Photo of Sarah Moran - Safe Space Matters, MBACP, Counsellor
Safe Space Matters
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Birmingham B1
I draw on the theoretical approaches of Transactional Analysis, Person Centred Counselling and Gestalt.
Perhaps you’re experiencing loss or sadness, are having struggles at work, in your personal life, or in your relationships. Maybe you have difficult situations from your past that get in the way of your happiness in the present. You have experienced trauma or abuse, feel shame, anxiety, or depression. Whatever has brought you to this point, you have found the strength to seek help and that is your first step to taking back control and beginning your personal journey towards healing. A safe space matters to us all, especially at times of turmoil and pain, and that is what you will find here when you need it the most.
I draw on the theoretical approaches of Transactional Analysis, Person Centred Counselling and Gestalt.
Perhaps you’re experiencing loss or sadness, are having struggles at work, in your personal life, or in your relationships. Maybe you have difficult situations from your past that get in the way of your happiness in the present. You have experienced trauma or abuse, feel shame, anxiety, or depression. Whatever has brought you to this point, you have found the strength to seek help and that is your first step to taking back control and beginning your personal journey towards healing. A safe space matters to us all, especially at times of turmoil and pain, and that is what you will find here when you need it the most.
01455 249039 View 01455 249039
Photo of Elizabeth Doggart - Elizabeth Doggart Associates Ltd, PsychD, MBABCP, Psychotherapist
Elizabeth Doggart Associates Ltd
Psychotherapist, PsychD, MBABCP
Verified Verified
Birmingham B17
EDA Associates are a team of highly experienced Counsellors and Psychotherapists providing a range of therapies to help with Anxiety, Depression, OCD, Low Self Esteem and all Trauma based issues including PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). Our therapists are qualified in CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), EMDR (Eye Movement Desenistisation and Reprocessing) and Integrative Counselling. We work with Adults, Children and Adolescents. We see clients who self refer, as well as those who may have insurance such as BUPA or Aviva. We are always happy to discuss your counselling needs prior to your making an appointment.
EDA Associates are a team of highly experienced Counsellors and Psychotherapists providing a range of therapies to help with Anxiety, Depression, OCD, Low Self Esteem and all Trauma based issues including PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder). Our therapists are qualified in CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), EMDR (Eye Movement Desenistisation and Reprocessing) and Integrative Counselling. We work with Adults, Children and Adolescents. We see clients who self refer, as well as those who may have insurance such as BUPA or Aviva. We are always happy to discuss your counselling needs prior to your making an appointment.
0121 285 7990 View 0121 285 7990
Photo of Claire Rhodes, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Claire Rhodes
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Birmingham B13
Hi, my name is Claire and I am a child and adult psychotherapist. Often people don't fully understand why they feel bad and this can lead to confusion and feeling ashamed. The feelings are experienced throughout the whole body and can be so overwhelming that they can lead to panic, depression, anxiety and challenging or self-destructive behaviours. I help clients understand how things are for them right now, validate their challenges and help them see their unique strengths, all within the context of an accepting and compassionate relationship. I use neuro-scientifically informed approaches to help heal
Hi, my name is Claire and I am a child and adult psychotherapist. Often people don't fully understand why they feel bad and this can lead to confusion and feeling ashamed. The feelings are experienced throughout the whole body and can be so overwhelming that they can lead to panic, depression, anxiety and challenging or self-destructive behaviours. I help clients understand how things are for them right now, validate their challenges and help them see their unique strengths, all within the context of an accepting and compassionate relationship. I use neuro-scientifically informed approaches to help heal
01905 975370 View 01905 975370
Photo of Rebecca Dew - Becca Louise, MSc, MBACP, Counsellor
Becca Louise
Counsellor, MSc, MBACP
Verified Verified
Birmingham B36
Counselling room in Castle Bromwich, Solihull, Birmingham and online UK. Hello, I warmly welcome you to my page for details of my trauma informed services. There can be times in life where things can feel overwhelming and challenging and it may be hard to reach out for the help and support that you deserve and that feels right for you. Reaching out for help and support is always a sign of strength and never weakness. During these challenging times, I am offering low cost counselling and psychotherapy which can be made available immediately for you through telephone, and online with me, through Teams, Zoom, Skype and WhatsApp.
Counselling room in Castle Bromwich, Solihull, Birmingham and online UK. Hello, I warmly welcome you to my page for details of my trauma informed services. There can be times in life where things can feel overwhelming and challenging and it may be hard to reach out for the help and support that you deserve and that feels right for you. Reaching out for help and support is always a sign of strength and never weakness. During these challenging times, I am offering low cost counselling and psychotherapy which can be made available immediately for you through telephone, and online with me, through Teams, Zoom, Skype and WhatsApp.
01675 620925 View 01675 620925
Photo of Aaron Lawrence - Perch Therapy , BACP, Counsellor
Perch Therapy
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Birmingham B17  (Online Only)
Get back to life, love and intimacy with interactive appointments suited to fit you. You can form powerful, positive cycles with a clear plan of action. If you are looking for someone non-judgemental & informative to connect with & help you overcome, we are here. Some areas treated by my associates and I are: Relationships / Couples Counselling, Compulsive Sexual Behaviour (including problematic porn use), Anxiety, Depression, Low Self-Confidence & Distressed Eating. Deep within yourself you have the answers, we're just here to help you find them.
Get back to life, love and intimacy with interactive appointments suited to fit you. You can form powerful, positive cycles with a clear plan of action. If you are looking for someone non-judgemental & informative to connect with & help you overcome, we are here. Some areas treated by my associates and I are: Relationships / Couples Counselling, Compulsive Sexual Behaviour (including problematic porn use), Anxiety, Depression, Low Self-Confidence & Distressed Eating. Deep within yourself you have the answers, we're just here to help you find them.
020 3893 2387 View 020 3893 2387
Photo of Beata Bakiej, MBACP, Counsellor
Beata Bakiej
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Birmingham B14  (Online Only)
Life has a way of taking us down some pretty rough roads at times, and it can make us feel alone, anxious, angry, confused, all sorts of emotions, that when left can build and bring us down even further. Sometimes we can feel overwhelmed and it can interfere with our enjoyment of life and keep us stuck. Breath, you are not alone. Sometimes you just need someone to hear you. I’m here to listen and assist you with the issues you are experiencing. I have a passion for helping people learn to cope with and overcome the issues that are hindering their lives. It can be daunting to reach out, but that is where I can help.
Life has a way of taking us down some pretty rough roads at times, and it can make us feel alone, anxious, angry, confused, all sorts of emotions, that when left can build and bring us down even further. Sometimes we can feel overwhelmed and it can interfere with our enjoyment of life and keep us stuck. Breath, you are not alone. Sometimes you just need someone to hear you. I’m here to listen and assist you with the issues you are experiencing. I have a passion for helping people learn to cope with and overcome the issues that are hindering their lives. It can be daunting to reach out, but that is where I can help.
01527 918549 View 01527 918549
Photo of Roliste Jerman, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Roliste Jerman
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Birmingham B15
For the last few years, I have worked extensively with individuals and young people. My approach is integrative which means I draw on several therapeutic models to help tackle the complex needs that clients can present with.
For the last few years, I have worked extensively with individuals and young people. My approach is integrative which means I draw on several therapeutic models to help tackle the complex needs that clients can present with.
01933 823309 View 01933 823309
Photo of Vikki Harvey - Vikki Harvey Counselling, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Vikki Harvey Counselling
Counsellor, DCounsPsych, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Birmingham B1
Therapy is scary but so rewarding and enlightening. If you are looking to improve your understanding of yourself, and move forward with your life in a positive way, then get in touch for a free confidential consultation. Working therapeutically online has changed greatly in recent years and I have extensive experience of working successfully with clients on line. Imagine no travelling to appointments, but instead sitting in the comfort and safety of your own home, relaxed in the knowledge you are receiving first class therapy.
Therapy is scary but so rewarding and enlightening. If you are looking to improve your understanding of yourself, and move forward with your life in a positive way, then get in touch for a free confidential consultation. Working therapeutically online has changed greatly in recent years and I have extensive experience of working successfully with clients on line. Imagine no travelling to appointments, but instead sitting in the comfort and safety of your own home, relaxed in the knowledge you are receiving first class therapy.
01271 443526 View 01271 443526
Photo of Robin Lefever - Promis Clinics
Promis Clinics
Verified Verified
Birmingham B5
We offer intensive residential treatment with 24-hour nursing and medical care alongside psychological, psychotherapeutic and psychiatric services all within a caring and stylish homely environment.
We offer intensive residential treatment with 24-hour nursing and medical care alongside psychological, psychotherapeutic and psychiatric services all within a caring and stylish homely environment.
020 3958 4322 View 020 3958 4322
Photo of Deborah Grice-Griffin, MNCPS Acc., Counsellor
Deborah Grice-Griffin
Counsellor, MNCPS Acc.
Verified Verified
Birmingham B24
Your mental health is important. If you have any issues or concerns that are affecting your well-being or feel that you are struggling with your emotions or you just sense that having someone to talk to could affect real change in your life, then now is the right time to explore Counselling, whether you are an adult or child counselling can help you. My name is Debbie and I have worked with both adults and children helping them through a variety of issues and concerns, whether it's anxiety, stress, grief, depression, low self-esteem, feeling overwhelmed, I'm here to help.
Your mental health is important. If you have any issues or concerns that are affecting your well-being or feel that you are struggling with your emotions or you just sense that having someone to talk to could affect real change in your life, then now is the right time to explore Counselling, whether you are an adult or child counselling can help you. My name is Debbie and I have worked with both adults and children helping them through a variety of issues and concerns, whether it's anxiety, stress, grief, depression, low self-esteem, feeling overwhelmed, I'm here to help.
01299 666667 View 01299 666667

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Christian Dixon - The AoC Trust / The Arts of Change Trust, HCPC-Drama Therap., Counsellor
The AoC Trust / The Arts of Change Trust
Counsellor, HCPC-Drama Therap.
Verified Verified
Dudley DY1
We offer a wide range of modalities including art therapy, integrative counselling, play therapy, psychotherapy, person-centred, gestalt, CBT, art therapy and more.
Creative Arts Therapies & Traditional Talking Therapies. At The AoC Trust we really want to support families needing emotional help; couples trying to save their relationship or an individual looking for professional counselling/therapy in order to work through and heal psychological or social difficulties. If you cannot travel to us we can support you via telephone or video call. We are based in Central Dudley just a few minutes from the town centre and local bus station where we have our own lovely therapeutic rooms and training spaces and provide a fantastic team of registered and qualified therapeutic clinicians.
We offer a wide range of modalities including art therapy, integrative counselling, play therapy, psychotherapy, person-centred, gestalt, CBT, art therapy and more.
Creative Arts Therapies & Traditional Talking Therapies. At The AoC Trust we really want to support families needing emotional help; couples trying to save their relationship or an individual looking for professional counselling/therapy in order to work through and heal psychological or social difficulties. If you cannot travel to us we can support you via telephone or video call. We are based in Central Dudley just a few minutes from the town centre and local bus station where we have our own lovely therapeutic rooms and training spaces and provide a fantastic team of registered and qualified therapeutic clinicians.
01384 319264 View 01384 319264
Photo of Becky Lunson Southall - Prohealth Uk, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Prohealth Uk
Psychotherapist, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Little Aston B74
Welcome to ProhealthUK. We are a dedicated team of therapists, counsellors and coahes providing a wide range of services. Our mission is to help you to make changes, be self-empowered and feel more content.
Welcome to ProhealthUK. We are a dedicated team of therapists, counsellors and coahes providing a wide range of services. Our mission is to help you to make changes, be self-empowered and feel more content.
01543 398248 View 01543 398248
Photo of Karolina Standing, BACP, Counsellor
Karolina Standing
Counsellor, BACP
Verified Verified
Wood End B94
My passion is to help people overcome the problems in their lives that are stopping them from being who they truly want to be. I offer both, short and long-term therapy. I believe that counselling can help individuals live fuller, more satisfying lives. Clients come to me with a wide range of concerns, such as interpersonal difficulties, family problems, anxiety, depression, mental health concerns, grief and many more. Over time I have seen therapy assist people with developing insight, learning about themselves and learning to look at themselves and the world around them differently.
My passion is to help people overcome the problems in their lives that are stopping them from being who they truly want to be. I offer both, short and long-term therapy. I believe that counselling can help individuals live fuller, more satisfying lives. Clients come to me with a wide range of concerns, such as interpersonal difficulties, family problems, anxiety, depression, mental health concerns, grief and many more. Over time I have seen therapy assist people with developing insight, learning about themselves and learning to look at themselves and the world around them differently.
01527 962682 View 01527 962682

Online Therapists

Photo of Melanie Louise Dale, MBACP, Counsellor
Melanie Louise Dale
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Hampton TW12
Hello, I'm Mel , an experienced Psychotherapist and Counsellor working with children, teenagers and adults. My specialism is working with teenagers and young people. I help people struggling with anxiety, depression, panic disorder, anger management, social anxiety, suicidal thoughts and feeling sad. I am an Integrative Counsellor, where I draw upon many approaches to suit my clients including: Play Therapy, Trauma Focused, Person Centred, Psychodynamic, Gestalt and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy( CBT) . It takes courage to reach out and ask for support. So , it's important to find a counsellor who you feel comfortable with.
Hello, I'm Mel , an experienced Psychotherapist and Counsellor working with children, teenagers and adults. My specialism is working with teenagers and young people. I help people struggling with anxiety, depression, panic disorder, anger management, social anxiety, suicidal thoughts and feeling sad. I am an Integrative Counsellor, where I draw upon many approaches to suit my clients including: Play Therapy, Trauma Focused, Person Centred, Psychodynamic, Gestalt and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy( CBT) . It takes courage to reach out and ask for support. So , it's important to find a counsellor who you feel comfortable with.
023 9431 1838 View 023 9431 1838
Photo of Marilyn Allen - Dr Marilyn Allen, PhD, MBACP, Counsellor
Dr Marilyn Allen
Counsellor, PhD, MBACP
Verified Verified
London W1G
Approaches used include Psychodynamic, Transpersonal, Transactional Analysis and Gestalt.
Therapeutic Counselling using the Arts, encompasses therapy and developmental psychology which enables me to work with and support clients to develop skills, to understand their personal circumstances better. Such skills are then internalised over time which helps their situation to be more manageable. l offer a safe, non-judgemental and confidential environment to support our work, which brings skills of heightened empathy, observational skills and counter-transference into the clinical work, & broadens the experience for the client. I strongly believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship and its impact on our work.
Approaches used include Psychodynamic, Transpersonal, Transactional Analysis and Gestalt.
Therapeutic Counselling using the Arts, encompasses therapy and developmental psychology which enables me to work with and support clients to develop skills, to understand their personal circumstances better. Such skills are then internalised over time which helps their situation to be more manageable. l offer a safe, non-judgemental and confidential environment to support our work, which brings skills of heightened empathy, observational skills and counter-transference into the clinical work, & broadens the experience for the client. I strongly believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship and its impact on our work.
020 3962 2187 View 020 3962 2187
Photo of Elena Gava, MBACP, Counsellor
Elena Gava
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Bristol BS1  (Online Only)
I Integrate different approaches, Person-Centred as foundation TA helps understand and establish healthy relationship, Gestalt- understanding how past impact present time, element of CBT identify the root causing of your anxiety and enable to reduce its power by reconnecting your mind with your thoughts, feelings and your physical response to those feelings.
Hi I’m Elena UK qualified an Integrative counsellor, specialising working with a range of issues including high functioning anxiety, emotional distress, work issues, perfectionism, all- or nothing thinking, ADHD, OCD, confidence & self-esteem, relationship issues, people pleasing, The focus, for me, is on the client’s experience of their life and potentially working through the areas that may feel stuck, due to impact of strong inner critic or guilt as a result of difficult issues maybe from childhood abuse, neglect. I work with the LGBTQIA+ community and embrace difference and diversity in my practice.
I Integrate different approaches, Person-Centred as foundation TA helps understand and establish healthy relationship, Gestalt- understanding how past impact present time, element of CBT identify the root causing of your anxiety and enable to reduce its power by reconnecting your mind with your thoughts, feelings and your physical response to those feelings.
Hi I’m Elena UK qualified an Integrative counsellor, specialising working with a range of issues including high functioning anxiety, emotional distress, work issues, perfectionism, all- or nothing thinking, ADHD, OCD, confidence & self-esteem, relationship issues, people pleasing, The focus, for me, is on the client’s experience of their life and potentially working through the areas that may feel stuck, due to impact of strong inner critic or guilt as a result of difficult issues maybe from childhood abuse, neglect. I work with the LGBTQIA+ community and embrace difference and diversity in my practice.
023 8254 1966 View 023 8254 1966
Photo of Jo Phillips - Jeau Therapy (Austim/ADHD specialist), MBACP, Psychotherapist
Jeau Therapy (Austim/ADHD specialist)
Psychotherapist, MBACP
Verified Verified
Camberley GU16
In addition to the traditional talking therapy I like to use art, sand play, pebbles and gestalt therapy in my sessions.
Im a neurodivergent and LGBTQ+ affirming therapist. Struggles with anxiety, depression, trauma, overwhelm & relationship problems? My therapy room is a place where clients can unmask and be their authentic selves, and Autistic/ADHD clients can stim freely without judgment.I work with all neurotypes but my experience and training has enabled me to work effectively with neurodivergent clients,(ASD/ADHD) I am aware of sensory overload, overstimulation and autistic burnout and for those struggling with eye contact my rooms can easily be adapted to suit clients needs. I also have additional qualifications in Child Sexual Abuse and Shame
In addition to the traditional talking therapy I like to use art, sand play, pebbles and gestalt therapy in my sessions.
Im a neurodivergent and LGBTQ+ affirming therapist. Struggles with anxiety, depression, trauma, overwhelm & relationship problems? My therapy room is a place where clients can unmask and be their authentic selves, and Autistic/ADHD clients can stim freely without judgment.I work with all neurotypes but my experience and training has enabled me to work effectively with neurodivergent clients,(ASD/ADHD) I am aware of sensory overload, overstimulation and autistic burnout and for those struggling with eye contact my rooms can easily be adapted to suit clients needs. I also have additional qualifications in Child Sexual Abuse and Shame
01483 968080 View 01483 968080
Photo of Elizabeth Jane Straker - TeenMatters, MSc, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
TeenMatters
Psychotherapist, MSc, MUKCP
Verified Verified
Twickenham TW1
We bring a variety of approaches and skills but have been most influenced by the following – gestalt; mindfulness; arts based therapies; attachment theory; positive psychology and CBT.
Are you a parent, teenager or child looking for support from an experienced and compassionate counsellor to work through challenges and reach a better place? We offer both counselling and coaching and tailor our service to your needs by working with the individual child or teenager, the parent or both. We are experts in treating common psychological problems faced by young people today. We create a safe and comfortable environment in which they can explore these issues. As well as being highly trained psychotherapists, we are also parents with plenty of real life experience of navigating the challenges that family life can bring.
We bring a variety of approaches and skills but have been most influenced by the following – gestalt; mindfulness; arts based therapies; attachment theory; positive psychology and CBT.
Are you a parent, teenager or child looking for support from an experienced and compassionate counsellor to work through challenges and reach a better place? We offer both counselling and coaching and tailor our service to your needs by working with the individual child or teenager, the parent or both. We are experts in treating common psychological problems faced by young people today. We create a safe and comfortable environment in which they can explore these issues. As well as being highly trained psychotherapists, we are also parents with plenty of real life experience of navigating the challenges that family life can bring.
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Photo of Olivia Georgia Brewin - Carrington Counselling and Wellbeing , MBACP, Counsellor
Carrington Counselling and Wellbeing
Counsellor, MBACP
Verified Verified
Shrewsbury SY3
Hello, I am a Integrative Counsellor Psychotherapist in modalities including CBT, Person Centered, Psychodynamic, Gestalt and Transactional Analysis. I found myself drawn to Integrative Counselling due to my belief no two people are the same. In order to truly help an individual I feel you need to draw on different modalities, tailoring a therapy unique to them and their life journey. I am BACP registered and always demonstrate their beliefs and values being non judgmental and congruent, creating a safe environment for my clients to explore their thoughts and feelings. Please feel free to contact with any questions you may have.
Hello, I am a Integrative Counsellor Psychotherapist in modalities including CBT, Person Centered, Psychodynamic, Gestalt and Transactional Analysis. I found myself drawn to Integrative Counselling due to my belief no two people are the same. In order to truly help an individual I feel you need to draw on different modalities, tailoring a therapy unique to them and their life journey. I am BACP registered and always demonstrate their beliefs and values being non judgmental and congruent, creating a safe environment for my clients to explore their thoughts and feelings. Please feel free to contact with any questions you may have.
07723 466061 View 07723 466061
Photo of Monika Vrbjarova, DCounsPsych, MUKCP, Psychotherapist
Monika Vrbjarova
Psychotherapist, DCounsPsych, MUKCP
Verified Verified
London W2
I use various modalities in my work, depending on my client's needs, from Psychodynamic approaches through Humanistic, Gestalt, Existential to Transpersonal and Jungian concepts.
LIVE YOUR BEST LIFE. THE TIME IS NOW. I have named my website as the Sacred Voice Therapy, because I truly believe we all have that innermost voice within us. Some call it "gut feeling" others "intuition". However we "label" it, it is always there for us to access it. Are you looking for a long lasting Change? Are you questioning the point of it all? Are you curious about your full potential? Do you want to live your life boldly and fully? Do you have questions around true emotional intimacy? Are you wondering about your inner peace and equanimity?
I use various modalities in my work, depending on my client's needs, from Psychodynamic approaches through Humanistic, Gestalt, Existential to Transpersonal and Jungian concepts.
LIVE YOUR BEST LIFE. THE TIME IS NOW. I have named my website as the Sacred Voice Therapy, because I truly believe we all have that innermost voice within us. Some call it "gut feeling" others "intuition". However we "label" it, it is always there for us to access it. Are you looking for a long lasting Change? Are you questioning the point of it all? Are you curious about your full potential? Do you want to live your life boldly and fully? Do you have questions around true emotional intimacy? Are you wondering about your inner peace and equanimity?
020 3910 6719 View 020 3910 6719

See more therapy options for Birmingham

Gestalt Counsellors

What is gestalt therapy?

Gestalt therapy is based on the idea that to address unresolved negative feelings, emotions must be not only discussed but also actively expressed in the present moment. The term is from a German word meaning “whole,” and gestalt therapists believe that people should be considered whole entities made up of mind, body, and emotions. Gestalt sessions are rooted in the notion that a client’s total self must be discovered, explored, and confronted, so that they can take greater responsibility for themselves and their behaviour, learn to satisfy their own needs while still respecting the needs of others, and reconnect with feelings they might otherwise deny.

How does gestalt therapy work?

Gestalt therapy sessions do not just involve talking with a therapist. Clients may take part in role-playing, re-enactment, or artistic exercises like drawing and painting, with the goal of becoming more aware of negative thought patterns that limit happiness. One common gestalt exercise is “the empty chair,” in which a client sits across from an empty chair representing a partner, relative, boss, or a part of themselves—and, with the therapist’s encouragement, improvises a dialog with it. The intention is to bring the emotions raised by past conflicts into the present and work through them in the moment.

How long does gestalt therapy last?

As with most forms of talk therapy, there is no set duration or end point for gestalt therapy; people who believe that they are making progress typically continue until they feel they’ve addressed the issues that had been holding them back. New patients should understand that it may take some time to become comfortable with gestalt exercises but once they do, they should expect sessions to extend for a number of months, typically spanning at least 12 sessions.

Does gestalt therapy work?

Gestalt therapy has generally been found to be as effective as other forms of talk therapy in helping people living with anxiety, depression, phobias, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorders, as well as helping individuals reduce conflict in relationships. Gestalt techniques, on their own or in combination with other therapies, can also be effective in managing physical ailments including ulcerative colitis, migraines, and back spasms. It should be noted that some people may have trouble adapting to gestalt therapy’s lack of formal structure or to a therapist’s close observations of their body language and emotions; others may struggle to commit to techniques that feel unnatural, like the empty chair exercise.