Therapists in Toronto, ON

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Photo of Ola Kuforiji, Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Ola Kuforiji
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
I am accepting NEW patients for individual & couples therapy to youth (13+) and adults via phone & video across Ontario. I have over a decade of experience working in different areas of mental health – from programming in TDSB, conducting research at CAMH and working as a Student Wellness Counsellor at McMaster University. I bring my own lived experience & mental health journey to my practice. I know the challenges & insights that come with seeking help & I understand how scary it can feel to be unsure of your next step. Together we can find a direction forward that feels authentic & fulfilling to you.
I am accepting NEW patients for individual & couples therapy to youth (13+) and adults via phone & video across Ontario. I have over a decade of experience working in different areas of mental health – from programming in TDSB, conducting research at CAMH and working as a Student Wellness Counsellor at McMaster University. I bring my own lived experience & mental health journey to my practice. I know the challenges & insights that come with seeking help & I understand how scary it can feel to be unsure of your next step. Together we can find a direction forward that feels authentic & fulfilling to you.
(437) 372-5376 View (437) 372-5376
Photo of Shankari Sharma, Psychological Associate, MA
Shankari Sharma
Psychological Associate, MA
Toronto, ON M4S
At the Therapy Centre, Shankari provides individual, couple, and family therapy for adults. Her areas of interest and proficiency include diagnostic assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive and bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, relationship difficulties, assertiveness, stress and burnout, anger management, and personality disorders. She has a particular interest in the treatment of PTSD, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, and the variety of individual and interpersonal sequelae of traumatic experiences.
At the Therapy Centre, Shankari provides individual, couple, and family therapy for adults. Her areas of interest and proficiency include diagnostic assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive and bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, relationship difficulties, assertiveness, stress and burnout, anger management, and personality disorders. She has a particular interest in the treatment of PTSD, trauma- and stressor-related disorders, and the variety of individual and interpersonal sequelae of traumatic experiences.
(289) 797-2827 View (289) 797-2827
Photo of Amber Stephenson, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CSAT, IFS L2
Amber Stephenson
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW, CSAT, IFS L2
3 Endorsed
Online Only
You grew up in an unstable, chaotic, disconnected, or enmeshed home and now find intimacy, trust, and connection difficult in romantic relationships and friendships, as well as with yourself. You stay up at night, feeling anxious about how you relate or don’t relate to others, things you have said and done, blaming yourself. You want friends and partners who can understand you and be there for you but you also don’t know how to do these things. You might feel as if it is a lost cause, so you bottle this up and get up in the morning to keep going, putting on your mask of being fine.
You grew up in an unstable, chaotic, disconnected, or enmeshed home and now find intimacy, trust, and connection difficult in romantic relationships and friendships, as well as with yourself. You stay up at night, feeling anxious about how you relate or don’t relate to others, things you have said and done, blaming yourself. You want friends and partners who can understand you and be there for you but you also don’t know how to do these things. You might feel as if it is a lost cause, so you bottle this up and get up in the morning to keep going, putting on your mask of being fine.
(647) 370-8154 View (647) 370-8154
Photo of Winnie Larsen, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Winnie Larsen
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Toronto, ON M5B
Making the decision to seek therapy takes courage. But finding a therapist whom you can trust and who has the skills needed to help resolve issues and improve the quality of your life is critical. You need a safe space where you can be heard without judgment, and develop solutions in an atmosphere of respect, collaboration and compassion.
Making the decision to seek therapy takes courage. But finding a therapist whom you can trust and who has the skills needed to help resolve issues and improve the quality of your life is critical. You need a safe space where you can be heard without judgment, and develop solutions in an atmosphere of respect, collaboration and compassion.
(647) 558-9926 View (647) 558-9926
Photo of Minerva Acevedo, Pre-Licensed Professional, MACP, MBA
Minerva Acevedo
Pre-Licensed Professional, MACP, MBA
1 Endorsed
Online Only
You might be someone who shows up for others, manages a full life, and still feels disconnected, anxious, or uncertain about your path. You may be navigating stress, cultural identity, life transitions, workplace stress, or relationship tension, and want space to reflect without pressure or judgment. Therapy can be a place to feel heard and seen, reconnect with yourself, and move toward clarity and meaningful change. You want to feel more present, confident, and aligned with who you are, on your own terms. You are welcome to show up as you are, whether you are ready for change or need to feel heard and accepted.
You might be someone who shows up for others, manages a full life, and still feels disconnected, anxious, or uncertain about your path. You may be navigating stress, cultural identity, life transitions, workplace stress, or relationship tension, and want space to reflect without pressure or judgment. Therapy can be a place to feel heard and seen, reconnect with yourself, and move toward clarity and meaningful change. You want to feel more present, confident, and aligned with who you are, on your own terms. You are welcome to show up as you are, whether you are ready for change or need to feel heard and accepted.
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Photo of Christyna Schillemore, Registered Psychotherapist, RP
Christyna Schillemore
Registered Psychotherapist, RP
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4S
To be human means we all face challenges in life. At times you can be overwhelmed by difficulties related to relationships, family, career, or health. Perhaps you feel stuck and don’t know how to change or move forward. There is no single right answer to the questions of life, but the wrong answers can sometimes lead us to anxiety, depression, or a loss of purpose. I work with clients to discover their own inner wisdom and unique gifts and help facilitate their healing.
To be human means we all face challenges in life. At times you can be overwhelmed by difficulties related to relationships, family, career, or health. Perhaps you feel stuck and don’t know how to change or move forward. There is no single right answer to the questions of life, but the wrong answers can sometimes lead us to anxiety, depression, or a loss of purpose. I work with clients to discover their own inner wisdom and unique gifts and help facilitate their healing.
(289) 205-4876 View (289) 205-4876
Photo of Elisheva Rand, Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, RP
Elisheva Rand
Registered Psychotherapist, MACP, RP
Toronto, ON M6B
Are you experiencing anxiety and depression for the first time, or struggling to manage panic disorder, bipolar type 2 or ADHD. Are you weighed down by career decisions or test anxiety? Persistently angry and burnt out? Perhaps you’re navigating life transitions like marriage, postpartum, or parenting a demanding child. Are you looking to process trauma with EMDR therapy? Whatever you're facing, you don’t have to do it alone.
Are you experiencing anxiety and depression for the first time, or struggling to manage panic disorder, bipolar type 2 or ADHD. Are you weighed down by career decisions or test anxiety? Persistently angry and burnt out? Perhaps you’re navigating life transitions like marriage, postpartum, or parenting a demanding child. Are you looking to process trauma with EMDR therapy? Whatever you're facing, you don’t have to do it alone.
(647) 559-1854 View (647) 559-1854
Photo of Cathy Tebogt, Registered Psychotherapist
Cathy Tebogt
Registered Psychotherapist
Online Only
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with a private practice in Toronto, ON. I use a psychodynamic lens to support individuals struggling with diverse mental health issues, with a focus on LGBTQ+ clients, depression and suicidal ideation, disordered eating, complex trauma and ADHD. I use a trauma-informed approach, with a special focus on regulating and coping with emotions, improving daily functioning and mood, and integrating mind and body. I value client-centered therapy and tailor the therapy experience to my client’s individual needs. I look forward to joining you on your therapy journey!
I am a Registered Psychotherapist with a private practice in Toronto, ON. I use a psychodynamic lens to support individuals struggling with diverse mental health issues, with a focus on LGBTQ+ clients, depression and suicidal ideation, disordered eating, complex trauma and ADHD. I use a trauma-informed approach, with a special focus on regulating and coping with emotions, improving daily functioning and mood, and integrating mind and body. I value client-centered therapy and tailor the therapy experience to my client’s individual needs. I look forward to joining you on your therapy journey!
(437) 800-0594 View (437) 800-0594
Photo of Doreen Saskin, Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
Doreen Saskin
Registered Social Worker, BSW, MSW, RSW
2 Endorsed
Online Only
My goal is to help you to improve your quality of life by helping you to build your resilience and coping skills. Over the last 25 years, clients have described me as being highly effective at inspiring growth and change. My approach is compassionate and direct.
My goal is to help you to improve your quality of life by helping you to build your resilience and coping skills. Over the last 25 years, clients have described me as being highly effective at inspiring growth and change. My approach is compassionate and direct.
(647) 697-6341 View (647) 697-6341
Photo of Sebastian Gatica, Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MCAP, RP
Sebastian Gatica
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MCAP, RP
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5X
Rooted in a belief that every person possesses the ability to learn and grow, I help people gain a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviours, whether they stem from recent hurdles or lifelong challenges. In a secure, non-judgmental environment, I encourage collaborative efforts to achieve enduring change, tailored to each person's distinct needs and personal history, utilizing an approach that is both evidence-based and culturally attuned.
Rooted in a belief that every person possesses the ability to learn and grow, I help people gain a deeper understanding of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviours, whether they stem from recent hurdles or lifelong challenges. In a secure, non-judgmental environment, I encourage collaborative efforts to achieve enduring change, tailored to each person's distinct needs and personal history, utilizing an approach that is both evidence-based and culturally attuned.
(647) 496-6200 View (647) 496-6200
Photo of Alyssa Held, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Alyssa Held
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Online Only
With years of experience, I provide individual counselling to youth, young adults, and adults experiencing intrapersonal challenges such as feelings of anxiety, low mood/depression, low self-worth, difficult life transitions, grief and loss, as well as interpersonal challenges with friends, family, partners, and peers. Using a supportive, exploratory, client-centered approach I support and guide the individual in exploring and connecting to their experiences and emotions in a safe space with a focus on positive and meaningful change.
With years of experience, I provide individual counselling to youth, young adults, and adults experiencing intrapersonal challenges such as feelings of anxiety, low mood/depression, low self-worth, difficult life transitions, grief and loss, as well as interpersonal challenges with friends, family, partners, and peers. Using a supportive, exploratory, client-centered approach I support and guide the individual in exploring and connecting to their experiences and emotions in a safe space with a focus on positive and meaningful change.
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Photo of Ellen Katz, Registered Social Worker, PhD, MSW, RSW
Ellen Katz
Registered Social Worker, PhD, MSW, RSW
Toronto, ON M5S
I see people who want better relationships with themselves, those close to them, friends and families. Sometimes people are not quite certain what is getting in the way of having those better relationships and sometimes people know. Often there is some emotional issue, either from the past or one arising in the present that is getting in the way. Many people want to feel more connected, have fewer conflicts in their relationships. In families, sometimes there are emotional patterns or behavioural patterns that are getting in the way of being more connected with each other.
I see people who want better relationships with themselves, those close to them, friends and families. Sometimes people are not quite certain what is getting in the way of having those better relationships and sometimes people know. Often there is some emotional issue, either from the past or one arising in the present that is getting in the way. Many people want to feel more connected, have fewer conflicts in their relationships. In families, sometimes there are emotional patterns or behavioural patterns that are getting in the way of being more connected with each other.
(647) 696-5095 View (647) 696-5095
Photo of Monika Georgieva, Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP
Monika Georgieva
Registered Psychotherapist, MSc, RP
2 Endorsed
Online Only
Have you been feeling tired, stuck, or overwhelmed in your day-to-day life? Do you struggle with confidence, grief, change, or a difficult relationship? Do you find it hard to process emotions, set healthy boundaries, or find a work-life balance? Have you wondered what it might be like to feel calmer, happier, or more connected? In today’s world, many people are under intense pressure and dealing with burnout and uncertainty. These challenges can impact not only your health but also your relationships—with yourself and others.
Have you been feeling tired, stuck, or overwhelmed in your day-to-day life? Do you struggle with confidence, grief, change, or a difficult relationship? Do you find it hard to process emotions, set healthy boundaries, or find a work-life balance? Have you wondered what it might be like to feel calmer, happier, or more connected? In today’s world, many people are under intense pressure and dealing with burnout and uncertainty. These challenges can impact not only your health but also your relationships—with yourself and others.
(365) 297-2297 View (365) 297-2297
Photo of Aviva Bellman - Aviva Bellman, Authentic Belonging Therapy , Registered Social Worker, MSW , RSW
Aviva Bellman, Authentic Belonging Therapy
Registered Social Worker, MSW , RSW
5 Endorsed
Online Only
Despite having a lot to be proud of, deep down, you feel inadequate. Racked with self-doubt, self-criticism, imposter syndrome, people pleasing, and other efforts to earn approval. You may also fear conflict, struggle with boundaries, and feel lonely and isolated. You shy away from expressing vulnerability to avoid "burdening" others, but you're more than willing to be there for them. In relationships, you may end up feeling unseen or uncared for, or you lose parts of yourself. You yearn to improve your relationship with yourself and connect in more authentic ways. So that you can belong more fully: to yourself, and to others.
Despite having a lot to be proud of, deep down, you feel inadequate. Racked with self-doubt, self-criticism, imposter syndrome, people pleasing, and other efforts to earn approval. You may also fear conflict, struggle with boundaries, and feel lonely and isolated. You shy away from expressing vulnerability to avoid "burdening" others, but you're more than willing to be there for them. In relationships, you may end up feeling unseen or uncared for, or you lose parts of yourself. You yearn to improve your relationship with yourself and connect in more authentic ways. So that you can belong more fully: to yourself, and to others.
(647) 694-5632 View (647) 694-5632
Photo of Dr. Carolina McBride, Psychologist, PhD
Dr. Carolina McBride
Psychologist, PhD
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4R
I founded the Cognitive and Interpersonal Therapy Centre in 2003 to provide compassionate, evidence-based mental health care. I started out with 1 associate, and now have 27 plus associates, who specialize in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT). We now offer a wide range of services including individual therapy and assessments for adults, adolescents and children. My approach is rooted in the belief that both cognitive and interpersonal factors play a vital role in shaping our emotional well-being. The way we think about ourselves and our experiences matters, but so do our relationships.
I founded the Cognitive and Interpersonal Therapy Centre in 2003 to provide compassionate, evidence-based mental health care. I started out with 1 associate, and now have 27 plus associates, who specialize in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT). We now offer a wide range of services including individual therapy and assessments for adults, adolescents and children. My approach is rooted in the belief that both cognitive and interpersonal factors play a vital role in shaping our emotional well-being. The way we think about ourselves and our experiences matters, but so do our relationships.
(365) 536-1798 View (365) 536-1798
Photo of Mark Kim, MScEd, JD
Mark Kim
Verified Verified
Online Only
I am a family mediator, marriage & relationship counselor, and ADHD coach with over 10 years of experience. In this fulfilling career, I have the privilege of working with clients at some of the lowest points of their lives who are still motivated to become compassionate, loving, and high functioning individuals in their own unique way. My clients come to me with a variety of different issues including executive disfunction from ADHD, separation, marital issues, relationship issues, and educational difficulties.
I am a family mediator, marriage & relationship counselor, and ADHD coach with over 10 years of experience. In this fulfilling career, I have the privilege of working with clients at some of the lowest points of their lives who are still motivated to become compassionate, loving, and high functioning individuals in their own unique way. My clients come to me with a variety of different issues including executive disfunction from ADHD, separation, marital issues, relationship issues, and educational difficulties.
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Photo of Miranda Begley - Health Anxiety | Stress | Self Esteem - Miranda, Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
Health Anxiety | Stress | Self Esteem - Miranda
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting New Clients! I know what a relief it is to find someone with whom you feel comfortable to help sort out some of the stressors and troubles of everyday life. Whether you’re dealing with a multitude of issues, feeling overwhelmed by a significant event, or anything in between, I’m here to help. Let’s work together to transform your struggles into stepping stones, leading you towards a peaceful and empowered life. No challenge is too big or too small – I’m dedicated to helping you find your way and ensuring you no longer feel held back by your troubles.
Accepting New Clients! I know what a relief it is to find someone with whom you feel comfortable to help sort out some of the stressors and troubles of everyday life. Whether you’re dealing with a multitude of issues, feeling overwhelmed by a significant event, or anything in between, I’m here to help. Let’s work together to transform your struggles into stepping stones, leading you towards a peaceful and empowered life. No challenge is too big or too small – I’m dedicated to helping you find your way and ensuring you no longer feel held back by your troubles.
(647) 503-5147 View (647) 503-5147
Photo of Kajal Patel, Pre-Licensed Professional
Kajal Patel
Pre-Licensed Professional
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Hi! My name is Kajal (she/her) and I am a registered social worker completing my MSW and a practicum student with Tall Tree Psychotherapy. I am offering counselling within our new low cost therapy program. I have a background working with children and youth, and most recently with adults experiencing mental health and addictions. I believe in a collaborative, client-focused practice which involves working with the client to recognize their needs and goals. I provide holistic counselling to individuals, children and families seeking mental health support.
Hi! My name is Kajal (she/her) and I am a registered social worker completing my MSW and a practicum student with Tall Tree Psychotherapy. I am offering counselling within our new low cost therapy program. I have a background working with children and youth, and most recently with adults experiencing mental health and addictions. I believe in a collaborative, client-focused practice which involves working with the client to recognize their needs and goals. I provide holistic counselling to individuals, children and families seeking mental health support.
(365) 376-5664 View (365) 376-5664
Photo of Jennifer Kaplan, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Jennifer Kaplan
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Toronto, ON M4T
Please feel free to look at my website JenniferKaplantherapy.com to see how my former clients describe our work. I am an empathic practitioner with 30 years of experience. My focus is to address your areas of concern with skill and determination. You will guide the work we do. We will set goals and work towards them in a reasonable time frame. Take the first step towards yourself and reach out for therapy.
Please feel free to look at my website JenniferKaplantherapy.com to see how my former clients describe our work. I am an empathic practitioner with 30 years of experience. My focus is to address your areas of concern with skill and determination. You will guide the work we do. We will set goals and work towards them in a reasonable time frame. Take the first step towards yourself and reach out for therapy.
(365) 598-5988 View (365) 598-5988
Photo of Jennifer Shield - Jenn Shields, Psychotherapy and EMDR, Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Jenn Shields, Psychotherapy and EMDR
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4M
If you're looking to make a positive change in your life, you're in the right place. As a therapist with over a decade of experience, I use proven strategies to help clients lead happier lives. I assist clients in navigating challenges like stress, anxiety, trauma, and self-limiting beliefs. With advanced training in EMDR, Parts Therapies, and Hypnosis, I also draw from CBT, DBT, and ACT to create tailored treatment plans. My approach supports healing from past experiences, gaining insight, and building a healthier, more empowered life.
If you're looking to make a positive change in your life, you're in the right place. As a therapist with over a decade of experience, I use proven strategies to help clients lead happier lives. I assist clients in navigating challenges like stress, anxiety, trauma, and self-limiting beliefs. With advanced training in EMDR, Parts Therapies, and Hypnosis, I also draw from CBT, DBT, and ACT to create tailored treatment plans. My approach supports healing from past experiences, gaining insight, and building a healthier, more empowered life.
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See more therapy options for Toronto

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Toronto, ON

3,000+

Average cost per session

$160

Counsellors in Toronto, ON who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
87% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
84% Self Esteem
79% Stress
70% Trauma and PTSD
69% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

65% Green Shield Canada
65% SunLife
64% Manulife

How Counsellors in Toronto, ON see their clients

51% In Person and Online
49% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
17% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Toronto?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.