Therapists in Providence, RI

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Photo of Mayra Ovidia Peguero-Bueno, Counselor in Providence, RI
Mayra Ovidia Peguero-Bueno
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02903  (Online Only)
I believe that we each know ourselves intuitively, and that throughout our lives we continue the process of exploring who we are, what challenges us, what drives and fulfills us. In our own way, we all strive to be better versions of ourselves and constantly look for different ways to do this, at times following a path that's not always clear. Sometimes life circumstances like traumatic experiences, transitions and stress get in the way and impede us from fulfilling who we’re meant to be- requiring someone alongside us to help facilitate the process of self discovery, healing and growth.
I believe that we each know ourselves intuitively, and that throughout our lives we continue the process of exploring who we are, what challenges us, what drives and fulfills us. In our own way, we all strive to be better versions of ourselves and constantly look for different ways to do this, at times following a path that's not always clear. Sometimes life circumstances like traumatic experiences, transitions and stress get in the way and impede us from fulfilling who we’re meant to be- requiring someone alongside us to help facilitate the process of self discovery, healing and growth.
(401) 592-2314 View (401) 592-2314
Photo of Jessica Lee Klein, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Jessica Lee Klein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02906
Jessica has 10+ years of experience providing clinical treatment and support to diverse populations within a variety of capacities and settings which have included working with adjudicated youth, children and families for home-based intensive services, adolescents in school-based group settings, and Elders in long-term care residences.
Jessica has 10+ years of experience providing clinical treatment and support to diverse populations within a variety of capacities and settings which have included working with adjudicated youth, children and families for home-based intensive services, adolescents in school-based group settings, and Elders in long-term care residences.
(401) 648-7663 x130 View (401) 648-7663 x130
Photo of Chelsey Bhadouria, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Chelsey Bhadouria
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02906  (Online Only)
Chelsey Bhadouria is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) who has 5 years of experience with adolescents and adults in a clinical outpatient setting. Chelsey has helped individuals and families seeking support with concerns such as mood disorders, anxiety, personality disorders, and trauma. Chelsey also has experience working with clients navigating challenges such as gender identity, cultural identity, life transitions, stress management, and self-esteem.
Chelsey Bhadouria is a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW) who has 5 years of experience with adolescents and adults in a clinical outpatient setting. Chelsey has helped individuals and families seeking support with concerns such as mood disorders, anxiety, personality disorders, and trauma. Chelsey also has experience working with clients navigating challenges such as gender identity, cultural identity, life transitions, stress management, and self-esteem.
(401) 388-5626 View (401) 388-5626
Photo of Nadia Evora, Counselor in Providence, RI
Nadia Evora
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02906
Nadia Evora is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Rhode Island who has been practicing since 2021. Nadia works to meet each client where they're at, helping them explore their struggle with their mental health and/or addiction, helping them identify their strengths, and how to work on making the changes necessary to reach their identified goals. Her approaches primarily include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and person-centered counseling, but Nadia tailors her approach to each individual's needs.
Nadia Evora is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Rhode Island who has been practicing since 2021. Nadia works to meet each client where they're at, helping them explore their struggle with their mental health and/or addiction, helping them identify their strengths, and how to work on making the changes necessary to reach their identified goals. Her approaches primarily include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, and person-centered counseling, but Nadia tailors her approach to each individual's needs.
(401) 825-0178 View (401) 825-0178
Photo of Lenni Marcus, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Lenni Marcus
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02906
I provide therapy to adults, youth, families, and couples. I have particular experience and joy working with eating disorders, trauma, sexual and gender identity exploration, and complex family dynamics. I aim to co-create a therapy relationship that includes warmth, openness, and curiosity, where we can explore the areas and concerns that have been keeping you or your child feeling stuck. I am invested in harnessing the creativity, resources, and already existing solutions each individual, couple, and family needs to grow.
I provide therapy to adults, youth, families, and couples. I have particular experience and joy working with eating disorders, trauma, sexual and gender identity exploration, and complex family dynamics. I aim to co-create a therapy relationship that includes warmth, openness, and curiosity, where we can explore the areas and concerns that have been keeping you or your child feeling stuck. I am invested in harnessing the creativity, resources, and already existing solutions each individual, couple, and family needs to grow.
(401) 232-8018 View (401) 232-8018
Photo of Reem Koinis, Counselor in Providence, RI
Reem Koinis
Counselor, MA, MHC, LCMHC, LCPC
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02901  (Online Only)
Reem Koinis, MA, MHC, LCMHC, LCPC is a Licensed Mental Heath Counselor (LMHC) practicing in Rhode Island, and is licensed to practice in Vermont (LCMHC - Vermont) and Maryland (LCPC - Maryland). She was awarded her Master of Arts Degree in Counseling and Psychological Services from Marymount University in Arlington, Virginia. Reem has 20+ years working with adults where therapy is implemented in a non-judgmental and warm environment. She utilizes an eclectic client-centered approach for treatment, which can include Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Client-Centered, Culturally Sensitive and Solution-focused brief therapy.
Reem Koinis, MA, MHC, LCMHC, LCPC is a Licensed Mental Heath Counselor (LMHC) practicing in Rhode Island, and is licensed to practice in Vermont (LCMHC - Vermont) and Maryland (LCPC - Maryland). She was awarded her Master of Arts Degree in Counseling and Psychological Services from Marymount University in Arlington, Virginia. Reem has 20+ years working with adults where therapy is implemented in a non-judgmental and warm environment. She utilizes an eclectic client-centered approach for treatment, which can include Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Client-Centered, Culturally Sensitive and Solution-focused brief therapy.
(401) 324-2289 View (401) 324-2289
Photo of Providence Wellness, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Providence Wellness, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CGS, MAT
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02907
Greetings! My name is Alex. At Providence Wellness, I support people of all ages who struggle with trauma, the education system, parenting, and day to day life in today’s complex society. My therapeutic approach is trauma informed, culturally aware, structured to empower clients, and shift their self-awareness.
Greetings! My name is Alex. At Providence Wellness, I support people of all ages who struggle with trauma, the education system, parenting, and day to day life in today’s complex society. My therapeutic approach is trauma informed, culturally aware, structured to empower clients, and shift their self-awareness.
(401) 561-7660 View (401) 561-7660
Photo of Willie Borkai, Pre-Licensed Professional in Providence, RI
Willie Borkai
Pre-Licensed Professional, LMHC-A, MPH
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02908  (Online Only)
Let me start by acknowledging how brave you are for taking this major step. You have been fighting so many battles, both seen and unseen by others. But here you are ready to take control of your health. I am here to help you. As a therapist with several marginalized identities, I understand the effects that disparities have on our mental health and well-being. I take many approaches to my counseling, including humanistic, existentialism, feminist, and multiculturalism. As your therapist, I will work with you on making the hard things easier to sit with.
Let me start by acknowledging how brave you are for taking this major step. You have been fighting so many battles, both seen and unseen by others. But here you are ready to take control of your health. I am here to help you. As a therapist with several marginalized identities, I understand the effects that disparities have on our mental health and well-being. I take many approaches to my counseling, including humanistic, existentialism, feminist, and multiculturalism. As your therapist, I will work with you on making the hard things easier to sit with.
(401) 341-1507 View (401) 341-1507
Jeremy May
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02909
I help couples, families, and individuals make the changes the individual or family wants to make. I treat problems from a family systems perspective and use the person's strengths to make changes. and alleviate symptoms. I work to develop strong relationships with those I help.
I help couples, families, and individuals make the changes the individual or family wants to make. I treat problems from a family systems perspective and use the person's strengths to make changes. and alleviate symptoms. I work to develop strong relationships with those I help.
(401) 288-3969 View (401) 288-3969
Photo of Kristina Gomez, Pre-Licensed Professional in Providence, RI
Kristina Gomez
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02908  (Online Only)
Krissy approaches therapy with the understanding that individuals are deeply influenced by their family dynamics and broader social contexts. She understands the importance of relationships and addresses all factors contributing to individuals' well-being. Krissy utilizes various evidence-based approaches, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and a humanistic client-centered approach to help individuals identify their unproductive ways of thinking, actively work to stop those thoughts, and replace them with new, more productive ways of thinking.
Krissy approaches therapy with the understanding that individuals are deeply influenced by their family dynamics and broader social contexts. She understands the importance of relationships and addresses all factors contributing to individuals' well-being. Krissy utilizes various evidence-based approaches, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and a humanistic client-centered approach to help individuals identify their unproductive ways of thinking, actively work to stop those thoughts, and replace them with new, more productive ways of thinking.
(401) 389-7487 View (401) 389-7487
Photo of Briana Valletta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Briana Valletta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02906
Briana Valletta is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Rhode Island who has been practicing since 2023. Briana uses a person-centered approach that pulls from an individual's strengths to establish a treatment plan and help individuals reach their targeted goals. Outside of work, Briana enjoys riding motorcycles and traveling.
Briana Valletta is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Rhode Island who has been practicing since 2023. Briana uses a person-centered approach that pulls from an individual's strengths to establish a treatment plan and help individuals reach their targeted goals. Outside of work, Briana enjoys riding motorcycles and traveling.
(401) 343-8522 View (401) 343-8522
Photo of Amy Lazier, Counselor in Providence, RI
Amy Lazier
Counselor, LMHC, RDT, CGCS, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02903
Amy Lazier is Registered Drama Therapist and mental health counselor. Amy graduated from Lesley University with her MA in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and a specialization in Drama Therapy. Specializing in drama therapy, a common question arises, “Do I have to be an actor to seek treatment?” The answer is, “No!” Drama therapy provides a unique therapeutic lens to elicit change in clients. Drama therapy is appropriate for anyone seeking therapy, especially those wanting to engage in an arts-based, embodied approach.
Amy Lazier is Registered Drama Therapist and mental health counselor. Amy graduated from Lesley University with her MA in Clinical Mental Health Counseling and a specialization in Drama Therapy. Specializing in drama therapy, a common question arises, “Do I have to be an actor to seek treatment?” The answer is, “No!” Drama therapy provides a unique therapeutic lens to elicit change in clients. Drama therapy is appropriate for anyone seeking therapy, especially those wanting to engage in an arts-based, embodied approach.
(401) 271-6011 View (401) 271-6011
Photo of Chanta Bryan, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Chanta Bryan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02906
Chanta Bryan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Rhode Island. She holds a Bachelor's and Master's degree in Social Work from Rhode Island College. She also received a Certification in Graduate Studies in Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder. Chanta has a diverse background in providing home-based and residential treatment to children, families, and adults with behavioral and mental diagnoses. She also has experience in providing one on one therapy for individuals with substance use and co-occurring diagnosis.
Chanta Bryan is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Rhode Island. She holds a Bachelor's and Master's degree in Social Work from Rhode Island College. She also received a Certification in Graduate Studies in Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder. Chanta has a diverse background in providing home-based and residential treatment to children, families, and adults with behavioral and mental diagnoses. She also has experience in providing one on one therapy for individuals with substance use and co-occurring diagnosis.
(401) 567-1774 View (401) 567-1774
Photo of Sonia Gomes, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Sonia Gomes
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, QMHP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02903  (Online Only)
In over a decade of practicing, I've discovered the effectiveness of therapy lies in providing individuals with the necessary time and secure connection to explore beliefs and relationships with self and other. We can reshape detrimental self-perceptions and change our relationship with our emotions. Perhaps you're caught in cycles of behavior that evoke feelings of inadequacy or guilt. Maybe you feel stagnant, unheard, or struggle to express your needs. Here, you'll find a supportive, inclusive setting where you can connect, feel truly seen, and explore without judgment.
In over a decade of practicing, I've discovered the effectiveness of therapy lies in providing individuals with the necessary time and secure connection to explore beliefs and relationships with self and other. We can reshape detrimental self-perceptions and change our relationship with our emotions. Perhaps you're caught in cycles of behavior that evoke feelings of inadequacy or guilt. Maybe you feel stagnant, unheard, or struggle to express your needs. Here, you'll find a supportive, inclusive setting where you can connect, feel truly seen, and explore without judgment.
(401) 298-2075 View (401) 298-2075
Photo of Shalom Counseling Center, LLC., Counselor in Providence, RI
Shalom Counseling Center, LLC.
Counselor, LMHC, LCDCS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02903
Do you feel invisible? No one’s listening to you? Uncertain of your future or direction to take? Are you ready to change, but do not know where to start? Do you feel alone? Let’s have a conversation and see if we can work together in identifying issues then create a plan to improve quality of life.
Do you feel invisible? No one’s listening to you? Uncertain of your future or direction to take? Are you ready to change, but do not know where to start? Do you feel alone? Let’s have a conversation and see if we can work together in identifying issues then create a plan to improve quality of life.
(401) 329-9786 View (401) 329-9786
Photo of Daniel M. Even, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Daniel M. Even
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MDiv, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02906
Not every dilemma is a disorder, not every sadness a sickness. While the pandemic, climate change, political polarization, all increase the awareness of existential threats, my clients seek to move toward value, value in relationships, in work, play, in nature. While acknowledging some validity of the concept of “mental disorders” and benefiting from my past working with it, they wish to move beyond the constraints of a diagnosis. Working collaboratively, we engage constructively with the full range of emotion while challenging automatic attachment to our default interpretations. Indeed, we are research guided, relationahip driven.
Not every dilemma is a disorder, not every sadness a sickness. While the pandemic, climate change, political polarization, all increase the awareness of existential threats, my clients seek to move toward value, value in relationships, in work, play, in nature. While acknowledging some validity of the concept of “mental disorders” and benefiting from my past working with it, they wish to move beyond the constraints of a diagnosis. Working collaboratively, we engage constructively with the full range of emotion while challenging automatic attachment to our default interpretations. Indeed, we are research guided, relationahip driven.
(401) 287-2272 x2 View (401) 287-2272 x2
Photo of Clear Space MH, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Clear Space MH
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Providence, RI 02904  (Online Only)
My name is Alicia V. Rodriguez, and I'm a psychotherapist. I created Clear Space MH after numerous conversations and hearing multiple individuals express how they wish they could find a therapist who "understood" what they were going through; a therapist who understood their cultural background, and what it’s like to work full time while taking care of family members. A therapist who understood adversity, but not being able to “fix it”. I realized that I too wanted the same. Clear Space MH is just that; a clear space to work on your mental health. Everyone’s mental health journey is different and will be treated as such.
My name is Alicia V. Rodriguez, and I'm a psychotherapist. I created Clear Space MH after numerous conversations and hearing multiple individuals express how they wish they could find a therapist who "understood" what they were going through; a therapist who understood their cultural background, and what it’s like to work full time while taking care of family members. A therapist who understood adversity, but not being able to “fix it”. I realized that I too wanted the same. Clear Space MH is just that; a clear space to work on your mental health. Everyone’s mental health journey is different and will be treated as such.
(401) 409-8332 View (401) 409-8332
Photo of The Counseling Center at JCS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
The Counseling Center at JCS
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02904
For more than 50 years, The Counseling Center at JCS in Providence has offered hope and help to anyone facing life challenges. As a multidisciplinary team, we have decades of experience providing mental health services in both community and private practice settings. We provide counseling services to seniors, adults, adolescents, children, and families with a wide range of concerns, including, but not limited to: feeling overwhelmed or stressed, depressed mood, panic or anxiety, grief and loss, trauma, adjusting to life transitions and developmental stages, identity development, trauma recovery, etc.
For more than 50 years, The Counseling Center at JCS in Providence has offered hope and help to anyone facing life challenges. As a multidisciplinary team, we have decades of experience providing mental health services in both community and private practice settings. We provide counseling services to seniors, adults, adolescents, children, and families with a wide range of concerns, including, but not limited to: feeling overwhelmed or stressed, depressed mood, panic or anxiety, grief and loss, trauma, adjusting to life transitions and developmental stages, identity development, trauma recovery, etc.
(401) 583-6142 View (401) 583-6142
Photo of Lori Meyerson, Ph.D., Psychologist in Providence, RI
Lori Meyerson, Ph.D.
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02906  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with children, adolescents, and adults who are experiencing a variety of emotional and behavioral problems. My work experience includes a variety of legal and clinical settings, and years of consultation to public schools. Working collaboratively with individuals, couples and families to identify personal goals for therapy and evidence-based interventions to address those goals is central to my services. My goal as a therapist is to be a trusted resource that is capable of supporting people towards changes that will improve their lives.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist who specializes in working with children, adolescents, and adults who are experiencing a variety of emotional and behavioral problems. My work experience includes a variety of legal and clinical settings, and years of consultation to public schools. Working collaboratively with individuals, couples and families to identify personal goals for therapy and evidence-based interventions to address those goals is central to my services. My goal as a therapist is to be a trusted resource that is capable of supporting people towards changes that will improve their lives.
(401) 566-4109 View (401) 566-4109
Photo of Rachel Taggart, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Providence, RI
Rachel Taggart
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Providence, RI 02903
My name is Rachel Taggart and I am a passionate licensed clinical social worker with over five years of experience working with individuals of all ages, families, and groups. I specialize in issues ranging from sexual trauma, mood disorders, anxiety, depression, life challenges, life transitions, relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, self-harm, and eating disorders. I take a person-centered approach by implementing modalities such as cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused counseling, strength-based counseling, trauma-informed counseling, and mindfulness.
My name is Rachel Taggart and I am a passionate licensed clinical social worker with over five years of experience working with individuals of all ages, families, and groups. I specialize in issues ranging from sexual trauma, mood disorders, anxiety, depression, life challenges, life transitions, relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, self-harm, and eating disorders. I take a person-centered approach by implementing modalities such as cognitive behavioral therapy, solution-focused counseling, strength-based counseling, trauma-informed counseling, and mindfulness.
(401) 496-9366 x103 View (401) 496-9366 x103

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Providence, RI

700+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Providence, RI who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
87% Depression
74% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
69% Self Esteem
65% Coping Skills
65% Stress

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% BlueCross and BlueShield
78% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
62% Optum

How Therapists in Providence, RI see their clients

61% In Person and Online
39% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
21% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Providence?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.