Therapists in Cincinnati, OH

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Photo of Rob Bakker, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Rob Bakker
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Hi, I am Rob Bakker. I was born in the Netherlands and moved to the U.S. in 1998 to play soccer and tennis at Xavier University. In 2015 I was inducted into Xavier’s athletic Hall of Fame. After achieving my MBA at Xavier, I have had professional roles in business as well as in sports. I decided to combine my passion for excelling at high levels with my passion for people and completed the Mental Health Counseling program at Xavier with a focus on performance counseling.
Hi, I am Rob Bakker. I was born in the Netherlands and moved to the U.S. in 1998 to play soccer and tennis at Xavier University. In 2015 I was inducted into Xavier’s athletic Hall of Fame. After achieving my MBA at Xavier, I have had professional roles in business as well as in sports. I decided to combine my passion for excelling at high levels with my passion for people and completed the Mental Health Counseling program at Xavier with a focus on performance counseling.
(513) 647-5730 View (513) 647-5730
Photo of Anne Roma, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cincinnati, OH
Anne Roma
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LISW-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45223
Wanna feel better but not sure how? Have a hard time even understanding why you are so agitated? Checked out? Our work together can help you identify a clearer path towards the life you want. I use talk-based therapy as well as EMDR, Ketamine-Assisted Therapy, and somatic interventions to help you feel clearer, lighter, and ultimately more connected to yourself and loved ones. We'll "unpack", brainstorm and create a list of tools for you use use in work and home to manage stress and find more connection with others.
Wanna feel better but not sure how? Have a hard time even understanding why you are so agitated? Checked out? Our work together can help you identify a clearer path towards the life you want. I use talk-based therapy as well as EMDR, Ketamine-Assisted Therapy, and somatic interventions to help you feel clearer, lighter, and ultimately more connected to yourself and loved ones. We'll "unpack", brainstorm and create a list of tools for you use use in work and home to manage stress and find more connection with others.
(513) 654-6604 View (513) 654-6604
Photo of Dr. Diana Tieger, Psychologist in Cincinnati, OH
Dr. Diana Tieger
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45202  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I care about genuine connection and doing what works! My style is active, flexible, and focused on strengths. I have specialized experience caring for individuals, families, and groups, leading teams, and developing innovative treatments. I build collaborative, authentic partnerships to help people get un-stuck and move toward their values.
I care about genuine connection and doing what works! My style is active, flexible, and focused on strengths. I have specialized experience caring for individuals, families, and groups, leading teams, and developing innovative treatments. I build collaborative, authentic partnerships to help people get un-stuck and move toward their values.
(513) 647-6718 View (513) 647-6718
Photo of Brandi Rahim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cincinnati, OH
Brandi Rahim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45231  (Online Only)
I work with clients who’ve experienced different types of trauma, relationship & life issues, depression, anxiety, adverse childhood experiences, etc. My clients will feel empowered and build confidence and coping skills to get through life’s ups and downs.
I work with clients who’ve experienced different types of trauma, relationship & life issues, depression, anxiety, adverse childhood experiences, etc. My clients will feel empowered and build confidence and coping skills to get through life’s ups and downs.
(513) 640-9485 View (513) 640-9485
Photo of Leah Hausman Miller, Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Leah Hausman Miller
Counselor, MA, PCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45243
I believe in every person's ability to heal, change, and grow. I specialize in anxiety and depression, grief, trauma, relationships, fertility, pregnancy and post-partum issues. I can help you identify your unique strengths and resources to work through these issues. I provide strategies to reduce and manage the emotional effects of these, while supporting you in understanding the core issues and building positive coping skills to move forward. Therapy is a collaborative process and we work together to reach your goals. I use a variety of therapeutic techniques to specialize sessions according to your concerns and your life.
I believe in every person's ability to heal, change, and grow. I specialize in anxiety and depression, grief, trauma, relationships, fertility, pregnancy and post-partum issues. I can help you identify your unique strengths and resources to work through these issues. I provide strategies to reduce and manage the emotional effects of these, while supporting you in understanding the core issues and building positive coping skills to move forward. Therapy is a collaborative process and we work together to reach your goals. I use a variety of therapeutic techniques to specialize sessions according to your concerns and your life.
(513) 280-8144 View (513) 280-8144
Photo of Sarah Ann Lanman, Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Sarah Ann Lanman
Counselor, EdD, LPCC-S, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45220
Meeting with a counselor requires a lot of courage, so I have great respect for anyone who wants to start that journey. I will provide a non-judgmental space for you to identify your areas of concern and ultimately what you hope to change. Our goal is to build awareness together, so that you can make different choices instead of automatically doing the same things that no longer support you. We will work together to help you pay greater attention to your mind and body processes (i.e., a holistic approach) to facilitate a deeper connection with yourself and others.
Meeting with a counselor requires a lot of courage, so I have great respect for anyone who wants to start that journey. I will provide a non-judgmental space for you to identify your areas of concern and ultimately what you hope to change. Our goal is to build awareness together, so that you can make different choices instead of automatically doing the same things that no longer support you. We will work together to help you pay greater attention to your mind and body processes (i.e., a holistic approach) to facilitate a deeper connection with yourself and others.
(513) 334-2026 View (513) 334-2026
Photo of Sharon Doering, Art Therapist in Cincinnati, OH
Sharon Doering
Art Therapist, PhD, ATR-BC, LPAT-S, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45249
You may be at a place in life you never expected or wanted, but you are taking the brave step to make a change by seeking help. I'm Sharon, and I believe no one should ever feel alone while journeying through the inevitable hard times, nor should anyone go without trying clinically effective interventions that promote growth. I offer compassionate, non-judgmental, value-driven, services to address your current needs. I am EMDR trained and use a variety of approaches, from verbal psychotherapies to creative therapies, with children, adolescents, and adults to uncover barriers to experiencing a more gratifying and meaningful life.
You may be at a place in life you never expected or wanted, but you are taking the brave step to make a change by seeking help. I'm Sharon, and I believe no one should ever feel alone while journeying through the inevitable hard times, nor should anyone go without trying clinically effective interventions that promote growth. I offer compassionate, non-judgmental, value-driven, services to address your current needs. I am EMDR trained and use a variety of approaches, from verbal psychotherapies to creative therapies, with children, adolescents, and adults to uncover barriers to experiencing a more gratifying and meaningful life.
(513) 808-4417 View (513) 808-4417
Photo of Lucy Ann Allen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cincinnati, OH
Lucy Ann Allen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LISW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45209
Waitlist for new clients
You may be facing a life transition, a time of personal loss or stresses from everyday living. Working together in a therapeutic relationship we can help relieve the stress, tension and indecision. I work with individuals and couples to help find a more productive and satisfying life.
You may be facing a life transition, a time of personal loss or stresses from everyday living. Working together in a therapeutic relationship we can help relieve the stress, tension and indecision. I work with individuals and couples to help find a more productive and satisfying life.
(513) 813-5067 View (513) 813-5067
Photo of Dr. Susannah Coaston, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Dr. Susannah Coaston
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, EdD, LPCC-S, CWC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45227
Do you struggle to live up to expectations – yours or others’? Do concerns you’d normally handle without much trouble now have you feeling like you’re in over your head? Have you lost touch with your sense of self, and found you have no idea what you want out of life anymore? Such experiences can be discouraging and exhausting, but you don’t have to navigate them on your own. I would like to help you reconnect to the person you want to be. I can’t promise to eliminate your stress, but I can help you tap into your inner strength, quiet your self-critical voice, and return to living life on your terms.
Do you struggle to live up to expectations – yours or others’? Do concerns you’d normally handle without much trouble now have you feeling like you’re in over your head? Have you lost touch with your sense of self, and found you have no idea what you want out of life anymore? Such experiences can be discouraging and exhausting, but you don’t have to navigate them on your own. I would like to help you reconnect to the person you want to be. I can’t promise to eliminate your stress, but I can help you tap into your inner strength, quiet your self-critical voice, and return to living life on your terms.
(513) 654-2551 View (513) 654-2551
Photo of Meghan Kelsey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cincinnati, OH
Meghan Kelsey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LPCC
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45236  (Online Only)
Meghan Kelsey, LPCC Meghan Kelsey received her master’s degree from Xavier University in clinical mental health counseling and her bachelor’s degree from The Ohio State University in psychology. She is a licensed professional clinical counselor and has been providing therapy since 2018. Meghan has been trained in providing trauma informed care for both adults and children/adolescents, understanding the impact on both individual experiences and family systems.
Meghan Kelsey, LPCC Meghan Kelsey received her master’s degree from Xavier University in clinical mental health counseling and her bachelor’s degree from The Ohio State University in psychology. She is a licensed professional clinical counselor and has been providing therapy since 2018. Meghan has been trained in providing trauma informed care for both adults and children/adolescents, understanding the impact on both individual experiences and family systems.
(513) 540-1132 View (513) 540-1132
Photo of Eileen Lee, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cincinnati, OH
Eileen Lee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45206  (Online Only)
I view myself as a catalyst for the change my clients need to make. Be it the effects of trauma, loss, addiction or depression or anxiety that are interfering with achieving her/his goals, my clients gain new insights, behavior, thinking accomplish goals and lead happier lives through the understanding, empathy, compassionate confrontation and education that I provide. I have been practicing for 30+ years and am trained in a variety of therapeutic modalities and techniques including insight oriented therapy, CBT, EMDR, systems theory, dynamic psychotherapy.
I view myself as a catalyst for the change my clients need to make. Be it the effects of trauma, loss, addiction or depression or anxiety that are interfering with achieving her/his goals, my clients gain new insights, behavior, thinking accomplish goals and lead happier lives through the understanding, empathy, compassionate confrontation and education that I provide. I have been practicing for 30+ years and am trained in a variety of therapeutic modalities and techniques including insight oriented therapy, CBT, EMDR, systems theory, dynamic psychotherapy.
(513) 275-7237 View (513) 275-7237
Photo of Anthony Zimmermann, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Anthony Zimmermann
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45202
Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Anxiety and depression can feel overwhelming, but it is possible to overcome their grip. As a licensed professional counselor, my goal is to empower individuals to build resilience, cultivate self-awareness, and develop practical coping skills to lead more fulfilling lives. I help clients challenge their anxious thoughts and behaviors, leading to increased confidence and improved quality of life. I also assist clients in finding hope, meaning, and joy in their lives again.
Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Anxiety and depression can feel overwhelming, but it is possible to overcome their grip. As a licensed professional counselor, my goal is to empower individuals to build resilience, cultivate self-awareness, and develop practical coping skills to lead more fulfilling lives. I help clients challenge their anxious thoughts and behaviors, leading to increased confidence and improved quality of life. I also assist clients in finding hope, meaning, and joy in their lives again.
(513) 613-2975 View (513) 613-2975
Photo of Priscilla Peters, LLC, Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Priscilla Peters, LLC
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Working with Individuals, Couples and Families around a variety of issues is a gift and an honor. Seeking professional help takes courage and strength and is a choice that I deeply respect. While some clients are struggling with long-term issues that are affecting their daily lives, others are seeking a confidential space to talk through a specific relationship issue or difficult life stage. Regardless of the issue, my goal is to work cooperatively with clients to help facilitate their personal, emotional, physical and spiritual growth. My goal is for clients to leave my office feeling respected, heard, understood, & empowered.
Working with Individuals, Couples and Families around a variety of issues is a gift and an honor. Seeking professional help takes courage and strength and is a choice that I deeply respect. While some clients are struggling with long-term issues that are affecting their daily lives, others are seeking a confidential space to talk through a specific relationship issue or difficult life stage. Regardless of the issue, my goal is to work cooperatively with clients to help facilitate their personal, emotional, physical and spiritual growth. My goal is for clients to leave my office feeling respected, heard, understood, & empowered.
(513) 285-6531 View (513) 285-6531
Photo of Jennifer Day, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cincinnati, OH
Jennifer Day
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45255
Waitlist for new clients
Life is an adventure, and sometimes you need a guide to help you read the map. That’s where I come in. I believe healing and improved mental health are possible for all people. By both accepting and changing ourselves, we can change the world around us. I am excited to partner with you in this process. I recognize the mind-body connection and seek to incorporate mindfulness (and eventually movement) into my practice. I am trained in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and several other therapeutic orientations including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Motivational Interviewing (MI).
Life is an adventure, and sometimes you need a guide to help you read the map. That’s where I come in. I believe healing and improved mental health are possible for all people. By both accepting and changing ourselves, we can change the world around us. I am excited to partner with you in this process. I recognize the mind-body connection and seek to incorporate mindfulness (and eventually movement) into my practice. I am trained in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and several other therapeutic orientations including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Motivational Interviewing (MI).
(513) 647-1396 View (513) 647-1396
Photo of Sara M. Mills, PsyD, Psychologist in Cincinnati, OH
Sara M. Mills, PsyD
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45226
My top priority is to provide effective, high quality treatment within a safe, confidential, and respectful environment in which clients can explore their concerns, express their feelings, and learn new skills to mange themselves, their relationships, and their lives. I believe that the foundation of successful treatment rests on the quality of the working relationship that develops between the psychologist and client.
My top priority is to provide effective, high quality treatment within a safe, confidential, and respectful environment in which clients can explore their concerns, express their feelings, and learn new skills to mange themselves, their relationships, and their lives. I believe that the foundation of successful treatment rests on the quality of the working relationship that develops between the psychologist and client.
(513) 453-4704 View (513) 453-4704
Photo of Mary Beth Martini, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Cincinnati, OH
Mary Beth Martini
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LISW-S
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45231
By keeping sessions solution focused, individuals gain a sense of accomplishment each time they leave my office. You will learn realistic coping skills and boundary setting while gaining insight to harmful thinking patterns and establishing emotional awareness for long term stability and continued growth in your life and relationships. I’m passionate about helping individuals, especially youth and young adult, suffering from the impact of trauma. I’m truly doing what I love by helping those emerged in an ever changing, but always familiar set of life struggles.
By keeping sessions solution focused, individuals gain a sense of accomplishment each time they leave my office. You will learn realistic coping skills and boundary setting while gaining insight to harmful thinking patterns and establishing emotional awareness for long term stability and continued growth in your life and relationships. I’m passionate about helping individuals, especially youth and young adult, suffering from the impact of trauma. I’m truly doing what I love by helping those emerged in an ever changing, but always familiar set of life struggles.
(513) 854-7434 View (513) 854-7434
Photo of Jessica Carlin, Licensed Professional Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Jessica Carlin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45236
Sometimes it feels like you're out of control. Your emotions are running the show. Later, you regret the things you've said or done in the heat of the moment. The good news is that emotional regulation is a skill that can be improved! You can develop skills to better recognize and regulate your emotions and deal with distressing thoughts and feelings. You can learn to respond thoughtfully to situations rather than just reacting. We can work together to develop your ability to be in the moment and enjoy life.
Sometimes it feels like you're out of control. Your emotions are running the show. Later, you regret the things you've said or done in the heat of the moment. The good news is that emotional regulation is a skill that can be improved! You can develop skills to better recognize and regulate your emotions and deal with distressing thoughts and feelings. You can learn to respond thoughtfully to situations rather than just reacting. We can work together to develop your ability to be in the moment and enjoy life.
(513) 570-4040 View (513) 570-4040
Photo of Caroline M. Sanders, Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Caroline M. Sanders
Counselor, MA, LPCC, CCTP, EMDR, CGCS
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45231  (Online Only)
My ideal client are women who are highly motivated and ready to make a change so they can live their very best life! Change can be hard but I believe a strong, therapeutic alliance and supportive environment will help put you on the path to living a more meaningful life. I am particularly passionate about helping women navigate life challenges and relationship difficulties so they can live fulfilling and meaningful lives. I combine my experience, knowledge and personalized approach to help you meet your goals and overcome many of life's obstacles. My job is to empower you to live your very best life!
My ideal client are women who are highly motivated and ready to make a change so they can live their very best life! Change can be hard but I believe a strong, therapeutic alliance and supportive environment will help put you on the path to living a more meaningful life. I am particularly passionate about helping women navigate life challenges and relationship difficulties so they can live fulfilling and meaningful lives. I combine my experience, knowledge and personalized approach to help you meet your goals and overcome many of life's obstacles. My job is to empower you to live your very best life!
(513) 280-8169 View (513) 280-8169
Photo of Emma Schmidt, Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Emma Schmidt
Counselor, MA, LPCC-S, CST, CCSAS
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Cincinnati, OH 45208
Emma Schmidt & Associates, Sex + Relationship Therapy restores relationships for individuals and couples who are facing a big challenge-maybe they're even at the end of their rope, struggling with their sex life. We understand that sex and relationship issues can be embarrassing and awkward, but we remove the shame and stigma from the situation and create an environment of openness and positivity. Our clients are seeking a stronger bond with their partners; we invite them to share their struggles and worries-and to come as they are.
Emma Schmidt & Associates, Sex + Relationship Therapy restores relationships for individuals and couples who are facing a big challenge-maybe they're even at the end of their rope, struggling with their sex life. We understand that sex and relationship issues can be embarrassing and awkward, but we remove the shame and stigma from the situation and create an environment of openness and positivity. Our clients are seeking a stronger bond with their partners; we invite them to share their struggles and worries-and to come as they are.
(513) 718-4441 View (513) 718-4441
Photo of Gina A McConnell, Counselor in Cincinnati, OH
Gina A McConnell
Counselor, LPCC-S, LICDC
Verified Verified
Cincinnati, OH 45242
Not accepting new clients
Making the decision to begin counseling can be difficult. However, it can be the first step toward improving interpersonal relationships and developing strategies to manage life's challenges more effectively. I provide counseling with respect, support, and honest feedback. I have daytime, evening, and Saturday appointments available to accommodate a variety of schedules.
Making the decision to begin counseling can be difficult. However, it can be the first step toward improving interpersonal relationships and developing strategies to manage life's challenges more effectively. I provide counseling with respect, support, and honest feedback. I have daytime, evening, and Saturday appointments available to accommodate a variety of schedules.
(513) 795-0632 View (513) 795-0632

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Cincinnati, OH

1,000+

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Cincinnati, OH who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
87% Depression
72% Self Esteem
71% Trauma and PTSD
68% Relationship Issues
66% Coping Skills
62% Stress

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
74% Aetna
64% Optum

How Therapists in Cincinnati, OH see their clients

66% In Person and Online
34% Online Only

Gender breakdown

79% Female
20% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Cincinnati?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.