Therapists in Atlanta, GA

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Photo of Maya A Butler, Licensed Professional Counselor, ACS, NCC
Maya A Butler
Licensed Professional Counselor, ACS, NCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
People seek out therapy for different reasons, & I believe it's ultimately because of a desire to live at their highest potential. Life is a journey filled with experiences that can impact us in both good & bad ways; sometimes leaving us to decide if we are living a life full of joy, peace, love, purpose, or personal meaning.
People seek out therapy for different reasons, & I believe it's ultimately because of a desire to live at their highest potential. Life is a journey filled with experiences that can impact us in both good & bad ways; sometimes leaving us to decide if we are living a life full of joy, peace, love, purpose, or personal meaning.
(770) 746-7205 View (770) 746-7205
Photo of Al Kaibzhanov, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Al Kaibzhanov
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
3 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30305
Dedicated, empathetic, evidence-based care sets my practice apart. I'm AL and I use holistic approach at Solution Therapy & Coaching. My practice uniquely blends EMDR, Somatic Therapy, IFS, CBT, Mindfulness, Polyvagal Theory, Transformational Life Coaching, and other modalities, with a special emphasis on elevating awareness of your interpersonal mental and emotional dynamics. With over a decade of experience, I also integrate yoga, qigong, meditation, and breathwork teachings, and I see you as a whole being. Let's create a safe, non-judgmental space where you can overcome life's challenges and achieve emotional well-being.
Dedicated, empathetic, evidence-based care sets my practice apart. I'm AL and I use holistic approach at Solution Therapy & Coaching. My practice uniquely blends EMDR, Somatic Therapy, IFS, CBT, Mindfulness, Polyvagal Theory, Transformational Life Coaching, and other modalities, with a special emphasis on elevating awareness of your interpersonal mental and emotional dynamics. With over a decade of experience, I also integrate yoga, qigong, meditation, and breathwork teachings, and I see you as a whole being. Let's create a safe, non-judgmental space where you can overcome life's challenges and achieve emotional well-being.
(404) 974-3660 View (404) 974-3660
Photo of Melissa Grasso, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LLC
Melissa Grasso
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LLC
2 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30324
Above all treatment modalities, the biggest predictor of success in therapy is a positive relationship between the client and the therapist. As a therapist, I work to create a safe, non-judgemental therapeutic environment in which clients can heal and grow. During our time in therapy together, we will work closely to analyze what struggles you are facing, their underlying causes, and try to change the behaviors and thought patterns that are keeping you from being the person you want to be.
Above all treatment modalities, the biggest predictor of success in therapy is a positive relationship between the client and the therapist. As a therapist, I work to create a safe, non-judgemental therapeutic environment in which clients can heal and grow. During our time in therapy together, we will work closely to analyze what struggles you are facing, their underlying causes, and try to change the behaviors and thought patterns that are keeping you from being the person you want to be.
(404) 738-9856 View (404) 738-9856
Photo of Othea McAlpine - Workthrough Wellness & Consulting LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Workthrough Wellness & Consulting LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
Life happens to the best of us, and it can be very overwhelming in general. With women juggling more roles, there has been an overwhelming increase in pressure to push through when you may feel like you are operating on fumes. Whether you are amid a positive, exciting life event or more stressful experience, life transitions are inevitable. This is for the woman who may be functioning well on the outside but falling apart inside. You came here because maybe you are feeling disconnected from yourself & others, feeling chronically exhausted and questioning this version of you.
Life happens to the best of us, and it can be very overwhelming in general. With women juggling more roles, there has been an overwhelming increase in pressure to push through when you may feel like you are operating on fumes. Whether you are amid a positive, exciting life event or more stressful experience, life transitions are inevitable. This is for the woman who may be functioning well on the outside but falling apart inside. You came here because maybe you are feeling disconnected from yourself & others, feeling chronically exhausted and questioning this version of you.
(770) 626-4623 View (770) 626-4623
Photo of Peggy Harless, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Peggy Harless
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Online Only
Accepting new clients and wide range of appointment times outside normal business hours! I’ve worked with a wide variety of clients between outpatient clinic work, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and everything between! In my free time I read and play video games, hang out with my pet ducks (Curly Fry and Goldilocks von Marshmallow) or my dog Morticia. I’ve learned many ways of coping with anxiety and depression, stress from home or work, along with many other issues. I work with a lot of couples who struggle with communication, infidelity, and a host of other problems that can come up at any stage in your lives together.
Accepting new clients and wide range of appointment times outside normal business hours! I’ve worked with a wide variety of clients between outpatient clinic work, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and everything between! In my free time I read and play video games, hang out with my pet ducks (Curly Fry and Goldilocks von Marshmallow) or my dog Morticia. I’ve learned many ways of coping with anxiety and depression, stress from home or work, along with many other issues. I work with a lot of couples who struggle with communication, infidelity, and a host of other problems that can come up at any stage in your lives together.
(470) 664-4524 View (470) 664-4524
Photo of Gina Great, Pre-Licensed Professional, LAPC
Gina Great
Pre-Licensed Professional, LAPC
Atlanta, GA 30305
I am a Licensed Associate Professional Counselor with 6 years of experience. I bring a broad perspective to therapy, drawing from her diverse background as a mother, United States Army officer, and therapist. I offer compassionate, structured support to children and adults navigating trauma, anxiety, attention-deficit and hyperactivity challenges, emotional regulation, and life transitions. I empower clients through structured, practical approaches that support emotional growth and self-confidence.
I am a Licensed Associate Professional Counselor with 6 years of experience. I bring a broad perspective to therapy, drawing from her diverse background as a mother, United States Army officer, and therapist. I offer compassionate, structured support to children and adults navigating trauma, anxiety, attention-deficit and hyperactivity challenges, emotional regulation, and life transitions. I empower clients through structured, practical approaches that support emotional growth and self-confidence.
(470) 690-7254 View (470) 690-7254
DuVal Cravens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Atlanta, GA 30324
I offer different types of therapeutic avenues to explore, rework, release and address challenges old or new. We decide the timetable and scope of therapy together whether very focused change is desired or more in depth reworking is wanted. Some people also use therapy to maintain positive gains and have a unique place to speak/ find the truth in a safe, trusting environment. The focus is on enhancing and building on strengths to realize potential based on needs. I use brainspotting, polyvagal informed therapy (Unyte/ILS listening system) and IFS(Internal Family Systems) to deeply and often more rapidly release blocked/frozen issues
I offer different types of therapeutic avenues to explore, rework, release and address challenges old or new. We decide the timetable and scope of therapy together whether very focused change is desired or more in depth reworking is wanted. Some people also use therapy to maintain positive gains and have a unique place to speak/ find the truth in a safe, trusting environment. The focus is on enhancing and building on strengths to realize potential based on needs. I use brainspotting, polyvagal informed therapy (Unyte/ILS listening system) and IFS(Internal Family Systems) to deeply and often more rapidly release blocked/frozen issues
(404) 236-6474 View (404) 236-6474
Photo of Sandi Martinez Monterroso, Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, Intern
Sandi Martinez Monterroso
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW, Intern
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Feeling weighed down by relational difficulties, low self-esteem, depression, or anxiety? As a therapist, I intimately understand these struggles and the cultural stigmas attached to them. It's time to lighten that load. I provide a safe space where you can explore your experiences and embark on your journey towards healing. Each person's path is unique, so I tailor my therapeutic approach to meet your specific needs.
Feeling weighed down by relational difficulties, low self-esteem, depression, or anxiety? As a therapist, I intimately understand these struggles and the cultural stigmas attached to them. It's time to lighten that load. I provide a safe space where you can explore your experiences and embark on your journey towards healing. Each person's path is unique, so I tailor my therapeutic approach to meet your specific needs.
(470) 619-1679 View (470) 619-1679
Photo of Lauren Walther - Lauren Walther, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDC
Lauren Walther, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, LCDC
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30317
I offer a warm, supportive therapeutic relationship wherein a person may seek insight, understanding, and growth. The safety of the therapeutic relationship allows us to explore how you have been shaped as a person and evaluate how current behaviors, values and relationships impact your sense of satisfaction and meaning. Gaining insight on the influences of various aspects of personality, upbringing, and motivations enables us to determine a course for enhanced understanding and contentment. I gently guide people through therapeutic obstacles towards progress.
I offer a warm, supportive therapeutic relationship wherein a person may seek insight, understanding, and growth. The safety of the therapeutic relationship allows us to explore how you have been shaped as a person and evaluate how current behaviors, values and relationships impact your sense of satisfaction and meaning. Gaining insight on the influences of various aspects of personality, upbringing, and motivations enables us to determine a course for enhanced understanding and contentment. I gently guide people through therapeutic obstacles towards progress.
(404) 383-9010 View (404) 383-9010
Photo of Ellayah Persons, Associate Professional Counselor, LAPC
Ellayah Persons
Associate Professional Counselor, LAPC
1 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30309
I work primarily with teens and adults on issues related to anxiety, depression, self-esteem, childhood trauma, and life transitions. I also specialize in working with eating disorders. I prioritize creating a safe and supportive space where you feel heard, understood, and comfortable being your authentic self. I love helping my clients reach their goals and often give homework or provide a space within our time together to be interactive through worksheets, breath work, or role-playing how to respond in your environment. I am prepared to help guide you and meet you where you are.
I work primarily with teens and adults on issues related to anxiety, depression, self-esteem, childhood trauma, and life transitions. I also specialize in working with eating disorders. I prioritize creating a safe and supportive space where you feel heard, understood, and comfortable being your authentic self. I love helping my clients reach their goals and often give homework or provide a space within our time together to be interactive through worksheets, breath work, or role-playing how to respond in your environment. I am prepared to help guide you and meet you where you are.
(470) 748-3401 View (470) 748-3401
Photo of Leah Bridges, Licensed Professional Counselor, LAPC
Leah Bridges
Licensed Professional Counselor, LAPC
Online Only
I am a Licensed Associate Professional Counselor with almost 2 years of experience in the mental health field. I enjoy working with teens, adolescents, and adults on their journey to healing and fulfillment. I also work with others to provide resources that allow individuals to enrich themselves. I specialize in anxiety, depression, anger management, trauma, grief, and major life transitions, and I also offer Christian counseling. My clients set the pace of their journey, and I support them every step of the way. I obtained a Master's in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Walden University.
I am a Licensed Associate Professional Counselor with almost 2 years of experience in the mental health field. I enjoy working with teens, adolescents, and adults on their journey to healing and fulfillment. I also work with others to provide resources that allow individuals to enrich themselves. I specialize in anxiety, depression, anger management, trauma, grief, and major life transitions, and I also offer Christian counseling. My clients set the pace of their journey, and I support them every step of the way. I obtained a Master's in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Walden University.
(678) 990-1822 View (678) 990-1822
Photo of Dr. David A Wright - Atlanta Holistic Mental Health & Wellness, MD, MM, MBA, MHSA
At Atlanta Holistic Mental Health & Wellness, Georgia's Top Holistic, Integrative, Functional, & Psychoanalytic Mental Health Practice, we get to the root causes of problems & symptoms holistically, systematically, & naturally. Other approaches fail b/c they fail to get to the root causes of issues, challenges & symptoms. Proven Strategies to reach your life, personal, & professional goals holistically. Visit our website & see our 100+ 5-Star Reviews! Overcome challenges of Life Direction, Indecision, Insomnia, Anxiety/Worry, Panic Attacks, Racing Thoughts, Destructive Cycles, Emotional Ruts, Grief, Depression, ADHD, & Trauma!
At Atlanta Holistic Mental Health & Wellness, Georgia's Top Holistic, Integrative, Functional, & Psychoanalytic Mental Health Practice, we get to the root causes of problems & symptoms holistically, systematically, & naturally. Other approaches fail b/c they fail to get to the root causes of issues, challenges & symptoms. Proven Strategies to reach your life, personal, & professional goals holistically. Visit our website & see our 100+ 5-Star Reviews! Overcome challenges of Life Direction, Indecision, Insomnia, Anxiety/Worry, Panic Attacks, Racing Thoughts, Destructive Cycles, Emotional Ruts, Grief, Depression, ADHD, & Trauma!
(404) 341-6360 View (404) 341-6360
Photo of William Patrick Scyphers, Counselor, MS, LAPC, NCC
William Patrick Scyphers
Counselor, MS, LAPC, NCC
3 Endorsed
Atlanta, GA 30339
Are you struggling with depression and anxiety that is making it hard to navigate your day-to-day responsibilities? Are you exploring your sexual or gender identity and need someone to process this with? Do you to cope with ADHD and need help finding ways to manage everyday life? Does past trauma make it difficult to live life to its fullest? I meet my clients where they are, in a judgement free space, and we work together to create a space for growth and healing.
Are you struggling with depression and anxiety that is making it hard to navigate your day-to-day responsibilities? Are you exploring your sexual or gender identity and need someone to process this with? Do you to cope with ADHD and need help finding ways to manage everyday life? Does past trauma make it difficult to live life to its fullest? I meet my clients where they are, in a judgement free space, and we work together to create a space for growth and healing.
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Photo of Judi Taylor Rogers, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Judi Taylor Rogers
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I work with individuals who are ready to take an honest look at their lives and understand where their struggles are truly coming from. My approach is grounded in compassion, truth, and the belief that lasting change is possible. I specialize in helping clients uncover the root of emotional pain, destructive cycles, and unhealthy relationships, with the goal of finding clarity, healing, and peace.
I work with individuals who are ready to take an honest look at their lives and understand where their struggles are truly coming from. My approach is grounded in compassion, truth, and the belief that lasting change is possible. I specialize in helping clients uncover the root of emotional pain, destructive cycles, and unhealthy relationships, with the goal of finding clarity, healing, and peace.
(470) 470-9978 View (470) 470-9978
Photo of Lateela Burns, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Lateela Burns
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Atlanta, GA 30350
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 12 years of experience as both a therapist and case manager, dedicated to supporting adults and seniors in managing depression, anxiety, stress-related conditions, chronic pain, self-esteem issues, and other life challenges. My experience extends to helping clients navigate relationship issues, burnout, caregiver strain, and grief. I earned my Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Xavier University of Louisiana and my Master of Science in Professional Counseling from Georgia State University.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with 12 years of experience as both a therapist and case manager, dedicated to supporting adults and seniors in managing depression, anxiety, stress-related conditions, chronic pain, self-esteem issues, and other life challenges. My experience extends to helping clients navigate relationship issues, burnout, caregiver strain, and grief. I earned my Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Xavier University of Louisiana and my Master of Science in Professional Counseling from Georgia State University.
(339) 244-7023 View (339) 244-7023
Photo of Bradley Jones, Licensed Professional Counselor
Bradley Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor
Online Only
Hello, I'm Bradley, a Licensed Professional Counselor and the Founder and CEO of LifePath Wellness, LLC. With over a decade of experience as an LPC and Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) since 2010, I’ve dedicated my career to helping individuals navigate their mental health journeys. I’ve also served as a Certified Professional Counseling Supervisor (CPCS) since 2013 and a National Board-Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist (NBCCH) since 2010.
Hello, I'm Bradley, a Licensed Professional Counselor and the Founder and CEO of LifePath Wellness, LLC. With over a decade of experience as an LPC and Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) since 2010, I’ve dedicated my career to helping individuals navigate their mental health journeys. I’ve also served as a Certified Professional Counseling Supervisor (CPCS) since 2013 and a National Board-Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist (NBCCH) since 2010.
(470) 735-8190 View (470) 735-8190
Photo of Becky Lamont - Pathways Behavioral Consulting, LLC., MEd, BCBA
Pathways Behavioral Consulting, LLC.
Not Verified Not Verified
Atlanta, GA 30338
Pathways is a premier provider of applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy and consultation services to individuals with autism and related disorders throughout the state of Georgia. We work with individuals ranging in age from birth to adult in home, school, and community settings. Services are provided by our highly trained staff of BCBA, BCaBA,RBT, and behavior therapists. We accept all major insurances. Our goal is to get you on the right path to taking steps to a brighter future!
Pathways is a premier provider of applied behavior analysis (ABA) therapy and consultation services to individuals with autism and related disorders throughout the state of Georgia. We work with individuals ranging in age from birth to adult in home, school, and community settings. Services are provided by our highly trained staff of BCBA, BCaBA,RBT, and behavior therapists. We accept all major insurances. Our goal is to get you on the right path to taking steps to a brighter future!
(678) 498-5154 View (678) 498-5154
Photo of Lorna N Magnus, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Lorna N Magnus
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Not accepting new clients
I bring compassion, humor, and excitement to each session to help folks develop greater insight into how your past has gotten you to where you are today and to decide where you want to be tomorrow and the next day. I firmly believe that you have it in you to move towards wellness and your best self - I'll be by your side to help guide you, to try to avoid pot holes, and to brush us both off if we fall!
I bring compassion, humor, and excitement to each session to help folks develop greater insight into how your past has gotten you to where you are today and to decide where you want to be tomorrow and the next day. I firmly believe that you have it in you to move towards wellness and your best self - I'll be by your side to help guide you, to try to avoid pot holes, and to brush us both off if we fall!
(404) 620-5530 View (404) 620-5530
Photo of Francine Bouyett, Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Francine Bouyett
Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Waitlist for new clients
It can be difficult to open up and talk about your life stressors to someone you don’t know. Sometimes we can feel unheard or alone and just need someone who can be a helping, nonjudgmental, and listening ear. The hardest part can be finding the words to express ourselves and process what can feel like a jumbled mess and you just need someone to help put the scattered puzzle pieces together to create a beautiful picture. Aristotle said it best, “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” I can help with building coping skills, work on effective communication, self-expression, processing trauma/grief, and mindfulness.
It can be difficult to open up and talk about your life stressors to someone you don’t know. Sometimes we can feel unheard or alone and just need someone who can be a helping, nonjudgmental, and listening ear. The hardest part can be finding the words to express ourselves and process what can feel like a jumbled mess and you just need someone to help put the scattered puzzle pieces together to create a beautiful picture. Aristotle said it best, “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.” I can help with building coping skills, work on effective communication, self-expression, processing trauma/grief, and mindfulness.
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Photo of Celestia Simmons, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Celestia Simmons
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Online Only
Hello! I am a licensed professional counselor licensed in Georgia with over 11 years of experience working as a mental health counselor. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, self-esteem issues, ADHD, career challenges, substance use, co-occurring disorders and relationship issues.
Hello! I am a licensed professional counselor licensed in Georgia with over 11 years of experience working as a mental health counselor. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, self-esteem issues, ADHD, career challenges, substance use, co-occurring disorders and relationship issues.
(470) 570-3175 View (470) 570-3175

See more therapy options for Atlanta

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Atlanta, GA

3,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Atlanta, GA who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
68% Self Esteem
65% Relationship Issues
65% Stress
64% Trauma and PTSD
64% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

90% Aetna
81% Cigna and Evernorth
65% BlueCross and BlueShield

How Therapists in Atlanta, GA see their clients

53% Online Only
47% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Atlanta?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.