Therapists in 19131
![Photo of Tyra S Gardner, MS, MEd, CAMS-II](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/4a042911-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/2/320x400.jpeg)
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a solution-focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. As a solution-focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations of the past, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. By applying complementary therapy approaches and techniques, we will unearth long-standing behavior patterns or negative perceptions that be holding you back from experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
![Photo of Kianna Voorhees, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/45931f33-a888-4ba6-af17-979539990e0b/1/320x400.jpeg)
Kianna Voorhees
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131
Not accepting new clients
Hello! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Pennsylvania. I'm passionate about helping people heal from trauma and become the best version of themselves. My goal as a clinician is to help my clients reconnect with their ability to heal themselves and rely on the mind and body's inner wisdom to assist in moving through life's challenges. I often use mindfulness-based practices, EMDR, parts work (internal family systems), and somatic therapy practices in my work. I aim to help you find a sense of wellbeing in your mental, emotional, relational, and spiritual life.
Hello! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Pennsylvania. I'm passionate about helping people heal from trauma and become the best version of themselves. My goal as a clinician is to help my clients reconnect with their ability to heal themselves and rely on the mind and body's inner wisdom to assist in moving through life's challenges. I often use mindfulness-based practices, EMDR, parts work (internal family systems), and somatic therapy practices in my work. I aim to help you find a sense of wellbeing in your mental, emotional, relational, and spiritual life.
![Photo of Kevin Caridad - Cognitive Behavior Institute, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/33f85d67-abc6-42b0-bb56-720d7a5ca8ed/1/320x400.png)
Cognitive Behavior Institute
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131 (Online Only)
Welcome to Cognitive Behavior Institute! We are committed to providing the best care possible through established treatment methods. These treatment methods are proven to be effective for a wide range of mental health diagnoses and psychological distresses. Cognitive Behavior Institute (CBI) is proud to employ adept licensed clinicians, board-certified psychiatrists, and compassionate administrative staff with diverse experience in their respective fields.
Welcome to Cognitive Behavior Institute! We are committed to providing the best care possible through established treatment methods. These treatment methods are proven to be effective for a wide range of mental health diagnoses and psychological distresses. Cognitive Behavior Institute (CBI) is proud to employ adept licensed clinicians, board-certified psychiatrists, and compassionate administrative staff with diverse experience in their respective fields.
![Photo of Christopher Watkins, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c064b7dd-4bf6-49e9-999c-7caf1e78b436/1/320x400.jpeg)
Helping you to feel safe, understood, and accepted is the goal that permeates my approach to assessment and treatment. Are you seeking support managing symptoms and behaviors that you don't understand? Do these symptoms impact your ability to build and maintain social relationships, or function well at work or school? Let's work together to understand what gets in the way of your growth, and work toward achieving the goals that you set for yourself.
Helping you to feel safe, understood, and accepted is the goal that permeates my approach to assessment and treatment. Are you seeking support managing symptoms and behaviors that you don't understand? Do these symptoms impact your ability to build and maintain social relationships, or function well at work or school? Let's work together to understand what gets in the way of your growth, and work toward achieving the goals that you set for yourself.
![Photo of Tawanda N Lewis-Hazan, MA, LPC, LBS, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c4e1322d-e7a3-4719-b51c-10433e246d34/1/320x400.jpeg)
Tawanda N Lewis-Hazan
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, LBS
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131 (Online Only)
WELCOME! I'm the lead psychotherapist and founder of WandieCo Counseling, Coaching, & Consulting, a telehealth private practice servicing the Philadelphia Metro area. WandieCo Counseling is a safe space where psychobabble is un-babbled and a place to come when you want help changing and improving your life. If you're seeking greater self-awareness, help with mental &/or emotional issues, help improving your relationships (platonic, familial, or amorous), help navigating the workplace, help managing stress OR you just want more out of life, then please CONTACT ME. VISIT https://WANDIECO.COM for info.
WELCOME! I'm the lead psychotherapist and founder of WandieCo Counseling, Coaching, & Consulting, a telehealth private practice servicing the Philadelphia Metro area. WandieCo Counseling is a safe space where psychobabble is un-babbled and a place to come when you want help changing and improving your life. If you're seeking greater self-awareness, help with mental &/or emotional issues, help improving your relationships (platonic, familial, or amorous), help navigating the workplace, help managing stress OR you just want more out of life, then please CONTACT ME. VISIT https://WANDIECO.COM for info.
![Photo of Dr. Melissa Jones, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/44d3bea1-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
Dr. Melissa Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19131
Are you having difficulty balancing your life's demands? Do you desire to experience freedom and need your hope restored? Are you feeling stuck and can't seem to move forward in your healing process? There is good news because today you are one step closer to a new you. If you're looking for extra support, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals. I have over 18 years experience as a psychotherapist working with a broad spectrum of clients. Among my areas of expertise are individuals, couples and family therapy, and premarital counseling.
Are you having difficulty balancing your life's demands? Do you desire to experience freedom and need your hope restored? Are you feeling stuck and can't seem to move forward in your healing process? There is good news because today you are one step closer to a new you. If you're looking for extra support, I look forward to working with you to achieve your goals. I have over 18 years experience as a psychotherapist working with a broad spectrum of clients. Among my areas of expertise are individuals, couples and family therapy, and premarital counseling.
![Photo of Joseph Gary Williams, MSW, MEd, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ec2addcb-e8cc-49ca-bdc6-aa08ea28f9e5/1/320x400.jpeg)
Joseph Gary Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, MEd, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131
I am a highly qualified psychotherapist-counselor and licensed clinical social worker. I have extensive experience in mental health and have developed a deep understanding of the complexities of the human mind. I am committed to helping people navigate complex emotional and psychological issues. If you’re struggling with any kind of mental health issue, I am here to help you.
I am a highly qualified psychotherapist-counselor and licensed clinical social worker. I have extensive experience in mental health and have developed a deep understanding of the complexities of the human mind. I am committed to helping people navigate complex emotional and psychological issues. If you’re struggling with any kind of mental health issue, I am here to help you.
I am fortunate to have worked these past 19 years with a broad cross-section of Philadelphia area residents. My clients usually seek help because of nagging stress, anxiety, and/or depression that often spring from current relationships, the workplace, trauma, or longstanding personal issues. They work with me either individually or as couples to ease these issues as swiftly as possible.
I am fortunate to have worked these past 19 years with a broad cross-section of Philadelphia area residents. My clients usually seek help because of nagging stress, anxiety, and/or depression that often spring from current relationships, the workplace, trauma, or longstanding personal issues. They work with me either individually or as couples to ease these issues as swiftly as possible.
![Photo of Teena M D Scott - TeenaTalk, LLC, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/948420c0-22be-4e2e-ade8-3e0f58ad41d6/1/320x400.jpeg)
TeenaTalk, LLC
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Philadelphia, PA 19131
If you find yourself looking for therapy, I already know you have tried everything. Stop here and let me support you with the solutions and answers to your internal and external conflicts. You really are that powerful...use me to unlock the powers within!
If you find yourself looking for therapy, I already know you have tried everything. Stop here and let me support you with the solutions and answers to your internal and external conflicts. You really are that powerful...use me to unlock the powers within!
![Photo of Denise Ray-Shields, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8c4a0d1d-1c83-46c9-baee-146b8d388bd2/1/320x400.jpeg)
Denise Ray-Shields
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131 (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
Many people face emotional challenges within and outside the family. I guide and support families, couples, individuals, and children in managing the obstacles that come their way. I believe the heart of the family is the wellbeing of its members. I provide treatment to those who experience distress in their daily functioning from a variety of sources, which often impacts loved ones. I treat relationship discord, depression, anxiety, child maladjustment and other stressors. I welcome those who, in the midst of their challenges, reasonably recognize that change must be pursued.
Many people face emotional challenges within and outside the family. I guide and support families, couples, individuals, and children in managing the obstacles that come their way. I believe the heart of the family is the wellbeing of its members. I provide treatment to those who experience distress in their daily functioning from a variety of sources, which often impacts loved ones. I treat relationship discord, depression, anxiety, child maladjustment and other stressors. I welcome those who, in the midst of their challenges, reasonably recognize that change must be pursued.
![Photo of Richard Allen, PsyD, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e2a760a2-55f9-4233-b542-7c600afb4947/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hi there, I'm Dr. Rich Allen. Are you feeling overwhelmed with your day-to-day work, relationship, and health? Or perhaps you've experienced a loss or setback recently and are having trouble bouncing back? Is it hard to make time for yourself?
Hi there, I'm Dr. Rich Allen. Are you feeling overwhelmed with your day-to-day work, relationship, and health? Or perhaps you've experienced a loss or setback recently and are having trouble bouncing back? Is it hard to make time for yourself?
15 Second Videos
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TeenaTalk, LLC
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![Photo of Jieun Gu, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/5fffeb9f-369a-4a1c-89fd-c7325a5d17a6/1/320x400.jpeg)
Jieun Gu
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131 (Online Only)
Have you found yourself not getting much better from Talk Therapy sessions? Despite all of your efforts and work in progress, are you still struggling with rumination, confusion, exhaustion, numbness, sleeping and eating issues, avoidance, addiction, body image issues, guilt, shame, anger, irritability, sadness, feeling empty or void, loss of interest, self-limiting beliefs (I’m not good enough), and so forth? In over 8 years of clinical experience, I have observed profound healing in my clients by addressing the underlying causes of their distress.
Have you found yourself not getting much better from Talk Therapy sessions? Despite all of your efforts and work in progress, are you still struggling with rumination, confusion, exhaustion, numbness, sleeping and eating issues, avoidance, addiction, body image issues, guilt, shame, anger, irritability, sadness, feeling empty or void, loss of interest, self-limiting beliefs (I’m not good enough), and so forth? In over 8 years of clinical experience, I have observed profound healing in my clients by addressing the underlying causes of their distress.
![Photo of Victor Adeniran - Royal Vision Counseling, LPC, JMT, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/62b6eccf-abcd-451f-a027-d23d3c78c954/3/320x400.jpeg)
Royal Vision Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, JMT
Verified Verified
Philadelphia, PA 19131 (Online Only)
As an immigrant male, I bring a unique view on whole-person health to help my clients reach their goals. You & I will work on improving your coping, relational, adulting, physical & even financial skills to achieve your goals in these areas. I believe that healthy men can make a difference in their relationships, families, & communities. I use christian/biblical values to help develop healthy men. I hope to promote self-esteem & self-worth in my clients. I work with diverse clients, including ethnic minorities, immigrants, & clients from lower economic backgrounds.
As an immigrant male, I bring a unique view on whole-person health to help my clients reach their goals. You & I will work on improving your coping, relational, adulting, physical & even financial skills to achieve your goals in these areas. I believe that healthy men can make a difference in their relationships, families, & communities. I use christian/biblical values to help develop healthy men. I hope to promote self-esteem & self-worth in my clients. I work with diverse clients, including ethnic minorities, immigrants, & clients from lower economic backgrounds.
![Photo of Glenn Shrum, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/15bb63c4-d957-4af2-a4f3-0d27ae59dbd7/1/320x400.jpeg)
Glenn T. Shrum is a licensed professional counselor who has been practicing since 2018. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education with an M. Phil. in Professional Counseling. Trained and certified in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as well as Prolonged Exposure therapy for the treatment of PTSD, Glenn also draws on psychodynamic, person-centered, and solution-focused therapy approaches to respond to his clients' individual needs.
Glenn T. Shrum is a licensed professional counselor who has been practicing since 2018. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education with an M. Phil. in Professional Counseling. Trained and certified in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as well as Prolonged Exposure therapy for the treatment of PTSD, Glenn also draws on psychodynamic, person-centered, and solution-focused therapy approaches to respond to his clients' individual needs.
![Photo of Ray Hessek, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/c3f043cf-e2dd-4513-b11f-b8ccaca94d93/2/320x400.jpeg)
Ray (he/him/his) is a licensed professional counselor who has been practicing since 2006. He graduated from West Chester University with a master’s degree in Clinical Psychology. He has trained at the Philadelphia School of Psychoanalysis and is currently in training at the Gestalt Training Institute of Philadelphia. Having gone through many life transitions himself, Ray believes that humans are capable of profound changes and growth. Ray believes that if we can experience all of life’s moments, we can really live.
Ray (he/him/his) is a licensed professional counselor who has been practicing since 2006. He graduated from West Chester University with a master’s degree in Clinical Psychology. He has trained at the Philadelphia School of Psychoanalysis and is currently in training at the Gestalt Training Institute of Philadelphia. Having gone through many life transitions himself, Ray believes that humans are capable of profound changes and growth. Ray believes that if we can experience all of life’s moments, we can really live.
![Photo of Djola McGowan, LPC, Licensed Psychoanalyst](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/2d7d6431-44ea-474f-9370-c8ed2da0244e/1/320x400.jpeg)
Djola McGowan is a Licensed Professional Counselor who received her Master's Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, at Messiah College. As a first-generation African-American Woman who lived between two countries and two cultures, she identified early the nuances of how race, ethnicity, culture, and tradition directly affect how we all perceive the world.
Djola McGowan is a Licensed Professional Counselor who received her Master's Degree in Clinical Mental Health Counseling, at Messiah College. As a first-generation African-American Woman who lived between two countries and two cultures, she identified early the nuances of how race, ethnicity, culture, and tradition directly affect how we all perceive the world.
![Photo of Mina Mikhail, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/02b92c70-8b23-4c21-811f-ae33454e59db/1/320x400.jpeg)
Are you looking to make meaningful changes in your life? Are you trying to manage difficult events and develop skills to be able to cope and reach your goals? Well, you have come to the right place! I am well trained in evaluating individuals from a biological, psychological, cultural, and social angle. I believe that we are all unique individuals and that treatment must be tailored to each individual's needs and personality. My approach utilizes various modalities, such as: CBT, Insight oriented, person centered, strengths based, and mindfulness based therapies.
Are you looking to make meaningful changes in your life? Are you trying to manage difficult events and develop skills to be able to cope and reach your goals? Well, you have come to the right place! I am well trained in evaluating individuals from a biological, psychological, cultural, and social angle. I believe that we are all unique individuals and that treatment must be tailored to each individual's needs and personality. My approach utilizes various modalities, such as: CBT, Insight oriented, person centered, strengths based, and mindfulness based therapies.
![Photo of Toyye Hargrove, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/cc95d574-8cfe-400e-b635-1e971260c744/2/320x400.jpeg)
Toyye Hargrove is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2019. She has a Master's of Science in Counseling. Toyye is dedicated to listening, processing, and assisting clients with developing their own solutions without judgement and with hopes of developing an improved mindset and overall well-being. Outside of work, Toyye enjoys dancing, spending time with family, and cooking.
Toyye Hargrove is a Licensed Professional Counselor in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2019. She has a Master's of Science in Counseling. Toyye is dedicated to listening, processing, and assisting clients with developing their own solutions without judgement and with hopes of developing an improved mindset and overall well-being. Outside of work, Toyye enjoys dancing, spending time with family, and cooking.
![Photo of Sarah Flores, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1973adb4-f0f1-4d1e-93db-ef425ad4181e/2/320x400.jpeg)
Sarah Flores, LCSW. Sarah Flores is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2018. She obtained her B.A. from Hampshire College and her M.S.S. from Bryn Mawr College School of Social Work and Social Research. Sarah understands that the therapeutic relationship itself can be a healing or harmful one and focuses first and foremost on connecting with each individual client using a trauma-informed lens that seeks to understand each client as a whole person. Therapy is not one size fits all, so Sarah strives to approach each individual with the appropriate expertise needed for their unique struggle.
Sarah Flores, LCSW. Sarah Flores is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2018. She obtained her B.A. from Hampshire College and her M.S.S. from Bryn Mawr College School of Social Work and Social Research. Sarah understands that the therapeutic relationship itself can be a healing or harmful one and focuses first and foremost on connecting with each individual client using a trauma-informed lens that seeks to understand each client as a whole person. Therapy is not one size fits all, so Sarah strives to approach each individual with the appropriate expertise needed for their unique struggle.
![Photo of Jae Swanson, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/230d4c63-fa8e-42e4-a3da-cb6c89a1455a/1/320x400.jpeg)
Jae Swanson (they/them) is a trauma-informed Licensed Professional Counselor and Board-Certified Music Therapist with over 10 years of experience specializing in anxiety, depression, Autism Spectrum, grief/bereavement, terminal illness, LGBTQIA+ issues, gender identity, and issues related to systemic oppression. Jae has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults of all ages, individually and in groups.
Jae Swanson (they/them) is a trauma-informed Licensed Professional Counselor and Board-Certified Music Therapist with over 10 years of experience specializing in anxiety, depression, Autism Spectrum, grief/bereavement, terminal illness, LGBTQIA+ issues, gender identity, and issues related to systemic oppression. Jae has experience working with children, adolescents, and adults of all ages, individually and in groups.
See more therapy options for 19131
How does your Therapist compare?
Number of Therapists in 19131
60+
Average cost per session
$145
Therapists in 19131 who prioritize treating:
88% | Anxiety |
85% | Depression |
78% | Trauma and PTSD |
72% | Relationship Issues |
60% | Grief |
58% | Self Esteem |
55% | Life Transitions |
Average years in practice
12 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
83% | Aetna |
80% | UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH |
74% | Optum |
How Therapists in 19131 see their clients
65% | In Person and Online | |
35% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
79% | Female | |
20% | Male | |
1% | Non-Binary |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling
How can I find a therapist in 19131?
Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?
Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.