Therapists in Atlanta, GA

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Photo of Chrystyl D. Tutt, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Chrystyl D. Tutt
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30326
I have been actively practicing psychology in the Atlanta area for over 15 years, specializing in providing individual and family therapies to children, adolescents, and adults to address various concerns including ADHD, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, anxiety, depression, and adjustment issues. I also conduct psychoeducational evaluations, which are unique in that they not only examine a student’s intellectual potential, academic achievement, and processing abilities, but also include an in-depth analysis of expressive and receptive language skills. In addition, I offer educational consultation for families.
I have been actively practicing psychology in the Atlanta area for over 15 years, specializing in providing individual and family therapies to children, adolescents, and adults to address various concerns including ADHD, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, anxiety, depression, and adjustment issues. I also conduct psychoeducational evaluations, which are unique in that they not only examine a student’s intellectual potential, academic achievement, and processing abilities, but also include an in-depth analysis of expressive and receptive language skills. In addition, I offer educational consultation for families.
(404) 574-6291 View (404) 574-6291
Photo of Deborah James, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Deborah James
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30342
I am Debbie James, and I am currently licensed in the state of Georgia as a Professional Counselor and Marriage and Family Therapist. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and their families on coping with feelings of anxiety, stress, and depression. I have a background in athletics and also work with individuals struggling with anxiety and enhancing their athletic performance.
I am Debbie James, and I am currently licensed in the state of Georgia as a Professional Counselor and Marriage and Family Therapist. I specialize in working with children, adolescents, and their families on coping with feelings of anxiety, stress, and depression. I have a background in athletics and also work with individuals struggling with anxiety and enhancing their athletic performance.
(229) 518-6296 View (229) 518-6296
Photo of Mahek Dossani, Pre-Licensed Professional in Atlanta, GA
Mahek Dossani
Pre-Licensed Professional, APC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30339
Welcome to my page! My approach to counseling is rooted in empathy, respect, and understanding. I work with individuals and couples navigating challenges related to trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, and relationship issues.
Welcome to my page! My approach to counseling is rooted in empathy, respect, and understanding. I work with individuals and couples navigating challenges related to trauma, depression, anxiety, stress, and relationship issues.
(470) 458-4611 View (470) 458-4611
Photo of Sierra Kihlstadius, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Sierra Kihlstadius
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30303  (Online Only)
Hello and welcome! I'm Sierra. I'm a queer, anti-racist Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Atlanta, Georgia. I started my career as a therapist at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and if there is one thing I learned from that time it's that, more often than not, it's not you- it's the system. Since then I have been helping fellow women and members of the LGBTQ+ community rebuild self-esteem, manage anxiety, and heal unresolved trauma. I also help families of LGBTQ+ youth gain understanding about their child's experience and empower them to provide the best support they can.
Hello and welcome! I'm Sierra. I'm a queer, anti-racist Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in Atlanta, Georgia. I started my career as a therapist at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and if there is one thing I learned from that time it's that, more often than not, it's not you- it's the system. Since then I have been helping fellow women and members of the LGBTQ+ community rebuild self-esteem, manage anxiety, and heal unresolved trauma. I also help families of LGBTQ+ youth gain understanding about their child's experience and empower them to provide the best support they can.
(470) 839-4576 View (470) 839-4576
Photo of Geneen Brown, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Geneen Brown
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30350  (Online Only)
Geneen N. Brown is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Georgia who has over 20 years of experience in the field of Social Work managing clients in various settings including but not limited to Child Welfare, Early Childhood Development, Medical Social Work, End of Life Care, Clinical Therapeutic Care, and Behavioral Health Case Management. Geneen treats the adult population spanning from young adults to the aging population managing a variety of life challenges such as grief, loss, anxiety, stress, depression, life transitions, end of life care, family dynamics, and women issues.
Geneen N. Brown is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Georgia who has over 20 years of experience in the field of Social Work managing clients in various settings including but not limited to Child Welfare, Early Childhood Development, Medical Social Work, End of Life Care, Clinical Therapeutic Care, and Behavioral Health Case Management. Geneen treats the adult population spanning from young adults to the aging population managing a variety of life challenges such as grief, loss, anxiety, stress, depression, life transitions, end of life care, family dynamics, and women issues.
(678) 824-8787 View (678) 824-8787
Photo of Chelse Pike, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Chelse Pike
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30326  (Online Only)
Hello, I'm Chelse ! I'm excited to meet you and help you with your therapy goals. My ideal client is someone who wants to work on the concerns they bring to therapy, while also exploring new goals, and rediscovering who they are. I provide a safe space that allows clients to explore emotions/concerns/struggles/traumas without feeling judged. When I am not working you can find me playing with my dog, Libby. I love rollercoasters and horror movies.
Hello, I'm Chelse ! I'm excited to meet you and help you with your therapy goals. My ideal client is someone who wants to work on the concerns they bring to therapy, while also exploring new goals, and rediscovering who they are. I provide a safe space that allows clients to explore emotions/concerns/struggles/traumas without feeling judged. When I am not working you can find me playing with my dog, Libby. I love rollercoasters and horror movies.
(404) 737-9162 View (404) 737-9162
Photo of Dr. Sharon Johnson, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Dr. Sharon Johnson
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30324  (Online Only)
Mental Health Counseling is a process by which the therapist and client work together to help improve their quality of life as it relates to healing, personal and spiritual growth, and development. Everyone at some point in time has challenges in their life and needs help dealing with those challenges by sharing their thoughts and feelings in a private, comfortable setting that will ultimately help them to improve their quality of life. My goals are to help clients be the best version of themselves.
Mental Health Counseling is a process by which the therapist and client work together to help improve their quality of life as it relates to healing, personal and spiritual growth, and development. Everyone at some point in time has challenges in their life and needs help dealing with those challenges by sharing their thoughts and feelings in a private, comfortable setting that will ultimately help them to improve their quality of life. My goals are to help clients be the best version of themselves.
(404) 476-7905 View (404) 476-7905
Photo of David Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
David Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30310
Life is hard enough. Finding a great Therapist need not be. I’m a laid back, easy to relate to person who genuinely enjoys working with people from all backgrounds and all walks of life. My clients (and their families) find me easy to talk to, genuine in my approach and committed to their success. In our work together, I may use a cognitive behavioral model, person centered approach or grounding techniques to assist you in identifying the sources of your stressors and frustrations and guide you through the steps necessary to resolve the issues, not just learn to live with them.
Life is hard enough. Finding a great Therapist need not be. I’m a laid back, easy to relate to person who genuinely enjoys working with people from all backgrounds and all walks of life. My clients (and their families) find me easy to talk to, genuine in my approach and committed to their success. In our work together, I may use a cognitive behavioral model, person centered approach or grounding techniques to assist you in identifying the sources of your stressors and frustrations and guide you through the steps necessary to resolve the issues, not just learn to live with them.
(678) 981-9320 View (678) 981-9320
Photo of Kalyn Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Kalyn Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30322  (Online Only)
“I don’t feel seen.” “Opening up is scary.” “I feel stuck, and I don’t know what to do.” So many of us have had experiences—like relationship issues, anxiety, low self-esteem, and past trauma—that leave us feeling just like those quotes: alone and confused. As a therapist, I’m passionate about helping clients like you feel seen, heard, and supported as you get clear on what’s holding you back and learn new ways to move forward.
“I don’t feel seen.” “Opening up is scary.” “I feel stuck, and I don’t know what to do.” So many of us have had experiences—like relationship issues, anxiety, low self-esteem, and past trauma—that leave us feeling just like those quotes: alone and confused. As a therapist, I’m passionate about helping clients like you feel seen, heard, and supported as you get clear on what’s holding you back and learn new ways to move forward.
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Photo of Jamerica Strickland, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Jamerica Strickland
Licensed Professional Counselor, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30305  (Online Only)
My aim is to support my clients in navigating the obstacles that life throws their way, whether it be emotional struggles, stress, overwhelming thoughts caused by anxiety and depression, or relationship/family struggles. Properly managing these barriers can be crucial for your overall wellness and the quality of life we lead.
My aim is to support my clients in navigating the obstacles that life throws their way, whether it be emotional struggles, stress, overwhelming thoughts caused by anxiety and depression, or relationship/family struggles. Properly managing these barriers can be crucial for your overall wellness and the quality of life we lead.
(470) 835-4685 View (470) 835-4685
Photo of Darius M Washington, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Darius M Washington
Counselor, LAPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30324  (Online Only)
My life purpose is to serve clients that are misrepresented and underserved. Populations that I have a passion for include serving people of color, marginalized populations, and adolescents with having a niche for various backgrounds. My experience includes couples, families, and groups struggling with anxiety, depression, severe and persistent mental illness. Through continuous research and supervision, It is my goal to provide quality counseling. With cultural competence and empathetic understanding, I meet my client halfway in order to yield measurable treatment results.
My life purpose is to serve clients that are misrepresented and underserved. Populations that I have a passion for include serving people of color, marginalized populations, and adolescents with having a niche for various backgrounds. My experience includes couples, families, and groups struggling with anxiety, depression, severe and persistent mental illness. Through continuous research and supervision, It is my goal to provide quality counseling. With cultural competence and empathetic understanding, I meet my client halfway in order to yield measurable treatment results.
(404) 531-7317 View (404) 531-7317
Photo of Cindy Hopper, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Cindy Hopper
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CRC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30328
In my counseling practice, I prioritize creating a safe, empathic, and non-judgmental space for healing. By fostering such an environment, I believe clients feel safe to explore and tap into their inherent potential for leading meaningful lives. Having studied Ayurvedic wellness at the Tanman Ayurvedic Research Centre in India, I take a holistic approach to mental health, recognizing the interconnectedness of mind, body, emotion, and spirit. I blend this with evidence-based Western practices to comprehensively support my clients. This integration leads to mental wellness and growth.
In my counseling practice, I prioritize creating a safe, empathic, and non-judgmental space for healing. By fostering such an environment, I believe clients feel safe to explore and tap into their inherent potential for leading meaningful lives. Having studied Ayurvedic wellness at the Tanman Ayurvedic Research Centre in India, I take a holistic approach to mental health, recognizing the interconnectedness of mind, body, emotion, and spirit. I blend this with evidence-based Western practices to comprehensively support my clients. This integration leads to mental wellness and growth.
(470) 444-4732 View (470) 444-4732
Photo of Christina Baffuto, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Christina Baffuto
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30329
My name is Christina Baffuto, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor working with clients based in Georgia via Telehealth. I primarily work with individuals ages 25-45 but also have years of experience working with children and adolescents. I specialize in anxiety, depression, and processing life changes, and grief. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution-Focused therapy to help my clients feel more in control and help them feel better throughout all the seasons of life.
My name is Christina Baffuto, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor working with clients based in Georgia via Telehealth. I primarily work with individuals ages 25-45 but also have years of experience working with children and adolescents. I specialize in anxiety, depression, and processing life changes, and grief. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solution-Focused therapy to help my clients feel more in control and help them feel better throughout all the seasons of life.
(470) 291-1878 View (470) 291-1878
Photo of Anne-Marie Burke, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Anne-Marie Burke
Counselor, MS, APC, NCC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30309
I believe you are on the journey to become who you already are and who you are is infinitely complex. Often times external influences, circumstances, events, or relationships block you from living in the fullness of your complexity, and this can lead to psychological distress. I work with clients and couples to surface these conscious and unconscious barriers to growth so that you can lead a life responsive to who you are rather than reactive to what is going on around you. My hope is that, together, you discover not just relief from symptoms but optimal psychological functioning and deeply satisfying relationships.
I believe you are on the journey to become who you already are and who you are is infinitely complex. Often times external influences, circumstances, events, or relationships block you from living in the fullness of your complexity, and this can lead to psychological distress. I work with clients and couples to surface these conscious and unconscious barriers to growth so that you can lead a life responsive to who you are rather than reactive to what is going on around you. My hope is that, together, you discover not just relief from symptoms but optimal psychological functioning and deeply satisfying relationships.
(404) 882-7915 View (404) 882-7915
Photo of Lauren A. Evans, Marriage & Family Therapist in Atlanta, GA
Lauren A. Evans
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30329  (Online Only)
Being a mother is challenging. You have more worries, less time, and no room for "self-care." You may question your abilities, your partner, your career path, and more. You may even be anxious about delivering your baby. Have you completely lost yourself in a sea of stress, worry, and sadness? You are not alone. I am a mother, wife, and survivor of perinatal anxiety. I understand the fluctuating hormones that can cause our mood disturbances. I want to help you to manage your anxiety, replace your depressive thoughts, and understand the chemical changes that cause them. With individual or couples therapy you will be well!
Being a mother is challenging. You have more worries, less time, and no room for "self-care." You may question your abilities, your partner, your career path, and more. You may even be anxious about delivering your baby. Have you completely lost yourself in a sea of stress, worry, and sadness? You are not alone. I am a mother, wife, and survivor of perinatal anxiety. I understand the fluctuating hormones that can cause our mood disturbances. I want to help you to manage your anxiety, replace your depressive thoughts, and understand the chemical changes that cause them. With individual or couples therapy you will be well!
(470) 570-4745 View (470) 570-4745
Photo of Suzanne F Piotrowski, Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Suzanne F Piotrowski
Counselor, MA, LIMHP, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Atlanta, GA 30303  (Online Only)
Stress can have a severe impact on our mental, emotional, and physical health. All life stages can experience stress from babies and children through adults. Sometimes stress from the past is influencing the present. Finding the best way to cope can be hard, and we may not always have the support we need to make it through those tough times. Having someone to talk to about those wellbeing damaging issues could be the piece that changes the process from struggle to freedom.
Stress can have a severe impact on our mental, emotional, and physical health. All life stages can experience stress from babies and children through adults. Sometimes stress from the past is influencing the present. Finding the best way to cope can be hard, and we may not always have the support we need to make it through those tough times. Having someone to talk to about those wellbeing damaging issues could be the piece that changes the process from struggle to freedom.
(470) 664-4006 View (470) 664-4006
Photo of Dontay Williams, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Dontay Williams
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD-ABD, LPC, CAMS-II
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30349
Intentional Mental Health Support for You or Your Business Whether you’re needing direct mental health support or professional development for your organization. We are excited that you have chosen Mental Health on Purpose. Journey with us as we work to provide intentional services across the mental health industry. Our Vision:To deliver support with Intentionality, Humility & Courage, so that through direct mental health support, professional development, and advocacy both lives, industries and communities are transformed.
Intentional Mental Health Support for You or Your Business Whether you’re needing direct mental health support or professional development for your organization. We are excited that you have chosen Mental Health on Purpose. Journey with us as we work to provide intentional services across the mental health industry. Our Vision:To deliver support with Intentionality, Humility & Courage, so that through direct mental health support, professional development, and advocacy both lives, industries and communities are transformed.
(404) 383-9348 View (404) 383-9348
Photo of Martha M Mejia-Gordy, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
Martha M Mejia-Gordy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30339
Since beginning my private practice in 1995, I have worked with adult individuals, couples and families who are seeking to find resolution to challenges in their lives, I strive to provide a supportive, non-judgmental environment where together we work on finding solutions to the issues that they are being confronted with. Even when we consider ourselves to be strong and independent people, we all reach a point in which life is just "too much".
Since beginning my private practice in 1995, I have worked with adult individuals, couples and families who are seeking to find resolution to challenges in their lives, I strive to provide a supportive, non-judgmental environment where together we work on finding solutions to the issues that they are being confronted with. Even when we consider ourselves to be strong and independent people, we all reach a point in which life is just "too much".
(404) 620-6611 View (404) 620-6611
Photo of C Baxter Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor in Atlanta, GA
C Baxter Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, CPCS
Verified Verified
13 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30329
We help people who look happy on the outside actually feel that way on the inside. It's exhausting trying to keep it all together. Most of us expend a huge amount of effort to make it look like our life is perfect; especially on social media. While our accomplishments may be lengthy, our relationships and fulfillment are lacking. We understand, and our approach reflects just that. Creating a connection is core to our approach to counseling. We work from a multitude of theoretical frameworks including person-centered, positive psychology, cognitive behavioral, family systems, and solution focused.
We help people who look happy on the outside actually feel that way on the inside. It's exhausting trying to keep it all together. Most of us expend a huge amount of effort to make it look like our life is perfect; especially on social media. While our accomplishments may be lengthy, our relationships and fulfillment are lacking. We understand, and our approach reflects just that. Creating a connection is core to our approach to counseling. We work from a multitude of theoretical frameworks including person-centered, positive psychology, cognitive behavioral, family systems, and solution focused.
(678) 967-0103 View (678) 967-0103
Photo of Dr. Katie Burns, Psychologist in Atlanta, GA
Dr. Katie Burns
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30318  (Online Only)
It can be really overwhelming searching for the right therapist, especially with the amount of help available. It may even add to the stress, anxiety, and indecision you’re already feeling. You may have an idea of what you’re coping with or may be unsure. Perhaps you have had some experience in therapy or this is your first time - maybe you feel you’ve tried everything and still no relief. No matter where you are in your mental health journey, I hope to provide you with your own unique treatment experience. I specialize in helping people to get relief from OCD, anxiety, phobias, negative body image, disordered eating, and trauma.
It can be really overwhelming searching for the right therapist, especially with the amount of help available. It may even add to the stress, anxiety, and indecision you’re already feeling. You may have an idea of what you’re coping with or may be unsure. Perhaps you have had some experience in therapy or this is your first time - maybe you feel you’ve tried everything and still no relief. No matter where you are in your mental health journey, I hope to provide you with your own unique treatment experience. I specialize in helping people to get relief from OCD, anxiety, phobias, negative body image, disordered eating, and trauma.
(470) 999-7009 View (470) 999-7009

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Atlanta, GA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Atlanta, GA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
76% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
71% Coping Skills
67% Stress
62% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

85% Aetna
75% Cigna and Evernorth
72% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Atlanta, GA see their clients

60% In Person and Online
40% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Atlanta?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.