Therapists in Brainerd, MN

Photo of Emily Holle, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LGSW, MSW
Emily Holle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LGSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity- Albert Einstein. Life isn't always easy, even the strongest individuals sometimes need a little help to work through the difficulties life throws at them.  Let me be there to help you navigate these moments. I use a client-centered approach to best fit each client's needs as you are the expert of your life. I strive to meet you where you are in your therapeutic journey, and work collaboratively to achieve your goals. When working with clients, I draw from Trauma-Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused, Family Systems, EMDR and Strength Based therapeutic approaches.
In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity- Albert Einstein. Life isn't always easy, even the strongest individuals sometimes need a little help to work through the difficulties life throws at them.  Let me be there to help you navigate these moments. I use a client-centered approach to best fit each client's needs as you are the expert of your life. I strive to meet you where you are in your therapeutic journey, and work collaboratively to achieve your goals. When working with clients, I draw from Trauma-Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused, Family Systems, EMDR and Strength Based therapeutic approaches.
(218) 400-4902 View (218) 400-4902
Photo of Andrea Dalzell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Andrea Dalzell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Brainerd, MN 56401
I focus on anxiety, depression, boundaries, and life transitions. I have experience working with those in crisis and engaging in self-injurious behaviors. My counseling style is warm and compassionate and I have a great deal of respect for those seeking change and the courage it takes to ask for help. I am an active and empathetic listener and will offer practical and evidence-based solutions to support you through your journey. I have experience working with children, teens, and adults.
I focus on anxiety, depression, boundaries, and life transitions. I have experience working with those in crisis and engaging in self-injurious behaviors. My counseling style is warm and compassionate and I have a great deal of respect for those seeking change and the courage it takes to ask for help. I am an active and empathetic listener and will offer practical and evidence-based solutions to support you through your journey. I have experience working with children, teens, and adults.
(218) 215-1173 View (218) 215-1173
Photo of Amber Rosier, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Amber Rosier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
5 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
Waitlist for new clients
I have 7+ years of experience in working with trauma in all ages and genders. I utilize Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) and it is helping so many people in a short amount of time! Contact me for a consultation regarding ART. I also work with anxiety, depression, adjustment disorders, borderline personality disorder, bipolar, post-traumatic stress disorder, and many other diagnoses.
I have 7+ years of experience in working with trauma in all ages and genders. I utilize Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) and it is helping so many people in a short amount of time! Contact me for a consultation regarding ART. I also work with anxiety, depression, adjustment disorders, borderline personality disorder, bipolar, post-traumatic stress disorder, and many other diagnoses.
(218) 357-4567 View (218) 357-4567
Photo of Zamzam Ahmed, Pre-Licensed Professional
Zamzam Ahmed
Pre-Licensed Professional
Brainerd, MN 56401
You may feel overwhelmed, stuck, or pulled between who you are and who others expect you to be. You may be navigating trauma, addiction, faith, anxiety, or grief in silence. My ideal client is seeking peace, clarity, and emotional relief. Whether you’re part of the East African or Muslim community or from another background, you want a space that honors both your pain and your strength. You’re ready to be heard, seen, and supported as you work through the layers of your story.
You may feel overwhelmed, stuck, or pulled between who you are and who others expect you to be. You may be navigating trauma, addiction, faith, anxiety, or grief in silence. My ideal client is seeking peace, clarity, and emotional relief. Whether you’re part of the East African or Muslim community or from another background, you want a space that honors both your pain and your strength. You’re ready to be heard, seen, and supported as you work through the layers of your story.
(218) 322-0351 View (218) 322-0351
Photo of Casey Wagner, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Casey Wagner
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
2 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
My heart is for people to experience healing and wellness. I provide an integration of Christian Faith Based Counseling for those interested. I have a passion to help those with spiritual challenges, especially in the context of OCD. I've been trained in ERP, CBIT, and the ComB Model. I provide therapy for Anxiety, BFRBs, Tic Disorders, and Phobias. I also work with individuals on habit development, grief and loss, managing stress, & adjusting to life changes. My approach is pressure free and compassionate. In therapy, we work to understand the issue you are dealing with and work together in finding positive ways to move forward.
My heart is for people to experience healing and wellness. I provide an integration of Christian Faith Based Counseling for those interested. I have a passion to help those with spiritual challenges, especially in the context of OCD. I've been trained in ERP, CBIT, and the ComB Model. I provide therapy for Anxiety, BFRBs, Tic Disorders, and Phobias. I also work with individuals on habit development, grief and loss, managing stress, & adjusting to life changes. My approach is pressure free and compassionate. In therapy, we work to understand the issue you are dealing with and work together in finding positive ways to move forward.
(218) 986-7643 View (218) 986-7643
Photo of Krystal Aasen, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, M.Ed., LPCC, NCC
Krystal Aasen
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, M.Ed., LPCC, NCC
3 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
Anxiety, stress, relationship challenges, and life transitions can feel overwhelming and isolating. You may be high-functioning on the outside while internally feeling stuck, self-critical, or unsure of your next step. Therapy can be a place to slow down, gain insight, and build new patterns. I support teens and adults in managing anxiety, strengthening boundaries, improving relationships, and cultivating lasting self-compassion and emotional resilience.
Anxiety, stress, relationship challenges, and life transitions can feel overwhelming and isolating. You may be high-functioning on the outside while internally feeling stuck, self-critical, or unsure of your next step. Therapy can be a place to slow down, gain insight, and build new patterns. I support teens and adults in managing anxiety, strengthening boundaries, improving relationships, and cultivating lasting self-compassion and emotional resilience.
(218) 541-1846 View (218) 541-1846
Photo of Karie Svoboda - Imagine Perspectives, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, ADHD, CCSP, CHT
Imagine Perspectives
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPCC, ADHD, CCSP, CHT
1 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
Waitlist for new clients
I work with adults and children with all types of symptoms. Are you struggling with staying organized or focused? As a therapist with lived experience of ADHD and autism, I understand the challenges firsthand. I offer personalized strategies to improve your executive functioning skills and help you take control of your daily life.
I work with adults and children with all types of symptoms. Are you struggling with staying organized or focused? As a therapist with lived experience of ADHD and autism, I understand the challenges firsthand. I offer personalized strategies to improve your executive functioning skills and help you take control of your daily life.
View
Photo of Tiffany Marie Conner, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Tiffany Marie Conner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
Not accepting new clients
Hi. I'm here to support you through your therapeutic process, whatever that looks like. I believe that each person's therapy experience is unique to them and aim to work with a client in a way that is most meaningful to them. I enjoy working with people of all ages, backgrounds and situations. I began my career working with and learning about children and play therapy. I've expanded my knowledge to include trauma, anxiety, OCD, depression, stress, anger and other mental health concerns with all ages. Please call or email with any questions. I am happy to help.
Hi. I'm here to support you through your therapeutic process, whatever that looks like. I believe that each person's therapy experience is unique to them and aim to work with a client in a way that is most meaningful to them. I enjoy working with people of all ages, backgrounds and situations. I began my career working with and learning about children and play therapy. I've expanded my knowledge to include trauma, anxiety, OCD, depression, stress, anger and other mental health concerns with all ages. Please call or email with any questions. I am happy to help.
(218) 521-7120 View (218) 521-7120
Photo of September Prushek, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC
September Prushek
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC
Online Only
I identify as a compassionate and authentic clinician who approaches each session with a strengths-based and client-centered approach. Clients have often described me as creating an open and warm atmosphere to share their unique stories. But fear not! Expect delicate and challenging nudges toward personal awareness and growth intertwined throughout the therapeutic experience. I believe each individual has an inner wisdom and intuition, and with the support of the therapeutic relationship, can create space to tap into this knowledge of self, connection with others, and meaning within the world.
I identify as a compassionate and authentic clinician who approaches each session with a strengths-based and client-centered approach. Clients have often described me as creating an open and warm atmosphere to share their unique stories. But fear not! Expect delicate and challenging nudges toward personal awareness and growth intertwined throughout the therapeutic experience. I believe each individual has an inner wisdom and intuition, and with the support of the therapeutic relationship, can create space to tap into this knowledge of self, connection with others, and meaning within the world.
(218) 300-2144 View (218) 300-2144
Photo of Jennifer Thomas, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC
Jennifer Thomas
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, MS, LPCC
Brainerd, MN 56401
I am deeply committed to your mental health and well-being, I am here to support you on your journey to healing and growth. I specialize in helping individuals navigate anxiety, stress, and the challenges of daily life. I provide a person-centered approach that ensures therapy is tailored to your unique needs. I aim to create a supportive and safe environment where you feel heard and understood. My sessions are characterized by authenticity and empathy, allowing you to express yourself freely and work through challenges at your own pace.
I am deeply committed to your mental health and well-being, I am here to support you on your journey to healing and growth. I specialize in helping individuals navigate anxiety, stress, and the challenges of daily life. I provide a person-centered approach that ensures therapy is tailored to your unique needs. I aim to create a supportive and safe environment where you feel heard and understood. My sessions are characterized by authenticity and empathy, allowing you to express yourself freely and work through challenges at your own pace.
(218) 395-5274 View (218) 395-5274
Photo of Sue Brennan, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Sue Brennan
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
4 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
Not accepting new clients
Are you feeling irritable, depressed or anxious about your marriage or other relational challenges in your life? Is it difficult for you to make decisions lately? Are you grieving losses or maybe facing some hard things that you never imagined could happen? Talking with someone can help get your mind around the core issues of what is hurting and give you space to sort things out. Feeling heard and understood is often the first step in gaining new, healthier perspectives. In therapy, you direct the conversation with someone patiently holding a flashlight for you.
Are you feeling irritable, depressed or anxious about your marriage or other relational challenges in your life? Is it difficult for you to make decisions lately? Are you grieving losses or maybe facing some hard things that you never imagined could happen? Talking with someone can help get your mind around the core issues of what is hurting and give you space to sort things out. Feeling heard and understood is often the first step in gaining new, healthier perspectives. In therapy, you direct the conversation with someone patiently holding a flashlight for you.
(218) 318-2408 View (218) 318-2408
Photo of Lorraine Sellner, Counselor, MA, LPCC
Lorraine Sellner
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Brainerd, MN 56401
Sometimes relationships and your mood can improve with small changes to your thoughts and behaviors. I have many years of experience working with depression, anxiety, addiction, relationship conflict and trauma. I believe in a holistic approach that includes the mind, body, spirit and emotions.
Sometimes relationships and your mood can improve with small changes to your thoughts and behaviors. I have many years of experience working with depression, anxiety, addiction, relationship conflict and trauma. I believe in a holistic approach that includes the mind, body, spirit and emotions.
(218) 644-7166 View (218) 644-7166
Photo of Anastasia Atchley, Licensed Professional Counselor, MAE, LPCC
Anastasia Atchley
Licensed Professional Counselor, MAE, LPCC
Brainerd, MN 56401
My ideal clients are individuals (6-18) and families who are struggling with connection from continuous family conflict, generational trauma, and creating unhealthy patterns. Parents may struggle with implementing structure, being emotionally close with their children while children or teens refuse to comply and act out due to not being able to communicate their needs. The family or individual wants to work on rebuilding trust, strengthening relationships, and creating a sense of safety within the home.
My ideal clients are individuals (6-18) and families who are struggling with connection from continuous family conflict, generational trauma, and creating unhealthy patterns. Parents may struggle with implementing structure, being emotionally close with their children while children or teens refuse to comply and act out due to not being able to communicate their needs. The family or individual wants to work on rebuilding trust, strengthening relationships, and creating a sense of safety within the home.
(218) 335-5439 View (218) 335-5439
Photo of Anna Bankey, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Anna Bankey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Brainerd, MN 56401
Trauma therapist in Brainerd specializing in EMDR, Brain Spotting, Somatic Therapy and neuroscience-based nervous system healing. I help teens & adults struggling with trauma, PTSD, anxiety and chronic stress process experiences that traditional talk therapy don't fully resolve. Using brain- and body-based approaches, my style therapy focuses on regulating the nervous system, releasing stored trauma and creating lasting emotional change. Serving clients in-person in the Brainerd Lakes Area & across Minnesota via telehealth with compassionate, trauma-informed care to help you feel safe, supported and grounded to move forward in life!
Trauma therapist in Brainerd specializing in EMDR, Brain Spotting, Somatic Therapy and neuroscience-based nervous system healing. I help teens & adults struggling with trauma, PTSD, anxiety and chronic stress process experiences that traditional talk therapy don't fully resolve. Using brain- and body-based approaches, my style therapy focuses on regulating the nervous system, releasing stored trauma and creating lasting emotional change. Serving clients in-person in the Brainerd Lakes Area & across Minnesota via telehealth with compassionate, trauma-informed care to help you feel safe, supported and grounded to move forward in life!
(218) 489-3998 View (218) 489-3998
Photo of Nicole Rubbelke, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Nicole Rubbelke
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Online Only
My ideal client may look “high-functioning” on the outside, but inside, they’re exhausted. They are living with the lingering impact of trauma, whether from childhood wounds, relationship ruptures, medical experiences, systemic harm, or chronic stress. They may struggle with anxiety, emotional overwhelm, people-pleasing, perfectionism, or feeling disconnected from themselves and others. Some feel stuck in patterns they don’t fully understand. Others carry shame they can’t seem to shake. Many have learned to survive beautifully—but they’re tired of just surviving.
My ideal client may look “high-functioning” on the outside, but inside, they’re exhausted. They are living with the lingering impact of trauma, whether from childhood wounds, relationship ruptures, medical experiences, systemic harm, or chronic stress. They may struggle with anxiety, emotional overwhelm, people-pleasing, perfectionism, or feeling disconnected from themselves and others. Some feel stuck in patterns they don’t fully understand. Others carry shame they can’t seem to shake. Many have learned to survive beautifully—but they’re tired of just surviving.
(218) 402-6436 View (218) 402-6436
Photo of September Prushek, Counselor, LPCC
September Prushek
Counselor, LPCC
Online Only
Hi there! I'm September and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) practicing in Minnesota. I graduated with my master's degree in clinical mental health counseling from Saint Cloud State University in 2021 and have practiced in a variety of settings including my current private practice, community mental health, DBT intensive outpatient programming, corrections through the DOC, crisis, and foster care settings. I enjoy working with clients experiencing trauma (specializing in betrayal trauma), self-esteem concerns, codependency, relationship concerns, and those who may be navigating narcissistic abuse.
Hi there! I'm September and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) practicing in Minnesota. I graduated with my master's degree in clinical mental health counseling from Saint Cloud State University in 2021 and have practiced in a variety of settings including my current private practice, community mental health, DBT intensive outpatient programming, corrections through the DOC, crisis, and foster care settings. I enjoy working with clients experiencing trauma (specializing in betrayal trauma), self-esteem concerns, codependency, relationship concerns, and those who may be navigating narcissistic abuse.
(218) 255-9178 View (218) 255-9178
Photo of Chris Newell, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Chris Newell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
1 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
Do you feel: out of sorts, down, irritable, or overly anxious? You may be ready for change, wanting it, but not knowing how to make that happen. Trauma may be affecting your daily life interactions and you're ready to heal. You may be a psychotherapist feeling stuck. Maybe you're unsure how to pivot with life.
Do you feel: out of sorts, down, irritable, or overly anxious? You may be ready for change, wanting it, but not knowing how to make that happen. Trauma may be affecting your daily life interactions and you're ready to heal. You may be a psychotherapist feeling stuck. Maybe you're unsure how to pivot with life.
(218) 325-5968 View (218) 325-5968
Photo of Megan Mueller, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Megan Mueller
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
3 Endorsed
Brainerd, MN 56401
Welcome! Brene Brown, social worker/researcher states: "One day you will tell your story of how you overcame and what you went through and it will be someone else's survival guide". I believe in our ability to overcome our struggles in life, and how these can bring out our strengths and character that we otherwise would not have known in ourselves. Starting therapy is a journey and a courageous first step to take. I have confidence that with support and guidance you can find strength and meaning in the difficulties that bring you to therapy.
Welcome! Brene Brown, social worker/researcher states: "One day you will tell your story of how you overcame and what you went through and it will be someone else's survival guide". I believe in our ability to overcome our struggles in life, and how these can bring out our strengths and character that we otherwise would not have known in ourselves. Starting therapy is a journey and a courageous first step to take. I have confidence that with support and guidance you can find strength and meaning in the difficulties that bring you to therapy.
(763) 347-2683 View (763) 347-2683
Photo of Lindsey Weaver, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Lindsey Weaver
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LGSW
Brainerd, MN 56401
I believe most symptoms make sense in the context of lived experience. I focus on identifying the root causes of suffering, which may show up as anxiety, depression, irritability, internal overwhelm, overthinking, perfectionism, or relational challenges. Many of my clients present with PTSD, ADHD, ASD, OCD, or life adjustments. My background in military & healthcare settings allows me to support individuals with high stress & responsibility, while remaining mindful of the impact of power, systems, & equity on those who have experienced marginalization or discrimination. My approach is grounded in authenticity and non- judgement.
I believe most symptoms make sense in the context of lived experience. I focus on identifying the root causes of suffering, which may show up as anxiety, depression, irritability, internal overwhelm, overthinking, perfectionism, or relational challenges. Many of my clients present with PTSD, ADHD, ASD, OCD, or life adjustments. My background in military & healthcare settings allows me to support individuals with high stress & responsibility, while remaining mindful of the impact of power, systems, & equity on those who have experienced marginalization or discrimination. My approach is grounded in authenticity and non- judgement.
(218) 403-4468 View (218) 403-4468
Photo of Karie Svoboda, Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Karie Svoboda
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPCC
Brainerd, MN 56401
Karie Svoboda is a dedicated Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) specializing in trauma, ADHD, autism, anxiety, hypnosis and more. With a compassionate approach, she empowers individuals to navigate their mental health journeys, offering tailored strategies that foster growth and resilience. Her commitment to understanding each client’s unique needs ensures a supportive and transformative therapeutic experience.
Karie Svoboda is a dedicated Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) specializing in trauma, ADHD, autism, anxiety, hypnosis and more. With a compassionate approach, she empowers individuals to navigate their mental health journeys, offering tailored strategies that foster growth and resilience. Her commitment to understanding each client’s unique needs ensures a supportive and transformative therapeutic experience.
(218) 496-4586 View (218) 496-4586

See more therapy options for Brainerd

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Brainerd, MN

60+

Average cost per session

$155

Therapists in Brainerd, MN who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
82% Depression
82% Self Esteem
76% Trauma and PTSD
74% Stress
63% Grief
60% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

91% BlueCross and BlueShield
75% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH
72% Medica

How Therapists in Brainerd, MN see their clients

69% In Person and Online
31% Online Only

Gender breakdown

93% Female
5% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Brainerd?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.