Therapists in Indiana

View cities and counties in Indiana
Photo of Molly Ray, Counselor, LMHC, NCC , CADACII, RYT200
Molly Ray
Counselor, LMHC, NCC , CADACII, RYT200
Lowell, IN 46356
Waitlist for new clients
Waitlist only at this time... I have a special place in my heart for highly sensitive persons, and those seeking to step into their personal power. As a therapist, my intention is to hold safe and comfortable space to help you feel heard and unconditionally accepted. Through use of EMDR, mindfulness techniques, and our unique therapeutic relationship, I offer in-depth therapy for individuals seeking to heal from trauma & attachment issues, depression, anxiety & perfectionism.
Waitlist only at this time... I have a special place in my heart for highly sensitive persons, and those seeking to step into their personal power. As a therapist, my intention is to hold safe and comfortable space to help you feel heard and unconditionally accepted. Through use of EMDR, mindfulness techniques, and our unique therapeutic relationship, I offer in-depth therapy for individuals seeking to heal from trauma & attachment issues, depression, anxiety & perfectionism.
(219) 533-8211 View (219) 533-8211
Winston Rayburn Counseling Services, LLC
Counselor, MS, LMHC, QBHP, NCC
Valparaiso, IN 46385
Hello, welcome to a quiet, inviting office for an hour, to relax and discuss what you are going through. Most clients come to therapy, not regarding a mental illness, but for someone to talk to. Clients often say they are grateful for having someone who listens, does not judge them, helps them relax and manage their concerns. Therapists at Winston Rayburn Counseling Services walk with you to support what works best for you. If your symptoms are nervousness, anxiety, sadness, grief, loss of energy, foggy brain, restlessness, stress or other symptoms, give us a call to schedule a session, we'll help you meet your life goals.
Hello, welcome to a quiet, inviting office for an hour, to relax and discuss what you are going through. Most clients come to therapy, not regarding a mental illness, but for someone to talk to. Clients often say they are grateful for having someone who listens, does not judge them, helps them relax and manage their concerns. Therapists at Winston Rayburn Counseling Services walk with you to support what works best for you. If your symptoms are nervousness, anxiety, sadness, grief, loss of energy, foggy brain, restlessness, stress or other symptoms, give us a call to schedule a session, we'll help you meet your life goals.
(219) 355-2764 View (219) 355-2764
Photo of Lisa Renee Cannon - Lisa Cannon Counseling, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lisa Cannon Counseling, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lafayette, IN 47905
Are you feeling mentally drained and emotionally exhausted? Does it feel like anxiety is ruling your life? Is your guilt, shame, or self-doubt from past trauma negatively impacting your relationships? If so, you are not alone. Over time, our irrational thoughts and fears are cognitively reinforced, often making us feel emotionally stuck. Many of these thoughts, feelings, and behavioral responses can become unhelpful in our daily functioning and relationships, causing helplessness, chronic anxiety, and depression. If you're ready to move forward, confront your past, and learn to thrive in the present, you've come to the right place!
Are you feeling mentally drained and emotionally exhausted? Does it feel like anxiety is ruling your life? Is your guilt, shame, or self-doubt from past trauma negatively impacting your relationships? If so, you are not alone. Over time, our irrational thoughts and fears are cognitively reinforced, often making us feel emotionally stuck. Many of these thoughts, feelings, and behavioral responses can become unhelpful in our daily functioning and relationships, causing helplessness, chronic anxiety, and depression. If you're ready to move forward, confront your past, and learn to thrive in the present, you've come to the right place!
(765) 202-9633 View (765) 202-9633
Photo of Natalie Snapp, Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
Natalie Snapp
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, LMHC
2 Endorsed
Lafayette, IN 47905
Waitlist for new clients
Sometimes, life just feels hard. The good news is . . .everyone feels that way at times and there are ways to learn how to manage the hard. I am a former teacher, consultant, author, and speaker who decided later in life I wanted to pursue a life of helping others heal from past relational hurt, trauma, anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. I am currently in the process of becoming an Internal Family Systems-Informed Practitioner, allowing me to combine this modality with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Solutions Focused Therapy. Remember: it is never too late to change and heal.
Sometimes, life just feels hard. The good news is . . .everyone feels that way at times and there are ways to learn how to manage the hard. I am a former teacher, consultant, author, and speaker who decided later in life I wanted to pursue a life of helping others heal from past relational hurt, trauma, anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. I am currently in the process of becoming an Internal Family Systems-Informed Practitioner, allowing me to combine this modality with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, and Solutions Focused Therapy. Remember: it is never too late to change and heal.
(765) 978-5069 View (765) 978-5069
Photo of Swan E Roberts, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Swan E Roberts
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Jeffersonville, IN 47130
My name is Swan Roberts, and I am a licensed therapist, clinical social worker. I have 5 years of therapy experience. At this time, I only see adult clients. I was in the U.S. army as a medic. I am so glad you have decided to seek help, and I look forward to meeting you on this healing journey. I decided to become a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) therapist because I have always enjoyed helping people realize their potential, and when I was getting out of the army, I had a therapist to help me through that transition, which inspired me to follow this career path.
My name is Swan Roberts, and I am a licensed therapist, clinical social worker. I have 5 years of therapy experience. At this time, I only see adult clients. I was in the U.S. army as a medic. I am so glad you have decided to seek help, and I look forward to meeting you on this healing journey. I decided to become a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) therapist because I have always enjoyed helping people realize their potential, and when I was getting out of the army, I had a therapist to help me through that transition, which inspired me to follow this career path.
(812) 781-7818 View (812) 781-7818
Photo of Michelle Kelley Forgey, Counselor, LPC, RPT, MA, LMHC
Michelle Kelley Forgey
Counselor, LPC, RPT, MA, LMHC
Online Only
I strive to create a safe and loving environment free from any judgment to help bring healing. I believe in looking at the whole person recognizing that each individual and family is unique. I work to be creative in my interventions and empower clients to find their voice. It is a privilege to walk with clients through some of their hardest and darkest moments. We journey together through the darkness to the light that is waiting just on the other side of the pain.
I strive to create a safe and loving environment free from any judgment to help bring healing. I believe in looking at the whole person recognizing that each individual and family is unique. I work to be creative in my interventions and empower clients to find their voice. It is a privilege to walk with clients through some of their hardest and darkest moments. We journey together through the darkness to the light that is waiting just on the other side of the pain.
(682) 243-6916 View (682) 243-6916
Photo of Travis Lawson, Counselor, MS, EdS, LMHC
Travis Lawson
Counselor, MS, EdS, LMHC
Bloomington, IN 47404
I’m committed to creating a space where clients feel genuinely supported as they work toward meaningful, lasting change. My areas of focus include depression and anxiety, substance use and misuse, LGBTQ+ experiences, men’s issues and masculinity, college students, and those navigating transitions in life, family, and career. I earned my undergraduate and graduate degrees at Indiana University, studying education, counseling, and human development. My longstanding connection to IU also includes years of work in counseling, teaching, and administrative roles, giving me a strong understanding of both campus and community dynamics.
I’m committed to creating a space where clients feel genuinely supported as they work toward meaningful, lasting change. My areas of focus include depression and anxiety, substance use and misuse, LGBTQ+ experiences, men’s issues and masculinity, college students, and those navigating transitions in life, family, and career. I earned my undergraduate and graduate degrees at Indiana University, studying education, counseling, and human development. My longstanding connection to IU also includes years of work in counseling, teaching, and administrative roles, giving me a strong understanding of both campus and community dynamics.
(812) 220-3311 View (812) 220-3311
Photo of Emily Vassar, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Emily Vassar
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
2 Endorsed
Merrillville, IN 46410
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who works well with clients of all ages, creating a therapeutic environment for all. I provide a safe and judgement free atmosphere to ensure everyone who comes in my office feels comfortable. I specialize in working with survivors of different types of traumas and abuse including but not limited to sexual, physical, and verbal. In addition, I have experience working with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, and bipolar.
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who works well with clients of all ages, creating a therapeutic environment for all. I provide a safe and judgement free atmosphere to ensure everyone who comes in my office feels comfortable. I specialize in working with survivors of different types of traumas and abuse including but not limited to sexual, physical, and verbal. In addition, I have experience working with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, and bipolar.
(219) 245-7620 View (219) 245-7620
Photo of Dr. Laura Jurewicz, Psychologist, PsyD
Dr. Laura Jurewicz
Psychologist, PsyD
Zionsville, IN 46077
Laura specializes in helping clients manage the emotional complexities that often accompany medical conditions and other health-related concerns. Using evidence-based interventions such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and CBT for Insomnia, she collaborates with clients to identify and overcome barriers to achieving a more fulfilling life. Her expertise includes working with individuals coping with grief, empowering them to process their experiences and move toward healing.
Laura specializes in helping clients manage the emotional complexities that often accompany medical conditions and other health-related concerns. Using evidence-based interventions such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and CBT for Insomnia, she collaborates with clients to identify and overcome barriers to achieving a more fulfilling life. Her expertise includes working with individuals coping with grief, empowering them to process their experiences and move toward healing.
(463) 300-5376 View (463) 300-5376
Photo of Lora Klompmaker, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAC
Lora Klompmaker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCAC
Lowell, IN 46356
Hi! I am Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW, LCAC) based in Northwest Indiana. I believe with guidance, support and proper resources, clients can overcome their struggles, recover and get their life back. I enjoy watching my clients succeed and overcome challenges. I can offer guidance in addressing a variety of roadblocks that may be preventing you from moving forward in your relationships, career, or even physical and/or mental health.
Hi! I am Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW, LCAC) based in Northwest Indiana. I believe with guidance, support and proper resources, clients can overcome their struggles, recover and get their life back. I enjoy watching my clients succeed and overcome challenges. I can offer guidance in addressing a variety of roadblocks that may be preventing you from moving forward in your relationships, career, or even physical and/or mental health.
(219) 327-6857 View (219) 327-6857
Photo of Stephanie Metcalf, Counselor, MS, LMHC
Stephanie Metcalf
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Online Only
My ideal client is someone who’s ready to make meaningful changes but might feel unsure where to start. They may be struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship stress, or simply feeling “stuck.” What they want most is to feel more balanced, confident, and capable in their daily life. My approach focuses on progress over perfection—because every step forward matters. I believe therapy should be a space for growth, reflection, and empowerment, where we can both celebrate your wins along the way!
My ideal client is someone who’s ready to make meaningful changes but might feel unsure where to start. They may be struggling with anxiety, depression, life transitions, relationship stress, or simply feeling “stuck.” What they want most is to feel more balanced, confident, and capable in their daily life. My approach focuses on progress over perfection—because every step forward matters. I believe therapy should be a space for growth, reflection, and empowerment, where we can both celebrate your wins along the way!
(219) 533-7891 View (219) 533-7891
Photo of Kendra S O’Connor, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kendra S O’Connor
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Fort Wayne, IN 46804
I strongly believe in helping clients grow and heal the whole person. I focus on building on strengths to overcome stressors and struggles. I am on a journey with my clients to find Hope. I specialize in Mood Disorders, Anxiety, Self-Harm and Suicidal ideation, Grief and Loss, Trauma, Gender Identity, Phase of Life, and Substance Abuse/Addictions. I work with Individuals, Groups, and Families. I have been practicing since 2002 with an LCSW and LCAC. I have had experience in "couch" therapy, residential therapy, school counseling, consulting, supervising, as well as coaching.
I strongly believe in helping clients grow and heal the whole person. I focus on building on strengths to overcome stressors and struggles. I am on a journey with my clients to find Hope. I specialize in Mood Disorders, Anxiety, Self-Harm and Suicidal ideation, Grief and Loss, Trauma, Gender Identity, Phase of Life, and Substance Abuse/Addictions. I work with Individuals, Groups, and Families. I have been practicing since 2002 with an LCSW and LCAC. I have had experience in "couch" therapy, residential therapy, school counseling, consulting, supervising, as well as coaching.
(260) 960-5041 View (260) 960-5041
Photo of Kristin Butler, Counselor, LMHC, CSAYC
Kristin Butler
Counselor, LMHC, CSAYC
1 Endorsed
Greenwood, IN 46143
Deciding to go to therapy can be an anxious experience, and I hope to ease that decision by offering a calming and welcoming space. Every client has a story that matters, and I'm honored to be part of helping you achieve your goals. Together we can build a treatment plan to address your needs and wants. I work with teens and adult women with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and/or trauma. Using best-practice models, l help my clients change their thoughts, build better emotional reserves, and find solutions that work for them. I strive to make therapy a healing place you want to be.
Deciding to go to therapy can be an anxious experience, and I hope to ease that decision by offering a calming and welcoming space. Every client has a story that matters, and I'm honored to be part of helping you achieve your goals. Together we can build a treatment plan to address your needs and wants. I work with teens and adult women with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and/or trauma. Using best-practice models, l help my clients change their thoughts, build better emotional reserves, and find solutions that work for them. I strive to make therapy a healing place you want to be.
(317) 743-8202 View (317) 743-8202
Photo of Kaitlyn Meredith, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Kaitlyn Meredith
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Evansville, IN 47714
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker currently accepting NEW clients at Counseling for Change: Child and Adolescent Clinic. As a therapist, I work with children experiencing behavior issues by helping them understand and express their emotions in a healthy, constructive way. I create a safe space where children can identify their feelings, learn to communicate them effectively and develop coping skills that reduce frustration and improve their relationships at home and school. “There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you”- Maya Angelo
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker currently accepting NEW clients at Counseling for Change: Child and Adolescent Clinic. As a therapist, I work with children experiencing behavior issues by helping them understand and express their emotions in a healthy, constructive way. I create a safe space where children can identify their feelings, learn to communicate them effectively and develop coping skills that reduce frustration and improve their relationships at home and school. “There is no greater agony than bearing an untold story inside you”- Maya Angelo
(812) 408-1847 View (812) 408-1847
Photo of Lisa Wedow, Counselor, LCMHC
Lisa Wedow
Counselor, LCMHC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor from Northwest Indiana. I grew up on a farm in a small town, and I love animals and helping others. My style is eclectic, and my specializations include trauma, mood disorders, and interpersonal relationships.
I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor from Northwest Indiana. I grew up on a farm in a small town, and I love animals and helping others. My style is eclectic, and my specializations include trauma, mood disorders, and interpersonal relationships.
(463) 283-6204 View (463) 283-6204
Photo of Shelby Blaich, Pre-Licensed Professional
Shelby Blaich
Pre-Licensed Professional
Columbus, IN 47203
Welcome! I'm so glad you're here and considering taking the first step toward therapy. Life can feel overwhelming at times, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. Whether you’re struggling with OCD, anxiety, depression, panic, agoraphobia, intrusive thoughts, health worries, self-esteem, or relationship challenges—I’m here to support you. Together, we’ll create a warm and encouraging space where you can explore your thoughts and emotions at a pace that feels comfortable for you!
Welcome! I'm so glad you're here and considering taking the first step toward therapy. Life can feel overwhelming at times, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. Whether you’re struggling with OCD, anxiety, depression, panic, agoraphobia, intrusive thoughts, health worries, self-esteem, or relationship challenges—I’m here to support you. Together, we’ll create a warm and encouraging space where you can explore your thoughts and emotions at a pace that feels comfortable for you!
(812) 366-2218 View (812) 366-2218
Photo of Adrian P Burden, Counselor, LMHC
Adrian P Burden
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or weighed down by past experiences? I help adults navigate trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, and substance use. My style is collaborative, conversational, and supportive—blending CBT, ACT, and Motivational Interviewing with authenticity, humor, and accountability. Together, we’ll clarify your goals, build practical tools, and create lasting change.
Are you feeling stuck, overwhelmed, or weighed down by past experiences? I help adults navigate trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, and substance use. My style is collaborative, conversational, and supportive—blending CBT, ACT, and Motivational Interviewing with authenticity, humor, and accountability. Together, we’ll clarify your goals, build practical tools, and create lasting change.
(930) 200-5654 View (930) 200-5654
Photo of Karen Fatouros, Counselor, LMHC
Karen Fatouros
Counselor, LMHC
Online Only
Welcome! My name is Karen Fatouros and I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and Licensed School Counselor, with additional certifications in substance abuse and hypnosis. I specialize in supporting adults through challenges like depression, anxiety, and life transitions. I also have a particular interest in working with LGBTQIA2S+ individuals and those within the school system. For those open to it, I also offer hypnotherapy as an optional tool to help achieve deeper peace. Let's work together to
Welcome! My name is Karen Fatouros and I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) and Licensed School Counselor, with additional certifications in substance abuse and hypnosis. I specialize in supporting adults through challenges like depression, anxiety, and life transitions. I also have a particular interest in working with LGBTQIA2S+ individuals and those within the school system. For those open to it, I also offer hypnotherapy as an optional tool to help achieve deeper peace. Let's work together to
(463) 243-6489 View (463) 243-6489
Photo of Lawrence Stroup - Joyous Therapy, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CFSW
Joyous Therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, CFSW
Online Only
Life has a way of presenting unforeseen circumstances for all of us. Having support when we need it the most is a valued need and a service I help provide to my clients. I focus on helping you find strength, build on hope, and develop skills to become more resilient for the challenges you may face.
Life has a way of presenting unforeseen circumstances for all of us. Having support when we need it the most is a valued need and a service I help provide to my clients. I focus on helping you find strength, build on hope, and develop skills to become more resilient for the challenges you may face.
(765) 347-9989 View (765) 347-9989
Photo of Elise Birch, Counselor, LMHC, MA-AT
Elise Birch
Counselor, LMHC, MA-AT
2 Endorsed
Online Only
My goal is to empower you to better understand yourself and address whatever may be a struggle for you. Overall, I offer a collaborative, transparent relationship that encourages insight, confidence, and growth. I enjoy humor, chatting about your hobbies, and encouraging everyone to make art regardless of skill. My goal is to make our work feels more like a conversation than a chore for you. My favorite moments of being a therapist are helping you get to that 'aha' moments so we can work on the steps needed to feel fully like yourself! Depression and anxiety are rampant in our chaotic world and I'm here to help you manage that.
My goal is to empower you to better understand yourself and address whatever may be a struggle for you. Overall, I offer a collaborative, transparent relationship that encourages insight, confidence, and growth. I enjoy humor, chatting about your hobbies, and encouraging everyone to make art regardless of skill. My goal is to make our work feels more like a conversation than a chore for you. My favorite moments of being a therapist are helping you get to that 'aha' moments so we can work on the steps needed to feel fully like yourself! Depression and anxiety are rampant in our chaotic world and I'm here to help you manage that.
(317) 676-9273 View (317) 676-9273

See more therapy options for Indiana

How does your Therapist compare?

Average cost per session

$125

Therapists in Indiana who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
86% Depression
71% Trauma and PTSD
66% Self Esteem
64% Coping Skills
63% Stress
62% Relationship Issues

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
75% BlueCross and BlueShield
69% Anthem

How Therapists in Indiana see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Indiana?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.