Therapists in Tell City, IN

Photo of Julia Doane, MSW, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julia Doane
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tell City, IN 47586
I would like to acknowledge the strength that you have for looking into and reaching out for therapy. You deserve a space where you feel seen, heard, and understood. My mission is to create a safe, caring, nonjudgmental space and to remind everyone of their value as a person and to help them embrace techniques to feel regulated and empowered.
I would like to acknowledge the strength that you have for looking into and reaching out for therapy. You deserve a space where you feel seen, heard, and understood. My mission is to create a safe, caring, nonjudgmental space and to remind everyone of their value as a person and to help them embrace techniques to feel regulated and empowered.
(812) 635-5392 View (812) 635-5392
Photo of Vanessa Ford, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vanessa Ford
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Tell City, IN 47586  (Online Only)
Welcome! I am Vanessa Ford, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have 20 years of therapy and mental health services under my belt. Most of my experience has taken place in a community mental health setting providing therapy to adults and children, along with treating adolescents in the school setting. I was also lucky enough to get some experience in an inpatient unit, ERs, nursing homes, and a state residential facility for children as part of my educational/training experience. I have been told my strengths are making clients comfortable to open up and not feel judged.
Welcome! I am Vanessa Ford, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have 20 years of therapy and mental health services under my belt. Most of my experience has taken place in a community mental health setting providing therapy to adults and children, along with treating adolescents in the school setting. I was also lucky enough to get some experience in an inpatient unit, ERs, nursing homes, and a state residential facility for children as part of my educational/training experience. I have been told my strengths are making clients comfortable to open up and not feel judged.
(812) 613-2105 View (812) 613-2105
Photo of Michelle Craig, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Craig
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tell City, IN 47586
I currently work independently within Virtual Consult, MD who provides therapy as well as psychiatry to its clientele. I work with adults and geriatric population in order to assist individuals in learning to cope with daily life stressors, develop mental wellness, and sobriety. As a therapist my goal is to meet clients where they are at and assist individuals in developing coping skills that fit their current need and situation.
I currently work independently within Virtual Consult, MD who provides therapy as well as psychiatry to its clientele. I work with adults and geriatric population in order to assist individuals in learning to cope with daily life stressors, develop mental wellness, and sobriety. As a therapist my goal is to meet clients where they are at and assist individuals in developing coping skills that fit their current need and situation.
(812) 301-8881 x3 View (812) 301-8881 x3
Photo of Julie M Bellamy, LCSW, GC-C, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie M Bellamy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, GC-C
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tell City, IN 47586
Not only do I understand the challenge in picking up the phone to make that first phone call for help, I understand and am mindful of the challenges of following through with this, every step of the way. I see my role as a therapist as helping each of my clients to move toward their best life. I work collaboratively with my clients to figure out what that means for them, and am mindful that my job as a therapist is to work myself out of a job.
Not only do I understand the challenge in picking up the phone to make that first phone call for help, I understand and am mindful of the challenges of following through with this, every step of the way. I see my role as a therapist as helping each of my clients to move toward their best life. I work collaboratively with my clients to figure out what that means for them, and am mindful that my job as a therapist is to work myself out of a job.
(812) 496-4328 View (812) 496-4328
Photo of Blaire Gammon, LCPC, Pastoral Counselor
Blaire Gammon
Pastoral Counselor, LCPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Tell City, IN 47586
To the outside world, your life looks great. But behind the forced smiles and fake selfies, something is wrong, and it has been for a while. Let's get real for a minute. Chances are you probably feel like there's no hope left. And if we're being honest, looking for help might just be your last ditch effort before giving up and throwing in the towel. Whether your life is a constant mess and everything is falling apart, or because you aren't sure where else to turn, you've come to the right place.
To the outside world, your life looks great. But behind the forced smiles and fake selfies, something is wrong, and it has been for a while. Let's get real for a minute. Chances are you probably feel like there's no hope left. And if we're being honest, looking for help might just be your last ditch effort before giving up and throwing in the towel. Whether your life is a constant mess and everything is falling apart, or because you aren't sure where else to turn, you've come to the right place.
(270) 232-2213 View (270) 232-2213
Photo of Katherine M Feldmeier, MSW, LCSW, CSAYC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Katherine M Feldmeier
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CSAYC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Tell City, IN 47586  (Online Only)
Does life seem difficult and/or overwhelming? Do you need peace, confidence and joy in your life? I am a licensed clinical social worker licensed in Indiana with 14+ years of professional work experience. In my practice, I work with adult individuals struggling to overcome anxiety, depression and past trauma. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths and insights that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage and I am proud of you for getting started! Call or email to schedule your life changing appointment today!
Does life seem difficult and/or overwhelming? Do you need peace, confidence and joy in your life? I am a licensed clinical social worker licensed in Indiana with 14+ years of professional work experience. In my practice, I work with adult individuals struggling to overcome anxiety, depression and past trauma. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths and insights that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage and I am proud of you for getting started! Call or email to schedule your life changing appointment today!
(318) 766-8772 View (318) 766-8772

Online Therapists

Photo of Kristen Ryan, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Kristen Ryan
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401
Understanding the self is the first step toward change. Through compassion, reflection and skill development one has the opportunity to remove obstacles in the form of beliefs, mobilize one's inner resources, reduce suffering and create a more meaningful life. I have worked with adults who have survived trauma/abuse, struggled with problems in mood and thought and experienced self-worth injuries.
Understanding the self is the first step toward change. Through compassion, reflection and skill development one has the opportunity to remove obstacles in the form of beliefs, mobilize one's inner resources, reduce suffering and create a more meaningful life. I have worked with adults who have survived trauma/abuse, struggled with problems in mood and thought and experienced self-worth injuries.
(612) 564-4185 View (612) 564-4185
Photo of Delyn C Kazdan, LMHC, MS, EdS, NCC, Counselor
Delyn C Kazdan
Counselor, LMHC, MS, EdS, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47404  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
We all have trauma, obstacles, setbacks in life, or times where we don't feel our best. It can be a struggle to just get through the day. Sometimes we find that those traumas and obstacles are too big to overcome on our own, and we need help. Therapy can be an excellent place to process through and heal from trauma, gain new coping skills or improve old ones, and develop the self-awareness and insight to reach new levels of personal growth. Whether it's a struggle with a mood disorder like depression/anxiety, major life adjustments like divorce, or processing through a complex trauma history, helping others heal is what I love to do
We all have trauma, obstacles, setbacks in life, or times where we don't feel our best. It can be a struggle to just get through the day. Sometimes we find that those traumas and obstacles are too big to overcome on our own, and we need help. Therapy can be an excellent place to process through and heal from trauma, gain new coping skills or improve old ones, and develop the self-awareness and insight to reach new levels of personal growth. Whether it's a struggle with a mood disorder like depression/anxiety, major life adjustments like divorce, or processing through a complex trauma history, helping others heal is what I love to do
(812) 362-2206 View (812) 362-2206
Photo of Monte Ritchey, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Monte Ritchey
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Evansville, IN 47715
Life’s challenges don’t always respond to our usual strategies, here at Non Standard Solutions, I recognize that every client has unique experiences, motivations, and strengths. My therapeutic approach is informed by strength-based, client-centered, positive psychology, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Meaning, we’ll work together to identify tools that you can use to address your life’s stressors. Ultimately, help provide you with both practical short term solutions as well as long term personal growth.
Life’s challenges don’t always respond to our usual strategies, here at Non Standard Solutions, I recognize that every client has unique experiences, motivations, and strengths. My therapeutic approach is informed by strength-based, client-centered, positive psychology, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Meaning, we’ll work together to identify tools that you can use to address your life’s stressors. Ultimately, help provide you with both practical short term solutions as well as long term personal growth.
(812) 203-5130 View (812) 203-5130
Photo of Hope Huling, PsyD, Pre-Licensed Professional
Hope Huling
Pre-Licensed Professional, PsyD
Verified Verified
New Albany, IN 47150
Are you ready to make a change? I work with people across the lifespan and I'm committed to creating a safe and affirming space for all. As a Queer-identified psychologist and former teacher, I am passionate about working with people in the LGBTQ+ and Disability communities, as well as other marginalized groups. I have experience supporting individuals through their experiences of trauma, anxiety, and identity-based concerns.
Are you ready to make a change? I work with people across the lifespan and I'm committed to creating a safe and affirming space for all. As a Queer-identified psychologist and former teacher, I am passionate about working with people in the LGBTQ+ and Disability communities, as well as other marginalized groups. I have experience supporting individuals through their experiences of trauma, anxiety, and identity-based concerns.
(812) 301-7089 x721 View (812) 301-7089 x721
Photo of Sean Abraham, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sean Abraham
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
My name is Sean Abraham and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Indiana with a Bachelor’s and a Master’s degree in Social Work from Indiana University Bloomington. I have been in the field of social work and therapy for 6 years working with people to solve real problems in their lives. My experience includes working with those who have struggled with substance use, depression, anxiety, loss, communication problems, student life, as well as other mental health concerns. I enjoy being able to work one on one with individuals and witness the life changing journeys that everyone is capable of.
My name is Sean Abraham and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Indiana with a Bachelor’s and a Master’s degree in Social Work from Indiana University Bloomington. I have been in the field of social work and therapy for 6 years working with people to solve real problems in their lives. My experience includes working with those who have struggled with substance use, depression, anxiety, loss, communication problems, student life, as well as other mental health concerns. I enjoy being able to work one on one with individuals and witness the life changing journeys that everyone is capable of.
(317) 647-1323 View (317) 647-1323
Photo of Jennifer Richards, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Jennifer Richards
Counselor, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47401  (Online Only)
Hi! I’m Jen and I’m not perfect. It took me a long time to be able to say and accept that statement. In fact, I embrace the things that are imperfect: I am a trauma survivor. I am neurodivergent. I have struggled with depression and anxiety. I have navigated all of these difficulties throughout my life and seek to help others navigate their issues as well. I am fully authentic with my clients and I hope my clients will be fully authentic with me.
Hi! I’m Jen and I’m not perfect. It took me a long time to be able to say and accept that statement. In fact, I embrace the things that are imperfect: I am a trauma survivor. I am neurodivergent. I have struggled with depression and anxiety. I have navigated all of these difficulties throughout my life and seek to help others navigate their issues as well. I am fully authentic with my clients and I hope my clients will be fully authentic with me.
(812) 732-0147 View (812) 732-0147
Photo of Calvin Mofield, MA, LMHCA, NCC, Counselor
Calvin Mofield
Counselor, MA, LMHCA, NCC
Verified Verified
Newburgh, IN 47630
I find that I work well with those who have struggled to find someone who takes the time to understand them. Those who feel judged and not validated. Those who feel isolated or disconnected. People who know there is a better version of themselves inside of them and are struggling to find a way to become that version of themselves. I find I work well with those who are neurodivergent either through ADHD, Autism Spectrum, or trauma. I am able to help those who struggle with depression and anxiety. If you're looking for answers or skills or just to be heard I will do my best to provide you with what you are looking for.
I find that I work well with those who have struggled to find someone who takes the time to understand them. Those who feel judged and not validated. Those who feel isolated or disconnected. People who know there is a better version of themselves inside of them and are struggling to find a way to become that version of themselves. I find I work well with those who are neurodivergent either through ADHD, Autism Spectrum, or trauma. I am able to help those who struggle with depression and anxiety. If you're looking for answers or skills or just to be heard I will do my best to provide you with what you are looking for.
(812) 634-8236 View (812) 634-8236
Photo of Jonna Marie Capio - Jonna Marie Capio, LMHC, LLC, MS, EdS, LMHC, Counselor
Jonna Marie Capio, LMHC, LLC
Counselor, MS, EdS, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomington, IN 47401
Waitlist for new clients
I have a waitlist. If you are in a life crisis, a life shift, need behavioral changes, feel "stuck" or if you have found yourself in "transition" where life is demanding you adjust, I would be honored to assist you on your journey. I have a deep respect for the strength, resilience, and depth of people and am passionate about assisting with healing and authentic growth. My style is collaborative and integrates a variety of counseling approaches including; cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, educational, supportive and spiritual.
I have a waitlist. If you are in a life crisis, a life shift, need behavioral changes, feel "stuck" or if you have found yourself in "transition" where life is demanding you adjust, I would be honored to assist you on your journey. I have a deep respect for the strength, resilience, and depth of people and am passionate about assisting with healing and authentic growth. My style is collaborative and integrates a variety of counseling approaches including; cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, educational, supportive and spiritual.
(812) 783-8774 View (812) 783-8774
Photo of Margo Auer, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Margo Auer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Evansville, IN 47708
I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for clients to navigate life's challenges. I work collaboratively with clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to foster personal growth and healing.
I provide a safe, non-judgmental space for clients to navigate life's challenges. I work collaboratively with clients to explore their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to foster personal growth and healing.
(812) 393-3420 View (812) 393-3420
Photo of Patricia Watkins, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Patricia Watkins
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Evansville, IN 47710
Do YOU feel stressed, overwhelmed, or stuck? Regardless of what has you-stuck or how long you have been stuck, it’s no fun being in that position. Yet, many of us live almost our entire lives in that position. Held captive by our own minds, family issues, generational strongholds, trauma, relationships, significant losses, and other stressors. Sometimes we can go years and not even realize that we are not actually living. I feel your pain, but…I also see your potential. It takes a moment of pain and struggle in order for you to have a major breakthrough and gain momentum again. There is purpose and power in your pain.
Do YOU feel stressed, overwhelmed, or stuck? Regardless of what has you-stuck or how long you have been stuck, it’s no fun being in that position. Yet, many of us live almost our entire lives in that position. Held captive by our own minds, family issues, generational strongholds, trauma, relationships, significant losses, and other stressors. Sometimes we can go years and not even realize that we are not actually living. I feel your pain, but…I also see your potential. It takes a moment of pain and struggle in order for you to have a major breakthrough and gain momentum again. There is purpose and power in your pain.
(812) 202-4225 View (812) 202-4225
Photo of Kathy L Giebler, MMFT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Kathy L Giebler
Marriage & Family Therapist, MMFT, LMFT
Verified Verified
Bloomfield, IN 47424
I transitioned a couple of years ago from Texas to Indiana and have empathy for anyone going through a transitional process. I am still seeing Texas clients virtually; still taking TX BCBS. I am currently taking new clients at my Bloomfield, Indiana, location. I am also certified to see Indiana clients virtually. I grew up northeast of Bloomfield. It has taken several years to get back, but I am excited to be offering my services in my hometown. I believe that coming along beside a person, and walking with them in their journey, is a step of trust. Exploring the situation together can make the journey easier.
I transitioned a couple of years ago from Texas to Indiana and have empathy for anyone going through a transitional process. I am still seeing Texas clients virtually; still taking TX BCBS. I am currently taking new clients at my Bloomfield, Indiana, location. I am also certified to see Indiana clients virtually. I grew up northeast of Bloomfield. It has taken several years to get back, but I am excited to be offering my services in my hometown. I believe that coming along beside a person, and walking with them in their journey, is a step of trust. Exploring the situation together can make the journey easier.
(812) 646-9697 View (812) 646-9697
Photo of Bryce Allen Hansen, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bryce Allen Hansen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Newburgh, IN 47630
Hello there! I’m an LCSW and I practice mental health therapy at Old Towne Counseling of Newburgh. I am taking new clients! I am an EMDR Trained Clinician, and I am very excited to be able to offer this service to the public because of how helpful it can be! I’ve been practicing therapy since I graduated with my MSW from IUPUI in 2017.
Hello there! I’m an LCSW and I practice mental health therapy at Old Towne Counseling of Newburgh. I am taking new clients! I am an EMDR Trained Clinician, and I am very excited to be able to offer this service to the public because of how helpful it can be! I’ve been practicing therapy since I graduated with my MSW from IUPUI in 2017.
(812) 625-2994 View (812) 625-2994
Photo of Rebecca Edwards - Mind Over Matters, LCSW, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Mind Over Matters
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Newburgh, IN 47630
Do you feel stuck? Do you feel overwhelmed? I help clients who struggle with people-pleasing, perfectionism, high-achievement and anyone who feels anxious, overwhelmed, exhausted and feel like they aren't measuring up. Do you engage in critical self-talk, compare and despair, impossible expectations? I teach clients strategies that positively impact relationships, mood, stress, work, parenting, lifestyle, etc. Thoughts play an important role in how we perceive ourselves, others, and our environment. I aim to identify negative, inaccurate, self-limiting thoughts and replace them into limitless thinking patterns.
Do you feel stuck? Do you feel overwhelmed? I help clients who struggle with people-pleasing, perfectionism, high-achievement and anyone who feels anxious, overwhelmed, exhausted and feel like they aren't measuring up. Do you engage in critical self-talk, compare and despair, impossible expectations? I teach clients strategies that positively impact relationships, mood, stress, work, parenting, lifestyle, etc. Thoughts play an important role in how we perceive ourselves, others, and our environment. I aim to identify negative, inaccurate, self-limiting thoughts and replace them into limitless thinking patterns.
(812) 629-1111 View (812) 629-1111
Photo of Kaitlin E Moore, MA, MDiv, Counselor
Kaitlin E Moore
Counselor, MA, MDiv
Verified Verified
Evansville, IN 47712
Did you know that a study conducted by Harvard identified meaningful relationships as the most significant predictor of happiness? I specialize in working with relationships of all kinds, from toxic family dynamics, parents with anxious children, affair work in couples, social anxiety, and past trauma, to exploring kink, and enhancing social skills. Quality relationships result in happiness and helping clients achieve that happiness is my passion. Whether it's enhancing your dating life, deepening friendships, or navigating complex relationship dynamics, my approach is tailored to foster resilience and meaningful connections.
Did you know that a study conducted by Harvard identified meaningful relationships as the most significant predictor of happiness? I specialize in working with relationships of all kinds, from toxic family dynamics, parents with anxious children, affair work in couples, social anxiety, and past trauma, to exploring kink, and enhancing social skills. Quality relationships result in happiness and helping clients achieve that happiness is my passion. Whether it's enhancing your dating life, deepening friendships, or navigating complex relationship dynamics, my approach is tailored to foster resilience and meaningful connections.
(812) 412-2524 View (812) 412-2524

See more therapy options for Tell City

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Tell City, IN

< 10

Therapists in Tell City, IN who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Self Esteem
83% Trauma and PTSD
83% Coping Skills
67% Relationship Issues
67% Parenting

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Aetna
100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% Other

How Therapists in Tell City, IN see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Tell City?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.