional and physical intimacy. I specialize in the respectful and confidential treatment of relationship and sexual concerns. I believe in utilizing an open, honest, and sex-positive approach to help assess your unique personal goals and assist you in developing more positive and fulfilling relationships- with your self and with your partner.
Relationships can be a source of fulfillment to draw from in our lives. Often, however, miscommunication, old habits, physiological issues and daily stress create barriers preventing them from being a source of happiness and strength. Therapy can help break down barriers to improve communication, decrease conflict and increase emotional and physical intimacy. I specialize in the respectful and confidential treatment of relationship and sexual concerns. I believe in utilizing an open, honest, and sex-positive approach to help assess your unique personal goals and assist you in developing more positive and fulfilling relationships- with your self and with your partner.
(773) 231-5430 x101 View (773) 231-5430 x101
Ardent Counseling Center
PsyD, LCPC, LMFT, LCSW
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
The Ardent Counseling Center is a comprehensive psychotherapy practice providing counseling services to children, adolescents, adults, couples and families since 1988. We have 9 Chicagoland locations including, Hoffman Estates, Schaumburg, Lakeview (Chicago) and 5 Iowa Locations.
The Ardent Counseling Center is a comprehensive psychotherapy practice providing counseling services to children, adolescents, adults, couples and families since 1988. We have 9 Chicagoland locations including, Hoffman Estates, Schaumburg, Lakeview (Chicago) and 5 Iowa Locations.
(312) 766-9320 View (312) 766-9320
Photo of Relationship Solutions Center, P.C., Psychologist in Hoffman Estates, IL
Relationship Solutions Center, P.C.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60195
Relationship Solutions Center focuses on improving self-esteem and how self-esteem impacts your mental health concerns/disorder, developing a lifelong plan for managing your symptoms, understanding the factors that influenced your self-esteem and working to repair challenging and reframing your thoughts, strengthening your communication skills or learning to create and maintain healthy boundaries. Our specialties are Alternative Dispute Resolution, Alternative Sexualities, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression), Depression and Relationship Counseling.
Relationship Solutions Center focuses on improving self-esteem and how self-esteem impacts your mental health concerns/disorder, developing a lifelong plan for managing your symptoms, understanding the factors that influenced your self-esteem and working to repair challenging and reframing your thoughts, strengthening your communication skills or learning to create and maintain healthy boundaries. Our specialties are Alternative Dispute Resolution, Alternative Sexualities, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression), Depression and Relationship Counseling.
(331) 219-6568 View (331) 219-6568
Photo of Edward DeBellis, Psychologist in Hoffman Estates, IL
Edward DeBellis
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60195
I have over 30 years of experience treating anxiety, anger, stress, trauma, and sadness and helping improve relationships and enjoyment of life. I can help you find relief from poor self-image, fears, and difficulty concentrating or sleeping. I also offer help with smoking cessation and performance enhancement. If you are ready to change destructive patterns, getting relief is easier than you might expect. I participate actively in the process by offering feedback designed to increase insight into what drives troubling behavior, conflictual relationships, and symptoms.
I have over 30 years of experience treating anxiety, anger, stress, trauma, and sadness and helping improve relationships and enjoyment of life. I can help you find relief from poor self-image, fears, and difficulty concentrating or sleeping. I also offer help with smoking cessation and performance enhancement. If you are ready to change destructive patterns, getting relief is easier than you might expect. I participate actively in the process by offering feedback designed to increase insight into what drives troubling behavior, conflictual relationships, and symptoms.
(224) 243-3942 View (224) 243-3942
Counseling & Diagnostic Center of Woodfield, Ltd
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60010
The Counseling and Diagnostic Center of Woodfield is a counseling and psychotherapy clinic commited to improving the behavioral health of its clients, as well as the quality of their social and emotional lives. We have specialists available for counseling clients of all ages: children, adolescents and adults. The experienced and dedicated clinicians of CDCW provide a wide range of theapeutic and diagnostic services designed to meet the particular needs of their clients. We provide an extensive range of treatment and assessment services provided by specialists in each respective area.
The Counseling and Diagnostic Center of Woodfield is a counseling and psychotherapy clinic commited to improving the behavioral health of its clients, as well as the quality of their social and emotional lives. We have specialists available for counseling clients of all ages: children, adolescents and adults. The experienced and dedicated clinicians of CDCW provide a wide range of theapeutic and diagnostic services designed to meet the particular needs of their clients. We provide an extensive range of treatment and assessment services provided by specialists in each respective area.
(847) 416-2210 View (847) 416-2210
Photo of Jennifer L Carroll, Marriage & Family Therapist in Hoffman Estates, IL
Jennifer L Carroll
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60169
As a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist, I work with individual clients in the diagnosis and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders and addictions. I work with a diversity of people to better understand their personal psychology and behavior, resulting in new options and positive outcomes. Additionally, I offer assistance for couples struggling with infidelity, communication, conflict resolution and resentment.
As a licensed Marriage & Family Therapist, I work with individual clients in the diagnosis and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders and addictions. I work with a diversity of people to better understand their personal psychology and behavior, resulting in new options and positive outcomes. Additionally, I offer assistance for couples struggling with infidelity, communication, conflict resolution and resentment.
(847) 416-0949 View (847) 416-0949
Photo of Jinnie Kwon Cristerna, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Hoffman Estates, IL
Jinnie Kwon Cristerna
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CHT, RhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Hoffman Estates, IL 60010
Have you gone as far as you can in traditional psychotherapy? Are you looking to go deeper sooner? Do you want sustainable results within one to three sessions? Are you serious and committed to treatment? Then consider undergoing psychological surgery in addition to psychotherapy. For 28 years I have helped patients release fear, anger, shame, guilt, depression, or anxiety so they can experience sustaining self-love, joy, compassion, forgiveness, and discernment. If you have lost your way and want to remember who you really are, I am here to accompany you on your journey to heal at the deepest level possible.
Have you gone as far as you can in traditional psychotherapy? Are you looking to go deeper sooner? Do you want sustainable results within one to three sessions? Are you serious and committed to treatment? Then consider undergoing psychological surgery in addition to psychotherapy. For 28 years I have helped patients release fear, anger, shame, guilt, depression, or anxiety so they can experience sustaining self-love, joy, compassion, forgiveness, and discernment. If you have lost your way and want to remember who you really are, I am here to accompany you on your journey to heal at the deepest level possible.
(312) 626-3322 View (312) 626-3322
Photo of Affective Counseling, Counselor in Hoffman Estates, IL
Affective Counseling
Counselor
Verified Verified
Hoffman Estates, IL 60192
Affective Counseling provides tailored counseling for adults, children, adolescents, couples and families. Our compassionate and knowledgeable staff realize that you face unique life challenges and it is our goal to understand how you see the world, yourself and others so that we can better help you navigate life’s journey. Building on personal strengths, recognizing and challenging negative thoughts and developing tangible coping skills are some of the interventions our staff utilizes to assist you in reaching your personal goals.
Affective Counseling provides tailored counseling for adults, children, adolescents, couples and families. Our compassionate and knowledgeable staff realize that you face unique life challenges and it is our goal to understand how you see the world, yourself and others so that we can better help you navigate life’s journey. Building on personal strengths, recognizing and challenging negative thoughts and developing tangible coping skills are some of the interventions our staff utilizes to assist you in reaching your personal goals.
(224) 228-3656 View (224) 228-3656

See more therapy options for Hoffman Estates

Chronic Pain Therapists

How does chronic pain therapy work?

Engaging with a psychotherapist to help treat chronic pain does not mean that one’s pain is all in their head. Therapy for chronic-pain patients has been shown to benefit both the mind and the body, targeting physical symptoms and increasing daily functioning. In other words, for many, addressing their emotional health through therapy affects their physical health. A therapist can help a client challenge unhelpful thoughts about pain and develop new ways to respond to it, such as distraction or calming breathing techniques. Studies have found that therapy can be as effective as surgery for certain cases of chronic pain and many doctors recommend trying psychotherapy in advance of considering invasive surgery.

What are the most effective treatment options for chronic pain?

Stress, anxiety, depression, catastrophizing, ruminating, lack of activity, and social withdrawal all make chronic pain worse. Addressing these issues, research shows, can help people gain control over their pain symptoms. Therapeutic approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, and mindfulness-based stress reduction, along with greater pain-management education, have been found to help people reduce fear and disability.

Are there new treatments for chronic pain?

Many cases of chronic pain, particularly those involving back pain, remain medically unexplained. But there is evidence that changes in the brain or nervous system are caused by previous physical ailments such as tissue damage; in such cases, the brain may continue to send out pain signals despite the physical cause having healed. To aid patients under these circumstances, a recently developed treatment known as pain reprocessing therapy (PRT) is designed to help the brain “unlearn” this response. A PRT practitioner helps individuals to reduce the “threat value” of their ongoing pain signals until they can reappraise them as less threatening and fear-inducing. They also help an individual to develop new emotional regulation skills.

How long does therapy for chronic pain take?

There is no set timeline for recovery from chronic pain, especially as there may be a range of physical and psychological causes for any individual’s discomfort, but most patients should expect to see a therapist for a number of weeks or months, typically spanning at least 12 sessions. Studies of pain reprocessing therapy found that many individuals’ experience of pain lessened in eight sessions over four weeks.