Photo of Regine Senior-Dunkly, MEd, CCPA, Registered Psychotherapist
Regine Senior-Dunkly
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, CCPA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C
In order to support individuals on their healing journey, I use an integrative approach which includes: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic therapy, Person-centered approaches, and Mindfulness.
I am passionate about encouraging clients to not only survive, but to thrive in their everyday lives by healing from past traumas and learning new ways to cope with various life challenges. I believe that everyone has the potential to be their best selves with the help of genuine and non-judgemental support. I have worked with both youth and adults presenting with a variety of issues such as low self-esteem, body image issues, depression, anxiety, and grief. I am also trained in suicide prevention (ASIST).
In order to support individuals on their healing journey, I use an integrative approach which includes: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Psychodynamic therapy, Person-centered approaches, and Mindfulness.
I am passionate about encouraging clients to not only survive, but to thrive in their everyday lives by healing from past traumas and learning new ways to cope with various life challenges. I believe that everyone has the potential to be their best selves with the help of genuine and non-judgemental support. I have worked with both youth and adults presenting with a variety of issues such as low self-esteem, body image issues, depression, anxiety, and grief. I am also trained in suicide prevention (ASIST).
(647) 952-2554 View (647) 952-2554
Photo of Melanie Viglas, MA, PhD, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Melanie Viglas
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C
My approach is psychodynamic and integrative.
I view therapy as a collaborative journey. I view my role as a witness and guide on this journey as we explore and bring warmth and curiosity to your experiences, emotions, and beliefs. I strive to support your unique needs and goals while bringing forth and honouring your sources of strength and beauty. Whatever you bring to the therapeutic space, my priority is to hold an empathic and safe space in which you feel valued, cared for and seen.
My approach is psychodynamic and integrative.
I view therapy as a collaborative journey. I view my role as a witness and guide on this journey as we explore and bring warmth and curiosity to your experiences, emotions, and beliefs. I strive to support your unique needs and goals while bringing forth and honouring your sources of strength and beauty. Whatever you bring to the therapeutic space, my priority is to hold an empathic and safe space in which you feel valued, cared for and seen.
Photo of Margarita Miniovich, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Margarita Miniovich
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
I use an array of psychotherapeutic modalities such as Internal Family Systems (IFS, Level 3), psychodynamic and mindfulness-based, as well as drawing on somatic approaches.
My belief is that people come to therapy to have an experience that is markedly different from what they encounter in their daily life. My training and experience allow me to have the tools to provide an opportunity for that different experience, whether it is getting relief from anxiety, finding grace and gratitude in the midst of grief, or gaining clarity and calm in a situation of overwhelm and confusion. We work collaboratively and creatively to uncover the root causes of your distress or dissatisfaction, and address them without re-traumatization. Our work together is safe, deep, transformative, and often spontaneously joyous.
I use an array of psychotherapeutic modalities such as Internal Family Systems (IFS, Level 3), psychodynamic and mindfulness-based, as well as drawing on somatic approaches.
My belief is that people come to therapy to have an experience that is markedly different from what they encounter in their daily life. My training and experience allow me to have the tools to provide an opportunity for that different experience, whether it is getting relief from anxiety, finding grace and gratitude in the midst of grief, or gaining clarity and calm in a situation of overwhelm and confusion. We work collaboratively and creatively to uncover the root causes of your distress or dissatisfaction, and address them without re-traumatization. Our work together is safe, deep, transformative, and often spontaneously joyous.
(647) 905-5403 View (647) 905-5403
Photo of Marina Vinokurov Psychotherapy, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Marina Vinokurov Psychotherapy
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C
I am extensively trained and experienced in providing trauma informed, psychodynamic, attachment focused and sensorimotor (body based) psychotherapy.
I am a registered social worker with over 16 years of experience in providing individual and family therapy in adult and children mental health settings. I support individuals and families with interpersonal challenges, mental health concerns, coping with childhood trauma, work stress, transitions and emotional concerns. My work is focused on compassionately exploring and transforming deeply rooted, unsettling patterns in relationship with self and others. In therapeutic relationship where my clients feel deeply understood, we integrate relational, emotional, cognitive and body-oriented experiences to facilitate meaningful change.
I am extensively trained and experienced in providing trauma informed, psychodynamic, attachment focused and sensorimotor (body based) psychotherapy.
I am a registered social worker with over 16 years of experience in providing individual and family therapy in adult and children mental health settings. I support individuals and families with interpersonal challenges, mental health concerns, coping with childhood trauma, work stress, transitions and emotional concerns. My work is focused on compassionately exploring and transforming deeply rooted, unsettling patterns in relationship with self and others. In therapeutic relationship where my clients feel deeply understood, we integrate relational, emotional, cognitive and body-oriented experiences to facilitate meaningful change.
(647) 696-8516 View (647) 696-8516
Photo of Peter Stathakos - Peter Stathakos & Associates Inc, BBA, MDiv, MSW, CMAT, CSAT, Registered Social Worker
Peter Stathakos & Associates Inc
Registered Social Worker, BBA, MDiv, MSW, CMAT, CSAT
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C
I specialize in creating customized treatment plans for individuals/couples struggling with sexual dysfunctions and addictions. Sexual Trauma, Porn Addiction, Love Addiction and Sex Crimes are my specialties. My approach not only supports those facing these challenges but also helps partners and families who may feel confused and hurt. According to Parole Services, no one under my care has ever sexually re-offended, and only five couples have ever separated while working with me. I also help with sexual enhancement, intimacy growth, and relationship recovery. Imagine the possibilities that effective therapy can bring to your life.
I specialize in creating customized treatment plans for individuals/couples struggling with sexual dysfunctions and addictions. Sexual Trauma, Porn Addiction, Love Addiction and Sex Crimes are my specialties. My approach not only supports those facing these challenges but also helps partners and families who may feel confused and hurt. According to Parole Services, no one under my care has ever sexually re-offended, and only five couples have ever separated while working with me. I also help with sexual enhancement, intimacy growth, and relationship recovery. Imagine the possibilities that effective therapy can bring to your life.
(437) 800-8860 View (437) 800-8860
Photo of Natasha Batshon, MA, CNP, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Natasha Batshon
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, CNP, RP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C
I work with adults in individual therapy. I can help bring awareness to the specific obstacles that may be preventing you from living a more fulfilling life. Together, we can make shifts in your relationship with yourself, others, and the world around you that will support your goals. I will provide you with both a nurturing environment and the necessary tools for you to explore what's possible and move beyond what's currently holding you back from continued growth. Together, we’ll work through internal and external barriers so that you can develop strong coping mechanisms and skills that you can rely on.
I work with adults in individual therapy. I can help bring awareness to the specific obstacles that may be preventing you from living a more fulfilling life. Together, we can make shifts in your relationship with yourself, others, and the world around you that will support your goals. I will provide you with both a nurturing environment and the necessary tools for you to explore what's possible and move beyond what's currently holding you back from continued growth. Together, we’ll work through internal and external barriers so that you can develop strong coping mechanisms and skills that you can rely on.
(647) 490-6416 View (647) 490-6416
Photo of Mazda Kahnamuyipour, RP, CRPO, Registered Psychotherapist
Mazda Kahnamuyipour
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, CRPO
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C
Underneath your lack of energy and motivation , anger and shame, low self esteem, indecision and anxiety, there are feelings that need to be explored. How we create interest and curiosity, is and will be the foundation of future possibilities and choices. I will provide the support you need to start this journey and then will challenge you and offer new choices in a way that empowers you. Once trust is developed through our work together and you start to see new possibilities, you will join me with curiosity to challenge old patterns . I am available for both online as well as in person sessions at my office on St Clair Avenue.
Underneath your lack of energy and motivation , anger and shame, low self esteem, indecision and anxiety, there are feelings that need to be explored. How we create interest and curiosity, is and will be the foundation of future possibilities and choices. I will provide the support you need to start this journey and then will challenge you and offer new choices in a way that empowers you. Once trust is developed through our work together and you start to see new possibilities, you will join me with curiosity to challenge old patterns . I am available for both online as well as in person sessions at my office on St Clair Avenue.
(647) 930-7793 View (647) 930-7793
Photo of Karen Lynn Goslin, BSW, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Karen Lynn Goslin
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C
With over 30 years of clinical experience, I welcome Children, Teens, Adults, Couples & Families into my practice who are facing anxiety, depression, anger, trauma, grief, addiction, chronic pain/illness, or stress from relationship conflicts. I specialize in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Relapse Prevention Therapy, and Self-Care which are personalized to your unique circumstance. I also provide a special Couple's Program and a Deeper Healing Program that addresses pain and utilizes strength to repair.
With over 30 years of clinical experience, I welcome Children, Teens, Adults, Couples & Families into my practice who are facing anxiety, depression, anger, trauma, grief, addiction, chronic pain/illness, or stress from relationship conflicts. I specialize in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Relapse Prevention Therapy, and Self-Care which are personalized to your unique circumstance. I also provide a special Couple's Program and a Deeper Healing Program that addresses pain and utilizes strength to repair.
(647) 696-9623 View (647) 696-9623
Photo of Nubia Alfonso - Heart Mind Therapy & Team, MSW-RSW, Registered Social Worker
Heart Mind Therapy & Team
Registered Social Worker, MSW-RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
You deserve to be free and to live a full and happy life! It is our genuine desire that you experience personal freedom. From this safe space you will be able to discover your true identity that will help you connect that Heart-Mind Unity that helps you live from the Fullness of Being. You will be able to dismantle negative beliefs and perceptions about life and find the wisdom to solve present difficulties. You will learn to restore healthy perspectives that will lead you to realize your dreams, resolve conflicting desires, navigate the demands that are made on you, and find meaning to your existence.
You deserve to be free and to live a full and happy life! It is our genuine desire that you experience personal freedom. From this safe space you will be able to discover your true identity that will help you connect that Heart-Mind Unity that helps you live from the Fullness of Being. You will be able to dismantle negative beliefs and perceptions about life and find the wisdom to solve present difficulties. You will learn to restore healthy perspectives that will lead you to realize your dreams, resolve conflicting desires, navigate the demands that are made on you, and find meaning to your existence.
(647) 905-9346 View (647) 905-9346
Photo of Avrum AN Nadigel, MSW, RSW, BComm, Registered Social Worker
Avrum AN Nadigel
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, BComm
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
Since the mid-90s, I have worked with singles who fear commitment, gridlocked couples, and parents who worry about their teens. Informed by Bowen Family Systems Theory, I have learned what works (and what to avoid) to foster deeply meaningful relationships. I have published three books on fear of commitment, marriage and family therapy. I live in Toronto, Ontario with my wife - a child psychiatrist - our three boys, some fish and two gerbils.
Since the mid-90s, I have worked with singles who fear commitment, gridlocked couples, and parents who worry about their teens. Informed by Bowen Family Systems Theory, I have learned what works (and what to avoid) to foster deeply meaningful relationships. I have published three books on fear of commitment, marriage and family therapy. I live in Toronto, Ontario with my wife - a child psychiatrist - our three boys, some fish and two gerbils.
(437) 370-3540 View (437) 370-3540
Photo of Julia Walter, RSW, MSW, BSW, Registered Social Worker
Julia Walter
Registered Social Worker, RSW, MSW, BSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
There are moments in our lives where we feel stuck or moments of crisis where we have done things that we don't feel ok about. We may be living with persistent fears, thoughts, and behaviours that frighten us, or no longer align with who we are. We may experience difficulties in our relationships or trouble managing the world. We may suffer from current experiences of harm and violence, the wounds from our past, or repeating patterns and behaviours that no longer serve us. In these moments, it’s important to have a space to process our fears, pain, and our hopes while building skills, self-compassion, and a vision for ourselves.
There are moments in our lives where we feel stuck or moments of crisis where we have done things that we don't feel ok about. We may be living with persistent fears, thoughts, and behaviours that frighten us, or no longer align with who we are. We may experience difficulties in our relationships or trouble managing the world. We may suffer from current experiences of harm and violence, the wounds from our past, or repeating patterns and behaviours that no longer serve us. In these moments, it’s important to have a space to process our fears, pain, and our hopes while building skills, self-compassion, and a vision for ourselves.
(647) 370-8316 View (647) 370-8316
Photo of Joanna Tonken, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Joanna Tonken
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
When did becoming an adult get so tough? Do you ever feel like you woke up one day, and even though you followed all the steps you were supposed to, you continue to feel overwhelmed with anxieties about your life and the future? Did pressures from your family and friends lead you into a career path that you don’t love or a relationship that is unfulfilling, and now you’re wondering how to get your life back? I understand what it is like to reach a certain stage in life and feel misguided, unsupported, and unsure of yourself.
When did becoming an adult get so tough? Do you ever feel like you woke up one day, and even though you followed all the steps you were supposed to, you continue to feel overwhelmed with anxieties about your life and the future? Did pressures from your family and friends lead you into a career path that you don’t love or a relationship that is unfulfilling, and now you’re wondering how to get your life back? I understand what it is like to reach a certain stage in life and feel misguided, unsupported, and unsure of yourself.
(647) 795-9235 View (647) 795-9235
Photo of Marlee Rubel, MEd, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Marlee Rubel
Registered Psychotherapist, MEd, RP
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
I work with adults and couples to help them move towards a state of continued growth, compassion, and self-awareness in a way that is collaborative, strengths-based, and empowering. I believe in creating a client-therapist relationship that fosters authenticity, support, and space for both acceptance, and for change. This can begin in our very first session. Together, we can begin to tease apart the adaptive approaches to dealing with and moving through life you've grown accustomed to, and begin to decipher which of these patterns are serving you, and which you may be interested in moving beyond.
I work with adults and couples to help them move towards a state of continued growth, compassion, and self-awareness in a way that is collaborative, strengths-based, and empowering. I believe in creating a client-therapist relationship that fosters authenticity, support, and space for both acceptance, and for change. This can begin in our very first session. Together, we can begin to tease apart the adaptive approaches to dealing with and moving through life you've grown accustomed to, and begin to decipher which of these patterns are serving you, and which you may be interested in moving beyond.
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Photo of Karen Jennifer Redhill-Feinstein, MA, PhD, C, Psych, Assoc, Psychological Associate
Karen Jennifer Redhill-Feinstein
Psychological Associate, MA, PhD, C, Psych, Assoc
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C
I believe in an empathic, collaborative approach, so that you may always be part of the therapeutic process. Psychotherapy allows for a unique relationship, whereby the focus of attention is on understanding you. It provides an opportunity for openness, trust and honesty, often difficult in other interpersonal situations. It can help you to increase your resilience to life challenges and improve relationships. I use a range of therapy modalities according to the best fit for your needs and personality. Greater meaning in life can be achieved by longer term therapy, but also brief periods of therapy which are cumulative.
I believe in an empathic, collaborative approach, so that you may always be part of the therapeutic process. Psychotherapy allows for a unique relationship, whereby the focus of attention is on understanding you. It provides an opportunity for openness, trust and honesty, often difficult in other interpersonal situations. It can help you to increase your resilience to life challenges and improve relationships. I use a range of therapy modalities according to the best fit for your needs and personality. Greater meaning in life can be achieved by longer term therapy, but also brief periods of therapy which are cumulative.
(844) 402-3980 View (844) 402-3980
Photo of Sheldon Howard, LLB, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Sheldon Howard
Registered Social Worker, LLB, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
If you're struggling with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, substance use, parenting or relationship issues including codependency, anger, loss/grief or a difficult life transition, I offer compassionate, in-depth and practical support. My goal is for you to emerge from our work feeling validated and empowered. You will gain improved coping and communication skills; connect with your own strengths and a deeper understanding of your authentic self and how to make the changes you seek. Free yourself from the feeling of being stuck in old ways that don't fit for you. There are better options. We can find them together.
If you're struggling with anxiety, depression, self-esteem, trauma, substance use, parenting or relationship issues including codependency, anger, loss/grief or a difficult life transition, I offer compassionate, in-depth and practical support. My goal is for you to emerge from our work feeling validated and empowered. You will gain improved coping and communication skills; connect with your own strengths and a deeper understanding of your authentic self and how to make the changes you seek. Free yourself from the feeling of being stuck in old ways that don't fit for you. There are better options. We can find them together.
(647) 371-5870 View (647) 371-5870
Photo of Alessia Ottaviani, BA, Dipl, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Alessia Ottaviani
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, Dipl, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
How to find hope? How do you heal the ache you feel inside? If you are feeling overwhelmed, engaging in therapy can help you feel calm again! Life's challenges keep you feeling STUCK. Something isn’t working and you want to know how to improve. You are SMART and determined to make changes to get the most out of life. You hold the answers you are searching for. My expertise shines a light on what you have ignored or forgotten. I will help you gain clarity and self-awareness to make the changes you SEEK.
How to find hope? How do you heal the ache you feel inside? If you are feeling overwhelmed, engaging in therapy can help you feel calm again! Life's challenges keep you feeling STUCK. Something isn’t working and you want to know how to improve. You are SMART and determined to make changes to get the most out of life. You hold the answers you are searching for. My expertise shines a light on what you have ignored or forgotten. I will help you gain clarity and self-awareness to make the changes you SEEK.
(647) 800-4739 View (647) 800-4739
Photo of Glenda Carman-Gray, MSW, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Glenda Carman-Gray
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C
As a Registered Social Worker and Psychotherapist, through in-person or video counselling, I provide goal-oriented therapy (ERP, ACT, ICBT, MBCT) specializing in the areas of OCD & Anxiety (see IOCDF listing https://iocdf.org/providers/carman-gray-glenda/). My entire practice is devoted to the treatment of adults (18+) suffering with OCD, Anxiety, BFRBs & other related disorders. In therapy we work to better manage anxiety & feared and intrusive thoughts, strengthen coping skills, build self-esteem, reduce negative self talk, learn how to be self-compassionate, and address obsessive thoughts & compulsions/rituals.
As a Registered Social Worker and Psychotherapist, through in-person or video counselling, I provide goal-oriented therapy (ERP, ACT, ICBT, MBCT) specializing in the areas of OCD & Anxiety (see IOCDF listing https://iocdf.org/providers/carman-gray-glenda/). My entire practice is devoted to the treatment of adults (18+) suffering with OCD, Anxiety, BFRBs & other related disorders. In therapy we work to better manage anxiety & feared and intrusive thoughts, strengthen coping skills, build self-esteem, reduce negative self talk, learn how to be self-compassionate, and address obsessive thoughts & compulsions/rituals.
(647) 492-4610 View (647) 492-4610
Photo of Marlene Rivier - The Counselling Group, MSW RSW, PhD, CCC, RP, Psychologist
The Counselling Group
Psychologist, MSW RSW, PhD, CCC, RP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6C
Our Masters/PhD level certified and experienced mental health professionals at The Counselling Group provide psychological assessments as well as a full range of psychotherapy, counselling and support services for children, adolescents, and adults. We offer individual, couple, family & group counselling tailored to support positive, meaningful change and growth in your life. During your free phone consultation, we will carefully match you with one of our 40 counsellors, based on your needs and availability. Our services are offered in English, French, Spanish, Arabic and several other languages.
Our Masters/PhD level certified and experienced mental health professionals at The Counselling Group provide psychological assessments as well as a full range of psychotherapy, counselling and support services for children, adolescents, and adults. We offer individual, couple, family & group counselling tailored to support positive, meaningful change and growth in your life. During your free phone consultation, we will carefully match you with one of our 40 counsellors, based on your needs and availability. Our services are offered in English, French, Spanish, Arabic and several other languages.
(343) 944-4889 View (343) 944-4889
Photo of Sean Hale, MA, RP, Registered Psychotherapist
Sean Hale
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
I have 12+ years experience working in coaching and psychotherapy. While working with both individuals and couples, I provide an empathetic and non-judgemental approach. I work with a range of clients and specialize in Relationship issues, Men's issues, Life Transitions, Communication, Self-esteem, Identity development, Overcoming Shame, Mood regulation and LGBTQ+ issues. My approach is eclectic, meaning that one size does not fit all. I work within your paradigm to find what works for you. I work with you at your pace and using methodologies that are most suited to your needs.
I have 12+ years experience working in coaching and psychotherapy. While working with both individuals and couples, I provide an empathetic and non-judgemental approach. I work with a range of clients and specialize in Relationship issues, Men's issues, Life Transitions, Communication, Self-esteem, Identity development, Overcoming Shame, Mood regulation and LGBTQ+ issues. My approach is eclectic, meaning that one size does not fit all. I work within your paradigm to find what works for you. I work with you at your pace and using methodologies that are most suited to your needs.
(647) 905-0540 View (647) 905-0540
Photo of Mair Ellis, RSW, Registered Social Worker
Mair Ellis
Registered Social Worker, RSW
Verified Verified
Toronto, ON M6C  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Clients work on how to take care of their needs and wants with an understanding on messages they have given themselves since childhood. Clients who want to learn how to change the old script. Clients who struggle with addiction, anxiety and depression with a therapist who comes from an anti oppressive lens, trauma informed and solution focused.
Clients work on how to take care of their needs and wants with an understanding on messages they have given themselves since childhood. Clients who want to learn how to change the old script. Clients who struggle with addiction, anxiety and depression with a therapist who comes from an anti oppressive lens, trauma informed and solution focused.
(647) 503-3881 View (647) 503-3881
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Psychodynamic Counsellors

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.