Therapists in Toronto, ON

John Jacob
Registered Psychotherapist, MB BCh, MPS, RP
Toronto, ON M4P
The desire for self-awareness, personal growth, and change often motivates individuals to seek out psychotherapy. Disharmony within our sense of self and others can lead us to experience thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that prevent us from living our happiest and most authentic selves. Whether it is coping with grief and loss, processing trauma, or navigating existential concerns regarding identity or purpose, self-exploration within a psychotherapeutic relationship can move us towards an increased awareness of how these dynamics operate within our lives, and forging commitments toward actions that yield meaningful change.
The desire for self-awareness, personal growth, and change often motivates individuals to seek out psychotherapy. Disharmony within our sense of self and others can lead us to experience thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that prevent us from living our happiest and most authentic selves. Whether it is coping with grief and loss, processing trauma, or navigating existential concerns regarding identity or purpose, self-exploration within a psychotherapeutic relationship can move us towards an increased awareness of how these dynamics operate within our lives, and forging commitments toward actions that yield meaningful change.
(647) 699-3163 View (647) 699-3163
Vanessa Fabbro
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
Online Only
Navigating the ups and downs of life is challenging, especially if we feel alone and disconnected from ourselves in the process. Maybe you started exploring your options for therapy because you have been feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or detached from your life. Or perhaps you are struggling with low mood, loss of interest, or low motivation. Maybe you are finding your relationships strained or unfulfilling or you are trying to navigate a significant loss in your life. Perhaps you can’t quite put your finger on what the issue is, but you are tired of feeling this way. Whatever the reason, I am so glad that you are here.
Navigating the ups and downs of life is challenging, especially if we feel alone and disconnected from ourselves in the process. Maybe you started exploring your options for therapy because you have been feeling anxious, overwhelmed, or detached from your life. Or perhaps you are struggling with low mood, loss of interest, or low motivation. Maybe you are finding your relationships strained or unfulfilling or you are trying to navigate a significant loss in your life. Perhaps you can’t quite put your finger on what the issue is, but you are tired of feeling this way. Whatever the reason, I am so glad that you are here.
(226) 639-5262 View (226) 639-5262
Kelly Johnston
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MEd, BA
Toronto, ON M6G
You deserve to be happy...and you don't need to struggle alone. Stress, worry, sadness, restlessness, frustration, anger, loss, or loneliness can all feel overwhelming at times...but care, connection, treatment, healing, and empowerment are all within reach. Within psychotherapy... insight, understanding, self-awareness, tools for coping, better functioning, and new ways of relating or behaving are all part of the process of change that you may be hoping for. Whether it be unresolved issues from the past or present circumstances and challenges, a safe, respectful, accepting, patient, and encouraging therapeutic space can be surprisingly rewarding, and make more of a difference than expected.
You deserve to be happy...and you don't need to struggle alone. Stress, worry, sadness, restlessness, frustration, anger, loss, or loneliness can all feel overwhelming at times...but care, connection, treatment, healing, and empowerment are all within reach. Within psychotherapy... insight, understanding, self-awareness, tools for coping, better functioning, and new ways of relating or behaving are all part of the process of change that you may be hoping for. Whether it be unresolved issues from the past or present circumstances and challenges, a safe, respectful, accepting, patient, and encouraging therapeutic space can be surprisingly rewarding, and make more of a difference than expected.
(416) 244-8833 View (416) 244-8833
Tracy Wilder
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MA
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5N
Many of my clients are thoughtful, capable people who look like they are managing on the outside, but feel overwhelmed, anxious, stuck, or emotionally drained underneath. I often work with people struggling with anxiety, trauma, perfectionism, relationship difficulties, shame, self-esteem, and life transitions. My role is to help you understand your patterns more clearly, get to the root of what is keeping you stuck, and begin making meaningful changes in how you feel, cope, and relate.
Many of my clients are thoughtful, capable people who look like they are managing on the outside, but feel overwhelmed, anxious, stuck, or emotionally drained underneath. I often work with people struggling with anxiety, trauma, perfectionism, relationship difficulties, shame, self-esteem, and life transitions. My role is to help you understand your patterns more clearly, get to the root of what is keeping you stuck, and begin making meaningful changes in how you feel, cope, and relate.
(647) 933-5717 View (647) 933-5717
Centre For Psychodynamic Insights
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, HBA, RP
Online Only
We are a Canadian virtual mental healthcare clinic offering comprehensive, interdisciplinary care across psychotherapy, psychiatry, family medicine, psychological assessments, and neurological assessments. No referral is required for psychodynamic psychotherapy. OHIP-covered services, including psychiatric assessments, medication support, and therapy, are available by a family doctor or nurse practitioner referral.
We are a Canadian virtual mental healthcare clinic offering comprehensive, interdisciplinary care across psychotherapy, psychiatry, family medicine, psychological assessments, and neurological assessments. No referral is required for psychodynamic psychotherapy. OHIP-covered services, including psychiatric assessments, medication support, and therapy, are available by a family doctor or nurse practitioner referral.
(437) 907-6850 View (437) 907-6850
Carine M. Diverlus - Pieces to Peace
Registered Psychotherapist, BA, MEd
11 Endorsed
Online Only
Welcome to Pieces to Peace, a therapy and wellness practice that aims to transform the mental health and well-being of ALL Black women, girls, and femmes. We service clients in the Toronto area and the whole of Ontario. As the primary practitioner at Pieces to Peace, I help high achieving Black women and femmes dissatisfied with their lives, move past self-sacrificing, intergenerational trauma and survival habits to discover what a life of peace means for them. Through this therapeutic relationship, we focus primarily on self-discovery and self-love, childhood processing, life transitions, and building healthier relationships.
Welcome to Pieces to Peace, a therapy and wellness practice that aims to transform the mental health and well-being of ALL Black women, girls, and femmes. We service clients in the Toronto area and the whole of Ontario. As the primary practitioner at Pieces to Peace, I help high achieving Black women and femmes dissatisfied with their lives, move past self-sacrificing, intergenerational trauma and survival habits to discover what a life of peace means for them. Through this therapeutic relationship, we focus primarily on self-discovery and self-love, childhood processing, life transitions, and building healthier relationships.
(437) 747-5962 View (437) 747-5962
Macaria Romero Cardenas
Registered Psychotherapist, MC, RP, CRPO, OAMHP
Online Only
I am a registered psychotherapist who mainly focuses on serving Hispanic women, men and marriages virtually. I support clients in their journey towards healing from past experiences to live more fulfilled and blessed lives. I help clients to see themselves, others and life from a healthier perspective; to improve their relationships with themselves, others and God; to find healthier ways to live, to change unhealthy patterns and to reach their goals. I work with a Christian perspective and use different psychological approaches in my work. I believe that you can change your life if you want that and work on that.
I am a registered psychotherapist who mainly focuses on serving Hispanic women, men and marriages virtually. I support clients in their journey towards healing from past experiences to live more fulfilled and blessed lives. I help clients to see themselves, others and life from a healthier perspective; to improve their relationships with themselves, others and God; to find healthier ways to live, to change unhealthy patterns and to reach their goals. I work with a Christian perspective and use different psychological approaches in my work. I believe that you can change your life if you want that and work on that.
(855) 238-7338 View (855) 238-7338
Chanel Mrad
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MACP, RPQ
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5J
Take a deep breath in and out while gently repeating after me: “From this moment forward, I no longer have to face the world alone.” Hi there, my name is Chanel and I am so happy that you are here! At the heart of it all, I am a warm, and compassionate Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), who would be honoured to accompany you as you navigate through some of life’s most difficult challenges. Therapy can be a powerful and life-changing force, and as your therapist, your well-being would become the focus of my priority.
Take a deep breath in and out while gently repeating after me: “From this moment forward, I no longer have to face the world alone.” Hi there, my name is Chanel and I am so happy that you are here! At the heart of it all, I am a warm, and compassionate Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), who would be honoured to accompany you as you navigate through some of life’s most difficult challenges. Therapy can be a powerful and life-changing force, and as your therapist, your well-being would become the focus of my priority.
View
Crystal Rose Talbot
Registered Social Service Worker, SSW, RSSW
Online Only
Do you need someone to speak with who has extensive lived experience and can create a space where you feel comfortable enough to share your feelings and be honest with yourself? Are you experiencing caregiver burnout? Maybe you're unsure of what to do next during a life transition or difficult time? Are you healing from toxic family dynamics? Do you need guidance building routines or improving life skills? Maybe you want to challenge negative thinking patterns or learn coping strategies? Or maybe you want some help navigating complex municipal systems and need assistance finding affordable resources in a high-cost city?
Do you need someone to speak with who has extensive lived experience and can create a space where you feel comfortable enough to share your feelings and be honest with yourself? Are you experiencing caregiver burnout? Maybe you're unsure of what to do next during a life transition or difficult time? Are you healing from toxic family dynamics? Do you need guidance building routines or improving life skills? Maybe you want to challenge negative thinking patterns or learn coping strategies? Or maybe you want some help navigating complex municipal systems and need assistance finding affordable resources in a high-cost city?
View
Emily J. Pascoe
Pre-Licensed Professional, Ph.D.
Toronto, ON M6G
As a Toronto-based student psychoanalytic therapist, I work with children, teens, young people, and parents to address difficult and the sometimes unfamiliar situations that they find themselves in. Children and teens today are under tremendous pressure, navigating mass information and social media. Personal struggles at home or at school can also contribute to loneliness, anxiety, depression, and a wide range of behavioural issues. Parents may feel frustrated or unable to help. The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to identify and interpret these feelings in a way that supports individuality and authenticity in a fast-paced world.
As a Toronto-based student psychoanalytic therapist, I work with children, teens, young people, and parents to address difficult and the sometimes unfamiliar situations that they find themselves in. Children and teens today are under tremendous pressure, navigating mass information and social media. Personal struggles at home or at school can also contribute to loneliness, anxiety, depression, and a wide range of behavioural issues. Parents may feel frustrated or unable to help. The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to identify and interpret these feelings in a way that supports individuality and authenticity in a fast-paced world.
(437) 476-1758 View (437) 476-1758
Simran Chahal
Registered Psychotherapist
Toronto, ON M4V
People often come to therapy not because they do not know what they want, but because they find themselves repeating familiar ways of thinking, feeling, and relating that leave them feeling dissatisfied. These patterns can lead to a sense of disconnection from oneself. Overwhelming emotions and recurring ways of relating to ourselves and others can become obstacles to personal and professional growth. These challenges may include anxiety, depression, grief, loss, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, fear of abandonment, perfectionism, self-criticism, or distressing thoughts and feelings that seem difficult to manage.
People often come to therapy not because they do not know what they want, but because they find themselves repeating familiar ways of thinking, feeling, and relating that leave them feeling dissatisfied. These patterns can lead to a sense of disconnection from oneself. Overwhelming emotions and recurring ways of relating to ourselves and others can become obstacles to personal and professional growth. These challenges may include anxiety, depression, grief, loss, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, fear of abandonment, perfectionism, self-criticism, or distressing thoughts and feelings that seem difficult to manage.
(647) 691-4058 View (647) 691-4058
Burnout, Work Stress, Boundaries -Christine
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying)
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Accepting New Clients! Work can look fine on the outside while quietly draining you inside. Maybe you’re high-performing but exhausted, dreading Mondays, or feeling like one mistake will prove you’re not good enough. You might be carrying too much, saying yes too often, or trying to hold it together while anxiety or low mood builds in the background. Frontline work, leadership pressure, and constant responsibility can make burnout feel inevitable. If you’re stuck in overthinking, people-pleasing, or running on empty, therapy can help you slow down, get clear, and start feeling like yourself again.
Accepting New Clients! Work can look fine on the outside while quietly draining you inside. Maybe you’re high-performing but exhausted, dreading Mondays, or feeling like one mistake will prove you’re not good enough. You might be carrying too much, saying yes too often, or trying to hold it together while anxiety or low mood builds in the background. Frontline work, leadership pressure, and constant responsibility can make burnout feel inevitable. If you’re stuck in overthinking, people-pleasing, or running on empty, therapy can help you slow down, get clear, and start feeling like yourself again.
(437) 476-1820 View (437) 476-1820
Samantha Roberts
Registered Psychotherapist, B Sc, RP
Online Only
It’s truly rewarding to guide individuals through transformative times, helping them align with what matters most to them. With over 23 years of clinical experience in interdisciplinary settings, I specialize in helping clients restore function and return to lives grounded in their values. My areas of expertise include assertiveness training, anxiety, depression, relationships, career coaching, ADHD, self-worth, and workplace issues.
It’s truly rewarding to guide individuals through transformative times, helping them align with what matters most to them. With over 23 years of clinical experience in interdisciplinary settings, I specialize in helping clients restore function and return to lives grounded in their values. My areas of expertise include assertiveness training, anxiety, depression, relationships, career coaching, ADHD, self-worth, and workplace issues.
(647) 490-0918 View (647) 490-0918
Dr. Joshua Albert
Psychologist, PsyD, CPsych
4 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5A
When you ask for help and share your lived experiences, they are whole-hearted actions. It is a privilege for me to provide individual therapy to adolescents and adults during times of great distress, change, and loss. Clients working with me often describe a loss of meaning or purpose in their lives, overcome by confusing and messy emotions that sabotage their functioning. Some clients are acutely aware of their compromised quality of life whereas others would describe chronic life conditions. My areas of specialization include anxiety, psychological trauma, depression, grief and bereavement, terminal illness, and chronic illness.
When you ask for help and share your lived experiences, they are whole-hearted actions. It is a privilege for me to provide individual therapy to adolescents and adults during times of great distress, change, and loss. Clients working with me often describe a loss of meaning or purpose in their lives, overcome by confusing and messy emotions that sabotage their functioning. Some clients are acutely aware of their compromised quality of life whereas others would describe chronic life conditions. My areas of specialization include anxiety, psychological trauma, depression, grief and bereavement, terminal illness, and chronic illness.
(647) 370-3947 View (647) 370-3947
Toronto Psychotherapy Space
Registered Psychotherapist, RP, MMT, MTA
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M4K
Toronto Psychotherapy Space currently offers both online and in person psychotherapy appointments as well as discounted rates for college & university students. Please view our website and give us a call to book a free 20-minute consultation with Holly or one of our clinical therapists. Holly is a Registered Psychotherapist and music therapist whose main focus is working with children, teenagers and adults. She has worked in a variety of settings incuding the Hospital for Sick Children, Grand River Hospital, and Homewood Health Centre.
Toronto Psychotherapy Space currently offers both online and in person psychotherapy appointments as well as discounted rates for college & university students. Please view our website and give us a call to book a free 20-minute consultation with Holly or one of our clinical therapists. Holly is a Registered Psychotherapist and music therapist whose main focus is working with children, teenagers and adults. She has worked in a variety of settings incuding the Hospital for Sick Children, Grand River Hospital, and Homewood Health Centre.
(437) 600-9629 View (437) 600-9629
Negar Sadeghi
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
2 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M6J
Not accepting new clients
Seeking help and finding the right therapist can be overwhelming especially if you are feeling out of balance, facing changes in relationships, managing symptoms of anxiety or depression, or if life has lost meaning for you. I work with clients to create strategies, develop tools, and uncover personal strengths that bring the healthy balance back into their lives. I bring a depth of experience from years of work in a tertiary mental health and addiction hospital in Toronto, Ontario. I am privileged to be a therapist. My clients describe me as "easy to connect, open, warm, genuine, real, and effective."
Seeking help and finding the right therapist can be overwhelming especially if you are feeling out of balance, facing changes in relationships, managing symptoms of anxiety or depression, or if life has lost meaning for you. I work with clients to create strategies, develop tools, and uncover personal strengths that bring the healthy balance back into their lives. I bring a depth of experience from years of work in a tertiary mental health and addiction hospital in Toronto, Ontario. I am privileged to be a therapist. My clients describe me as "easy to connect, open, warm, genuine, real, and effective."
(647) 952-1931 View (647) 952-1931
Nikki Healey
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
I am a compassionate, client-centered therapist with a deep respect for the healing process. I believe that when you have the courage to allow yourself to embrace hope and believe that healing and recovery is possible, you are taking the first monumental step on your path towards living an authentically empowered life. I am committed to creating a therapeutic space where empathy and collaboration are the cornerstones of supporting you in building on your unique strengths and safely navigating you through your growth journey.
I am a compassionate, client-centered therapist with a deep respect for the healing process. I believe that when you have the courage to allow yourself to embrace hope and believe that healing and recovery is possible, you are taking the first monumental step on your path towards living an authentically empowered life. I am committed to creating a therapeutic space where empathy and collaboration are the cornerstones of supporting you in building on your unique strengths and safely navigating you through your growth journey.
(647) 693-9758 View (647) 693-9758
Yolanda Xinyi Ding
Registered Psychotherapist, MA, RP
1 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5A
Life can sometimes feel difficult and overwhelming. My goal is to create a safe, supportive, and empowering space for my clients to open up about their mental health challenges. Through therapy, you can learn to better understand yourself, build new coping skills, and improve your overall wellbeing.
Life can sometimes feel difficult and overwhelming. My goal is to create a safe, supportive, and empowering space for my clients to open up about their mental health challenges. Through therapy, you can learn to better understand yourself, build new coping skills, and improve your overall wellbeing.
(437) 524-0163 View (437) 524-0163
Sofia Maria Petricca
Registered Psychotherapist (Qualifying), MA
3 Endorsed
Toronto, ON M5N
Are you longing to understand the deeper roots of your emotional struggles and reconnect with your authentic self? Through a psychodynamic, somatic, and client-centered lens, I offer a compassionate space to explore how early relationships and unconscious patterns live on in the body and mind. Together, we’ll uncover the impact of childhood dynamics, gently working through stored emotional pain in the body and mind to foster insight, nervous system regulation, and inner transformation. I will meet you wherever you are—with curiosity, respect, and unconditional positive regard for your unique healing process.
Are you longing to understand the deeper roots of your emotional struggles and reconnect with your authentic self? Through a psychodynamic, somatic, and client-centered lens, I offer a compassionate space to explore how early relationships and unconscious patterns live on in the body and mind. Together, we’ll uncover the impact of childhood dynamics, gently working through stored emotional pain in the body and mind to foster insight, nervous system regulation, and inner transformation. I will meet you wherever you are—with curiosity, respect, and unconditional positive regard for your unique healing process.
(437) 523-8646 View (437) 523-8646
Ayasha Mayr Handel
Registered Social Worker, MSW, RSW
Toronto, ON M9N
I am an unapologetic queer, autistic/ND social worker and trauma therapist. I work collaboratively with autistic/ND individuals, families and professionals, offering non-violent, disability/racial/gender justice based healing support. Support is attuned, holistic, depathologizing and decolonizing. My work supports reconnection with self, community and culture. Our neurotypes are not "disordered". Deep healing and liberation come through resisting neurodisablist and sanist systems and finding pathways back to our embodied wisdom, power and JOY!
I am an unapologetic queer, autistic/ND social worker and trauma therapist. I work collaboratively with autistic/ND individuals, families and professionals, offering non-violent, disability/racial/gender justice based healing support. Support is attuned, holistic, depathologizing and decolonizing. My work supports reconnection with self, community and culture. Our neurotypes are not "disordered". Deep healing and liberation come through resisting neurodisablist and sanist systems and finding pathways back to our embodied wisdom, power and JOY!
View

See more therapy options for Toronto

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Toronto, ON

3.000+

Average cost per session

$165

Counsellors in Toronto, ON who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
93% Social Anxiety
93% Health Anxiety
93% Driving Anxiety
86% Depression
84% Relationship Issues
83% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

79% SunLife
75% Manulife
74% Green Shield Canada

How Counsellors in Toronto, ON see their clients

52% In Person and Online
48% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
16% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Toronto?

Search for nearby therapists or counsellors by inputting your city, postal code, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postal code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Most Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are certified by one of the main professional associations, mainly the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), and will have a Certified Canadian Counsellor (CCC) designation with their name. Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered members of the college specific to their province. To be listed in the directory, Psychologists must be registered with the psychological college specific to their province or territory.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given the considerable variation in professional regulation and prerequisites across Canadian provinces, some providers may possess significant professional qualifications without necessarily holding professional memberships or being obliged to acquire them. As a result, they may be selectively included without the "Verified" seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors, psychotherapists and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in Canada.

Psychologists have a master's and/or doctoral degree and have passed both written and oral exams. Psychologists are able to complete mental health assessments and provide diagnostic information to clients as well as provide counselling therapy or psychotherapy. Counsellors and psychotherapists are expected to have a master's or doctoral degree in counselling psychology, social work, or a related mental health discipline and certification by a professional association, such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association. Registered Social Workers possess a Bachelor's or Master's degree in Social Work and where possible must be licensed or certified by the provincial government and/or regulatory college.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Canada could be between $100 and $200. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. Some types of outpatient mental health services are covered by Medicare, provided these are performed by a licensed mental health professional in the provinces or territory you reside in and who accepts the assignment.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postal code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Professionals licensed by regulatory colleges and those certified by associations such as the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association are obligated to uphold client confidentiality unless there is a legal reason that requires them to disclose information. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others, or a court order, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.