LGBTQ+ Affirming Therapists in 02110

Photo of David Caparrelli, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David Caparrelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
I see adults from all different backgrounds, and I specialize in working with people from the LGBTQ+ community.
Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, grief or addiction, or you're just going through a hard time, I want to be there for you. My philosophy is that you are the expert on your own life, and it is my job to help you make it the best it can be.
I see adults from all different backgrounds, and I specialize in working with people from the LGBTQ+ community.
Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, grief or addiction, or you're just going through a hard time, I want to be there for you. My philosophy is that you are the expert on your own life, and it is my job to help you make it the best it can be.
(617) 468-7163 View (617) 468-7163
Photo of Luke Patrick 'tt' King, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Luke Patrick 'tt' King
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110
Outside of my clinical work, I find great joy in leaving the city, the ocean's ecosystems, images of transjoy, and my cats.
Note: I am not accepting new patients at this time (April 2024). It is my belief that healing happens in relationships, and therapy is no different. We will orient our work toward what matters to you most, and through somatic tools, relationship building, and exploration of different parts of self, you can practice having choice over your patterns of being, relating, and feeling. I acknowledge the role of systems of oppression on mental health and wellness, and have particular training supporting an increased sense of safety, dignity, and belonging for those who have experienced trauma.
Outside of my clinical work, I find great joy in leaving the city, the ocean's ecosystems, images of transjoy, and my cats.
Note: I am not accepting new patients at this time (April 2024). It is my belief that healing happens in relationships, and therapy is no different. We will orient our work toward what matters to you most, and through somatic tools, relationship building, and exploration of different parts of self, you can practice having choice over your patterns of being, relating, and feeling. I acknowledge the role of systems of oppression on mental health and wellness, and have particular training supporting an increased sense of safety, dignity, and belonging for those who have experienced trauma.
View
Photo of Daniel Scanlan, MSW, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Daniel Scanlan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
I have experience working with people from diverse backgrounds, and specialize in working with the LGBTQIA+ community.
Do you have a place where you can be truly heard? That's what I strive to create with you in the therapy space: somewhere for you to bring whatever it is that you're struggling with or the stuff that feels too heavy to bear alone. Maybe your challenges are preventing you from enjoying satisfaction and contentment. Perhaps you are in a period of transition and therapy could be a space to think through decisions that are in alignment with your most important values. Or maybe you're struggling in a relationship to overcome old patterns that have limited you until now.
I have experience working with people from diverse backgrounds, and specialize in working with the LGBTQIA+ community.
Do you have a place where you can be truly heard? That's what I strive to create with you in the therapy space: somewhere for you to bring whatever it is that you're struggling with or the stuff that feels too heavy to bear alone. Maybe your challenges are preventing you from enjoying satisfaction and contentment. Perhaps you are in a period of transition and therapy could be a space to think through decisions that are in alignment with your most important values. Or maybe you're struggling in a relationship to overcome old patterns that have limited you until now.
(339) 218-4270 View (339) 218-4270
Photo of Vanessa Wood, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Vanessa Wood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
As an LGBTQ-affirming provider, Vanessa is committed to creating a safe and inclusive environment for all clients.
Vanessa Wood, LICSW, is a dedicated mental health professional with over 10 years of experience in the field. She is a graduate of Boston University and has been an active practitioner in the mental health world for more than a decade. Throughout her career, Vanessa has worked with a diverse range of populations, including adolescents, teens, young adults, adults, and older adults. Her extensive experience spans various settings, allowing her to adapt her therapeutic approach to meet the unique needs of each individual.
As an LGBTQ-affirming provider, Vanessa is committed to creating a safe and inclusive environment for all clients.
Vanessa Wood, LICSW, is a dedicated mental health professional with over 10 years of experience in the field. She is a graduate of Boston University and has been an active practitioner in the mental health world for more than a decade. Throughout her career, Vanessa has worked with a diverse range of populations, including adolescents, teens, young adults, adults, and older adults. Her extensive experience spans various settings, allowing her to adapt her therapeutic approach to meet the unique needs of each individual.
(617) 812-6312 View (617) 812-6312
Photo of Cristina Vesprini, LMHC, Counselor
Cristina Vesprini
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
I believe "Feeling Good" matters and that seeking therapy requires strength and courage. As a licensed mental health counselor with over 10 years of experience, I specialize in working with teens and adults, offering both adolescent and adult therapy. My expertise includes life transitions, relationship and family dynamics, narcissistic abuse, women's issues, self-worth, LGBTQ+ concerns, sexuality, inner child healing, and parts work. I believe our present selves are shaped by past experiences, especially during childhood and adolescence.
I believe "Feeling Good" matters and that seeking therapy requires strength and courage. As a licensed mental health counselor with over 10 years of experience, I specialize in working with teens and adults, offering both adolescent and adult therapy. My expertise includes life transitions, relationship and family dynamics, narcissistic abuse, women's issues, self-worth, LGBTQ+ concerns, sexuality, inner child healing, and parts work. I believe our present selves are shaped by past experiences, especially during childhood and adolescence.
(617) 934-3862 View (617) 934-3862
Photo of Rachel Oppenheimer, LMHC, Counselor
Rachel Oppenheimer
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
I have expertise working with Queer and international communities, young professionals, and women’s issues.
Fall 2024 - Accepting New Clients! Taking the first few steps toward working on your mental health is a sign of significant strength and resilience. Finding a therapist can definitely feel overwhelming, but taking the time to find the right fit and ensuring you feel a connection is worth the effort, and is actually a therapeutic element of engaging in therapy. I look forward to supporting you through this journey and investment in your mental well-being.
I have expertise working with Queer and international communities, young professionals, and women’s issues.
Fall 2024 - Accepting New Clients! Taking the first few steps toward working on your mental health is a sign of significant strength and resilience. Finding a therapist can definitely feel overwhelming, but taking the time to find the right fit and ensuring you feel a connection is worth the effort, and is actually a therapeutic element of engaging in therapy. I look forward to supporting you through this journey and investment in your mental well-being.
(617) 539-7139 View (617) 539-7139
Photo of Ashley Anechiarico, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ashley Anechiarico
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
Ashley addresses anxiety, LGBTQIA+ issues, life transitions, women’s issues, ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, burnout, depression, identity exploration, loneliness, PTSD, relationship challenges, stress, substance abuse, and trauma.
Ashley Anechiarico, a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW), is renowned for her compassionate and client-centered approach in therapy. Her practice caters to a wide array of clients, including young adults, the LGBTQ+ community, and individuals coping with depression, anxiety, and emotional abuse. Ashley’s therapeutic style is grounded in collaboration and strength-based methods, tailored to address the unique needs of each client.
Ashley addresses anxiety, LGBTQIA+ issues, life transitions, women’s issues, ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, burnout, depression, identity exploration, loneliness, PTSD, relationship challenges, stress, substance abuse, and trauma.
Ashley Anechiarico, a Licensed Independent Clinical Social Worker (LICSW), is renowned for her compassionate and client-centered approach in therapy. Her practice caters to a wide array of clients, including young adults, the LGBTQ+ community, and individuals coping with depression, anxiety, and emotional abuse. Ashley’s therapeutic style is grounded in collaboration and strength-based methods, tailored to address the unique needs of each client.
(617) 675-9343 View (617) 675-9343
Photo of Meredith Walker, LICSW, CST, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Meredith Walker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, CST
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I specialize in working with the LGBTQIA+ community and am kink and poly-friendly.
A year from now, you will wish you started today. - K. Lamb - Working with a therapist can provide support, help you foster insight, and build new strategies to identify and address the core issues that interfere with relationships and work. Therapy can increase the flexibility with which you think about and engage in your life. My intent is for us to create a reliable and safe environment in which we can work together to address the issues you've been facing, improve understanding of yourself and help you feel less stuck in existing patterns of managing challenges.
I specialize in working with the LGBTQIA+ community and am kink and poly-friendly.
A year from now, you will wish you started today. - K. Lamb - Working with a therapist can provide support, help you foster insight, and build new strategies to identify and address the core issues that interfere with relationships and work. Therapy can increase the flexibility with which you think about and engage in your life. My intent is for us to create a reliable and safe environment in which we can work together to address the issues you've been facing, improve understanding of yourself and help you feel less stuck in existing patterns of managing challenges.
(617) 431-5853 View (617) 431-5853
Photo of Maureen Walsh, MA, PsyaCns, LMHC, Counselor
Maureen Walsh
Counselor, MA, PsyaCns, LMHC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110
My experience encompasses treating people with anxiety, depression, addictions (including dual diagnosis), bipolar disorder, PTSD, low self-esteem, co-dependency, somatic issues, gender identity and LGBT issues.
Worry, Anxiety, Trauma, Depression, Grief, Overwhelming Feelings, Relationship Disasters... these are but a few of the issues that may lead someone to consider a professional who can support and assist you with your core concerns. I specialize in treating the human condition from a holistic perspective, always honoring the uniqueness of each individual and respecting their way of "being" in the world. Our aim together will be to explore and find revelations, resolutions,and solutions. Using a psychoanalytic approach, we will bring to light the driving forces behind the repetitive behaviors that tend to keep us attached to repeated outcomes.
My experience encompasses treating people with anxiety, depression, addictions (including dual diagnosis), bipolar disorder, PTSD, low self-esteem, co-dependency, somatic issues, gender identity and LGBT issues.
Worry, Anxiety, Trauma, Depression, Grief, Overwhelming Feelings, Relationship Disasters... these are but a few of the issues that may lead someone to consider a professional who can support and assist you with your core concerns. I specialize in treating the human condition from a holistic perspective, always honoring the uniqueness of each individual and respecting their way of "being" in the world. Our aim together will be to explore and find revelations, resolutions,and solutions. Using a psychoanalytic approach, we will bring to light the driving forces behind the repetitive behaviors that tend to keep us attached to repeated outcomes.
(617) 396-7614 View (617) 396-7614
Photo of Dylan Reyes, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Dylan Reyes
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
Summer 2024 - Accepting New Clients! Do you struggle with imposter syndrome, coping with traumatic events, difficulties developing a strong sense of self or managing relationships? Maybe you have been experiencing depression, anxiety or distress. Wherever you are in your journey, you are worthy of processing in a space where all aspects of you are met with acceptance, curiosity, and empowerment. As a queer, mixed-race, neurodivergent, & Latinx clinician I support individuals who are struggling to accept themselves, or may be learning to accept or better understand more about who they are.
Summer 2024 - Accepting New Clients! Do you struggle with imposter syndrome, coping with traumatic events, difficulties developing a strong sense of self or managing relationships? Maybe you have been experiencing depression, anxiety or distress. Wherever you are in your journey, you are worthy of processing in a space where all aspects of you are met with acceptance, curiosity, and empowerment. As a queer, mixed-race, neurodivergent, & Latinx clinician I support individuals who are struggling to accept themselves, or may be learning to accept or better understand more about who they are.
(617) 874-1168 View (617) 874-1168
Photo of Scott Garvin, MA, LMHC, LPC, Counselor
Scott Garvin
Counselor, MA, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
I am accepting clients for my gay men's support group dealing with relationships and self-esteem.
Do anxious or depressed feelings interfere with your plans for that new job, new living situation or getting and keeping healthy supportive relationships? Do you find yourself distracted and know there are things you just keep putting off? I work with adults who are motivated to make internal changes that lead to external results in their lives. My clients are no longer willing to remain stuck with old thought patterns and behaviors that limit them. Clients report that our work together is insightful, exciting and important.
I am accepting clients for my gay men's support group dealing with relationships and self-esteem.
Do anxious or depressed feelings interfere with your plans for that new job, new living situation or getting and keeping healthy supportive relationships? Do you find yourself distracted and know there are things you just keep putting off? I work with adults who are motivated to make internal changes that lead to external results in their lives. My clients are no longer willing to remain stuck with old thought patterns and behaviors that limit them. Clients report that our work together is insightful, exciting and important.
(617) 606-4292 View (617) 606-4292
Photo of Maxwell Ehrnfelt, MSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Maxwell Ehrnfelt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
As a therapist who is white, queer, and trans, I aim to practice from an anti-oppressive lens.
To begin, I would like to share a reading that resonates with me personally and professionally. In "Decolonizing Therapy," Dr. Jennifer Mullan offers, "We are demanding trauma-responsive, culturally full, transparent, anti-carceral, non-ableist care. We all deserve this. Our children deserve this. Our elders deserve this. Future generations deserve this. This book is my offering for more cross-movement, intergenerational, neurodivergent, gender- queer, ancestral, abolition-centered, embodied therapeutic work that actually works, and does not devour." <3
As a therapist who is white, queer, and trans, I aim to practice from an anti-oppressive lens.
To begin, I would like to share a reading that resonates with me personally and professionally. In "Decolonizing Therapy," Dr. Jennifer Mullan offers, "We are demanding trauma-responsive, culturally full, transparent, anti-carceral, non-ableist care. We all deserve this. Our children deserve this. Our elders deserve this. Future generations deserve this. This book is my offering for more cross-movement, intergenerational, neurodivergent, gender- queer, ancestral, abolition-centered, embodied therapeutic work that actually works, and does not devour." <3
(413) 287-1780 View (413) 287-1780
Photo of Paola Scardino, LMHC, CRC
Paola Scardino
LMHC, CRC
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
I believe that we all have the innate ability to thrive and be well in mind, given the right guidance, support and tools. To that goal, I provide individual psychotherapy to adults, couples, adolescents and families in a safe and supportive environment. Some of my specialty areas include anxiety disorders, depression and mood disorders, relational issues, family conflict, adjusting to life transitions, trauma, multicultural issues and LGBTQ clients.
I believe that we all have the innate ability to thrive and be well in mind, given the right guidance, support and tools. To that goal, I provide individual psychotherapy to adults, couples, adolescents and families in a safe and supportive environment. Some of my specialty areas include anxiety disorders, depression and mood disorders, relational issues, family conflict, adjusting to life transitions, trauma, multicultural issues and LGBTQ clients.
(617) 336-8840 View (617) 336-8840
Photo of Raeanna Lucey, LMHC, Counselor
Raeanna Lucey
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
Raeanna Lucey is a licensed mental health therapist serving clients in the Greater Boston area. Raeanna received her master’s degree in mental health counseling and psychology from Lesley University in Cambridge, MA. Raeanna has experience working with adolescents, teens, and adults in an individual therapy setting. Raeanna speciality areas include depression, anxiety, trauma processing, LGBTQIA+, sexuality, and gender identity issues, personality and mood disorders.
Raeanna Lucey is a licensed mental health therapist serving clients in the Greater Boston area. Raeanna received her master’s degree in mental health counseling and psychology from Lesley University in Cambridge, MA. Raeanna has experience working with adolescents, teens, and adults in an individual therapy setting. Raeanna speciality areas include depression, anxiety, trauma processing, LGBTQIA+, sexuality, and gender identity issues, personality and mood disorders.
(617) 380-6548 View (617) 380-6548
Photo of Dr. Jennifer Ansted, LMHC, Counselor
Dr. Jennifer Ansted
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
Thank you for taking this step to focus on your mental health and well-being. I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who works with adults, adolescents, and couples. I have experience working with a wide variety of clients with diverse needs and am especially passionate about helping those experiencing substance use disorder, anxiety, depression, women’s issues, and LGBTQIA+ related issues.
Thank you for taking this step to focus on your mental health and well-being. I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who works with adults, adolescents, and couples. I have experience working with a wide variety of clients with diverse needs and am especially passionate about helping those experiencing substance use disorder, anxiety, depression, women’s issues, and LGBTQIA+ related issues.
(617) 420-7068 View (617) 420-7068
Photo of Ryan Mason Hatlelid, MS, LMHC, Counselor
Ryan Mason Hatlelid
Counselor, MS, LMHC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
I am a member of the LGBTQIA community and passionate about social justice.
Summer 2024 - Accepting New Clients! Whether managing short-term or long-term stress, I value making a space for clients to take a moment to stop, step back from what they're doing and take a look from the outside. In a comfortable space with a supportive therapeutic relationship, clients can best understand themselves and disentangle challenges of daily life. I believe in helping clients identify what defines them as an individual, and how to best fulfill the things in life that are important to them. I also value awareness of identities relating to culture, ethnicity, gender and sex, and how they affect clients' values and goals.
I am a member of the LGBTQIA community and passionate about social justice.
Summer 2024 - Accepting New Clients! Whether managing short-term or long-term stress, I value making a space for clients to take a moment to stop, step back from what they're doing and take a look from the outside. In a comfortable space with a supportive therapeutic relationship, clients can best understand themselves and disentangle challenges of daily life. I believe in helping clients identify what defines them as an individual, and how to best fulfill the things in life that are important to them. I also value awareness of identities relating to culture, ethnicity, gender and sex, and how they affect clients' values and goals.
(857) 524-2988 View (857) 524-2988
Photo of Rebecca Adler, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebecca Adler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
I have a lot of experience working with younger people and younger people from the LGBTQ population and enjoy all ages.
I have 15 years of experience counseling youth and adults. I am licensed to work in both Texas and Massachusetts. My focus has been young adults and the LGBTQ+ population. I take the approach of starting where you are. Through connecting and talking about your intentions, we can begin to find a pathway to addressing and exploring the issues that are impeding your happiness. Within each human is an inner wisdom, and my role is to help you connect with that part of yourself, increasing self-confidence and life satisfaction. It helps to have an outside perspective, and I support your path to choosing a life with more understanding.
I have a lot of experience working with younger people and younger people from the LGBTQ population and enjoy all ages.
I have 15 years of experience counseling youth and adults. I am licensed to work in both Texas and Massachusetts. My focus has been young adults and the LGBTQ+ population. I take the approach of starting where you are. Through connecting and talking about your intentions, we can begin to find a pathway to addressing and exploring the issues that are impeding your happiness. Within each human is an inner wisdom, and my role is to help you connect with that part of yourself, increasing self-confidence and life satisfaction. It helps to have an outside perspective, and I support your path to choosing a life with more understanding.
(512) 843-0629 View (512) 843-0629
Photo of Christine Becker, MSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christine Becker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110  (Online Only)
I have been a licensed independent clinical social worker (LICSW) with over 25 years of experience. Although well known through my work with the LGBTQ community, I look forward to working with all individuals, and couples. All are welcome here. Day and evening video appointments are available from wherever you are located.
I have been a licensed independent clinical social worker (LICSW) with over 25 years of experience. Although well known through my work with the LGBTQ community, I look forward to working with all individuals, and couples. All are welcome here. Day and evening video appointments are available from wherever you are located.
(339) 500-7268 View (339) 500-7268
Photo of Chloe Landisman - Meridian Psychotherapy Associates, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chloe Landisman - Meridian Psychotherapy Associates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Boston, MA 02110
I have extensive experience working with adults of all ages, I also work with young adults and members of the LGBTQIA+ community.
I am an empathetic and compassionate Clinical Psychotherapist with Meridian Psychotherapy Associates, a team of culturally sensitive and trauma-informed psychotherapists. We work with individuals, couples, and families who may be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, loss, and other life stressors. Our ultimate mission is to support your healing process. We believe that your lived experiences should and will be heard.
I have extensive experience working with adults of all ages, I also work with young adults and members of the LGBTQIA+ community.
I am an empathetic and compassionate Clinical Psychotherapist with Meridian Psychotherapy Associates, a team of culturally sensitive and trauma-informed psychotherapists. We work with individuals, couples, and families who may be struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, loss, and other life stressors. Our ultimate mission is to support your healing process. We believe that your lived experiences should and will be heard.
(203) 988-6900 View (203) 988-6900
Photo of Clare McBee, MA, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Clare McBee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LICSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Boston, MA 02110
Waitlist for new clients
Over the course of my career as a clinical social worker, I have focused my work on providing LGBTQI-affirming psychotherapy to individuals who have experienced trauma, in its many interpersonal and systemic forms. As a white queer nonbinary femme therapist, I continue to educate myself on the privileges and power dynamics inherent in my own social position in relation to my clients, and I openly work from an anti-oppression framework.
Over the course of my career as a clinical social worker, I have focused my work on providing LGBTQI-affirming psychotherapy to individuals who have experienced trauma, in its many interpersonal and systemic forms. As a white queer nonbinary femme therapist, I continue to educate myself on the privileges and power dynamics inherent in my own social position in relation to my clients, and I openly work from an anti-oppression framework.
(781) 990-2308 View (781) 990-2308
LGBTQ+ Therapists

Do LGBTQ-affirmative therapists receive special training?

Yes. Many therapists who practice LGBTQ-affirmative therapy have completed specialized training, either during their degree program or as continuing education, to learn the core principles of affirmative therapy and how to best support their LGBTQ clients; some have received certifications in LGBTQ-affirmative therapy. Prospective clients should inquire as to a clinician’s background and training to ensure a good fit.

Why might I want to see an LGBTQ-affirming or LGBTQ-friendly therapist?

Queer and gender-non-conforming individuals frequently experience bias and marginalization in day-to-day life. Working with a therapist who understands these unique challenges, as well as accepts and affirms their identity, can help LGBTQ clients feel safe and supported during therapy—allowing them to better navigate their relationships, mental health, and anything else that they wish to explore during therapy. It is important to note that many therapists can be effective in their work with LGBTQ+ individuals, even in the absence of specific training or background knowledge. The most important component in therapy is the alliance between therapist and client, and this alliance can exist between individuals with very different backgrounds.

How can I find an LGBTQ-friendly therapist?

You may wish to inquire about a therapist’s expertise with your specific challenges or concerns—depression, for example, or relationship strife—as well as their past experiences treating LGBTQ+ clients. Prospective clients may also ask whether a therapist has obtained additional training and/or certification in LGBTQ-affirmative techniques.

How can I inquire about a therapist’s experience with LGBTQ issues?

Prospective clients should feel empowered to directly ask therapists whether they have received training or been certified in LGBTQ-affirming therapy; competent therapists will be happy to explain their educational background and preferred approach(es) to help a client find the best match for them. Clients may also wish to ask how a therapist has treated clients with their particular challenges in the past and what they expect treatment to look like.

Are all the therapists listed in the LGBTQ directory themselves members of the LGBTQ community?

While therapists may choose to disclose their sexual orientation or gender identity in their profiles, the LGBTQ directory features not only those who have shared this information but also those who assert specialized training or experience in providing support to queer individuals, couples or families.