Photo of Sean Anthony Homsher, Licensed Professional Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
Sean Anthony Homsher
Licensed Professional Counselor, MSEd, LPC
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Perhaps you've wondered, "Why do I keep making the same mistakes over and over again, or why do find myself picking the wrong partners, or people to surround myself with?" Many people decide to seek therapy after some sort of crisis. Whether it be a break up, career change, loss of a loved one, a diagnosis of illness, or end-of-life issues. Still others are looking for relief from Anxiety & Depression, assistance managing Autism Spectrum Disorder in a child, or other family member, or overcoming sports and artistic performance anxiety, while maximizing results. People can find peace of mind by speaking with a trained therapist.
Perhaps you've wondered, "Why do I keep making the same mistakes over and over again, or why do find myself picking the wrong partners, or people to surround myself with?" Many people decide to seek therapy after some sort of crisis. Whether it be a break up, career change, loss of a loved one, a diagnosis of illness, or end-of-life issues. Still others are looking for relief from Anxiety & Depression, assistance managing Autism Spectrum Disorder in a child, or other family member, or overcoming sports and artistic performance anxiety, while maximizing results. People can find peace of mind by speaking with a trained therapist.
(215) 650-8452 View (215) 650-8452
Photo of Bonnie Eccles, Licensed Professional Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
Bonnie Eccles
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with trauma, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, psychosis, and relationship difficulties.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Board-Certified Music Therapist focused on creating a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental environment in which I collaborate with clients to pursue their goals. I draw from psychodynamic and humanistic theories to assist clients in becoming aware of ways in which past experiences may influence one’s connection with self and others today, while accessing and engaging with inherent areas of strength and health.
I have experience working with children, adolescents, and adults dealing with trauma, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, substance use disorders, psychosis, and relationship difficulties.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and Board-Certified Music Therapist focused on creating a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental environment in which I collaborate with clients to pursue their goals. I draw from psychodynamic and humanistic theories to assist clients in becoming aware of ways in which past experiences may influence one’s connection with self and others today, while accessing and engaging with inherent areas of strength and health.
(215) 999-4564 View (215) 999-4564
Photo of Wendy Simkin, Psychologist in Blue Bell, PA
Wendy Simkin
Psychologist
Not Verified Not Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
I am a licensed psychologist in greater Valley Forge with over 20 years psycho-therapeutic experience. I have a warm, gentle manner and I love partnering with young adults, women and children. I use a relational approach and tailored strategies for stress management, depression, learning and parenting challenges, and difficult life transitions. Life's transitions can bring excitement, as well as stress and worries. In our partnership, you can gain new perspectives and move beyond set-backs, challenges and loss, learning strategies to feel well prepared for your future. My experience provides perspective to help towards a more satisfying journey.
I am a licensed psychologist in greater Valley Forge with over 20 years psycho-therapeutic experience. I have a warm, gentle manner and I love partnering with young adults, women and children. I use a relational approach and tailored strategies for stress management, depression, learning and parenting challenges, and difficult life transitions. Life's transitions can bring excitement, as well as stress and worries. In our partnership, you can gain new perspectives and move beyond set-backs, challenges and loss, learning strategies to feel well prepared for your future. My experience provides perspective to help towards a more satisfying journey.
(215) 515-6415 View (215) 515-6415
Photo of Esther Kaplin, Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
Esther Kaplin
Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Whatever your concerns, whether related to an addiction, depression and anxiety, or relationship and family issues, I will help you find practical solutions that create meaningful change. As a psychotherapist, my role is to guide and support you in understanding and resolving issues.
Whatever your concerns, whether related to an addiction, depression and anxiety, or relationship and family issues, I will help you find practical solutions that create meaningful change. As a psychotherapist, my role is to guide and support you in understanding and resolving issues.
(215) 995-1183 View (215) 995-1183
Photo of Laura Manion, Licensed Professional Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
Laura Manion
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
4/1/2024: Accepting New Clients- Welcome! I work with adults of all ages in both individual and family settings. I specialize in helping my clients with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship conflicts, and lowered self esteem. My approach to counseling focuses on health and wellness so that you can have an improved sense of satisfaction and balance in your life. In our work together, we will build on your existing strengths as well as helping you work through your obstacles. Working as a team we will explore your challenges and enhance your self-understanding and acceptance.
4/1/2024: Accepting New Clients- Welcome! I work with adults of all ages in both individual and family settings. I specialize in helping my clients with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship conflicts, and lowered self esteem. My approach to counseling focuses on health and wellness so that you can have an improved sense of satisfaction and balance in your life. In our work together, we will build on your existing strengths as well as helping you work through your obstacles. Working as a team we will explore your challenges and enhance your self-understanding and acceptance.
(215) 795-4331 View (215) 795-4331
Photo of J Snyder Therapeutic Services, Licensed Professional Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
J Snyder Therapeutic Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422
J Snyder Therapeutic Services LLC is a multidisciplinary practice specializing in the integrated delivery of Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Psychiatrically overseen Medication Management, via three brick and mortar locations in Ambler, North Wales, and Blue Bell, Pa, in addition to Telehealth. JSTS treats a spectrum of patients with ages ranging from five throughout the lifespan, struggling with symptoms or diagnoses of myriad afflictions such as depression, anxiety, trauma, personality disorders, and ADHD.
J Snyder Therapeutic Services LLC is a multidisciplinary practice specializing in the integrated delivery of Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Psychiatrically overseen Medication Management, via three brick and mortar locations in Ambler, North Wales, and Blue Bell, Pa, in addition to Telehealth. JSTS treats a spectrum of patients with ages ranging from five throughout the lifespan, struggling with symptoms or diagnoses of myriad afflictions such as depression, anxiety, trauma, personality disorders, and ADHD.
(215) 688-5974 View (215) 688-5974
Photo of Kate Therrien, Licensed Professional Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
Kate Therrien
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, LMHC, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422
With more than 14 years of experience working in the field, I bring warmth, hints of humor, and an empowering voice to support my clients in creating more fulfilling lives for themselves. My therapeutic style is grounded in open communication, mutual respect, and creative collaboration. I work with adolescents and adults struggling with: Anxiety, Depression, Pregnancy-Related Concerns, Parenting Stress, Age & Life Transitions Issues, Gender & Identity (LGBTQ+), Body Image & Self-Esteem, Women's Issues, Work/Life Balance, Relationship Challenges, & Family Conflicts.
With more than 14 years of experience working in the field, I bring warmth, hints of humor, and an empowering voice to support my clients in creating more fulfilling lives for themselves. My therapeutic style is grounded in open communication, mutual respect, and creative collaboration. I work with adolescents and adults struggling with: Anxiety, Depression, Pregnancy-Related Concerns, Parenting Stress, Age & Life Transitions Issues, Gender & Identity (LGBTQ+), Body Image & Self-Esteem, Women's Issues, Work/Life Balance, Relationship Challenges, & Family Conflicts.
(267) 399-1138 View (267) 399-1138
Photo of Kelly Haines, Pre-Licensed Professional in Blue Bell, PA
Kelly Haines
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Immediate In-person and telehealth openings! I am a Master's Level Therapist with experience working in school settings with adolescents, teenagers, and parents. I am very passionate about mental health and normalizing going to therapy! I take on a person-centered approach, where my goal is to create a welcoming environment where you feel heard, respected, and validated. I have experience working with those dealing with anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, relationship issues, and self-image/identity.
Immediate In-person and telehealth openings! I am a Master's Level Therapist with experience working in school settings with adolescents, teenagers, and parents. I am very passionate about mental health and normalizing going to therapy! I take on a person-centered approach, where my goal is to create a welcoming environment where you feel heard, respected, and validated. I have experience working with those dealing with anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, relationship issues, and self-image/identity.
(484) 897-7453 View (484) 897-7453
Photo of Julie Agresta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Blue Bell, PA
Julie Agresta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MEd, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422
I work with children/teens who struggle with anxiety, depression, ADHD, peer interactions, behavioral issues, school, LGBTQ issues, and parent-child communication.
Life is often full of demands on time, energy and resources that can take a toll on our physical and emotional well being. I work with children, adolescents, adults and families to cope with these demands while also helping them identify their strengths and potential so that they may achieve a more balanced, fulfilling and enjoyable life.
I work with children/teens who struggle with anxiety, depression, ADHD, peer interactions, behavioral issues, school, LGBTQ issues, and parent-child communication.
Life is often full of demands on time, energy and resources that can take a toll on our physical and emotional well being. I work with children, adolescents, adults and families to cope with these demands while also helping them identify their strengths and potential so that they may achieve a more balanced, fulfilling and enjoyable life.
(215) 660-3595 View (215) 660-3595
Photo of Nicole Busch, Marriage & Family Therapist in Blue Bell, PA
Nicole Busch
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422  (Online Only)
I have experience working alongside children and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, ADHD, adjustment disorders, loss, grief, the addiction of a loved one, and both adults and children (ages 3-10) who have experienced trauma.
I believe nothing is more important than an individual’s story. Your story, and the relationships it consists of, have a deep impact on your life and make up who you are, and who you become. I believe this is true for every individual, young and old. My experience as a trauma therapist has shown me the resilience of human beings and how meaningful their stories are. Through mutual trust, understanding, and the processing of your emotional experiences, we will begin to see change and embark on a pathway to healing that is comfortable and effective for you.
I have experience working alongside children and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, ADHD, adjustment disorders, loss, grief, the addiction of a loved one, and both adults and children (ages 3-10) who have experienced trauma.
I believe nothing is more important than an individual’s story. Your story, and the relationships it consists of, have a deep impact on your life and make up who you are, and who you become. I believe this is true for every individual, young and old. My experience as a trauma therapist has shown me the resilience of human beings and how meaningful their stories are. Through mutual trust, understanding, and the processing of your emotional experiences, we will begin to see change and embark on a pathway to healing that is comfortable and effective for you.
(215) 234-1318 View (215) 234-1318
Photo of Jenna R Giagnacova, Licensed Professional Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
Jenna R Giagnacova
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422
My work includes but is not limited the areas of trauma, depression, anxiety, ADHD, behavior, grief/loss, parenting, & relationship difficulties.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Pennsylvania and have been working in mental health since 2008. I began my work in a preschool partial hospitalization program and a community outpatient program with children, adults, and families. I have also worked as a Family Based Services (FBS) therapist and director. I co-founded Conshohocken Counseling Services in 2012 and have been enjoying providing clients with assistance in their life journeys since then.
My work includes but is not limited the areas of trauma, depression, anxiety, ADHD, behavior, grief/loss, parenting, & relationship difficulties.
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Pennsylvania and have been working in mental health since 2008. I began my work in a preschool partial hospitalization program and a community outpatient program with children, adults, and families. I have also worked as a Family Based Services (FBS) therapist and director. I co-founded Conshohocken Counseling Services in 2012 and have been enjoying providing clients with assistance in their life journeys since then.
(610) 422-3676 View (610) 422-3676
Photo of Kim Wilson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Blue Bell, PA
Kim Wilson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422
My areas of expertise also include substance abuse, divorce, postpartum depression, emotionally focused therapy, motivational interviewing, and mental health within grade schools.
Thank you for your interest in my psychotherapy services. My practice focuses on helping families, couples and individuals to improve inter-personal relationships, connection, communication and moods related to those relationships. I am successful in assisting clients with gaining insight that helps them cope with life transitions, creating healthy boundaries and experiencing satisfying relationships.
My areas of expertise also include substance abuse, divorce, postpartum depression, emotionally focused therapy, motivational interviewing, and mental health within grade schools.
Thank you for your interest in my psychotherapy services. My practice focuses on helping families, couples and individuals to improve inter-personal relationships, connection, communication and moods related to those relationships. I am successful in assisting clients with gaining insight that helps them cope with life transitions, creating healthy boundaries and experiencing satisfying relationships.
(215) 559-9647 View (215) 559-9647
Photo of Heather Gregan, Licensed Professional Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
Heather Gregan
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CADC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422
I tend to see a range of presentations: anxiety, anger, depression, emotion dysregulation, self-harm, suicidal ideation, substance use and other compulsive behaviors.
I specialize in Adolescent treatment and Women's trauma. I have been working in mental health and addictions with adolescents and adults for over twelve years. I have experience in outpatient and residential settings and I'm skilled to work with complex issues. When someone asks me what I do, I have a difficult time boiling it down. More recently, I've come to realize that I help individuals and families in crisis. I work with the whole family, either in or out of my office and I help clients address core issues standing in the way of health, success and happiness.
I tend to see a range of presentations: anxiety, anger, depression, emotion dysregulation, self-harm, suicidal ideation, substance use and other compulsive behaviors.
I specialize in Adolescent treatment and Women's trauma. I have been working in mental health and addictions with adolescents and adults for over twelve years. I have experience in outpatient and residential settings and I'm skilled to work with complex issues. When someone asks me what I do, I have a difficult time boiling it down. More recently, I've come to realize that I help individuals and families in crisis. I work with the whole family, either in or out of my office and I help clients address core issues standing in the way of health, success and happiness.
(609) 336-2608 View (609) 336-2608
Photo of Karen Starner, Marriage & Family Therapist in Blue Bell, PA
Karen Starner
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19424
I am interested not only addressing your individual symptoms, but exploring a deeper understanding and awareness of who you are, helping you construct new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving now and in the future. With my 20 years of experience in counseling adults, teens and children with anxiety, depression, mood disorders and behavioral challenges, I can help identify what has and has not worked in the past and help you have a different outcome this time. I can guide you to resource positive ways of coping and relating by accessing your strengths to manage life's changes and challenges.
I am interested not only addressing your individual symptoms, but exploring a deeper understanding and awareness of who you are, helping you construct new ways of thinking, feeling and behaving now and in the future. With my 20 years of experience in counseling adults, teens and children with anxiety, depression, mood disorders and behavioral challenges, I can help identify what has and has not worked in the past and help you have a different outcome this time. I can guide you to resource positive ways of coping and relating by accessing your strengths to manage life's changes and challenges.
(267) 903-7166 View (267) 903-7166
Photo of Maria Maddalo, Psychologist in Blue Bell, PA
Maria Maddalo
Psychologist, PsyD, BCBA
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Specialties include Autism, ADHD, executive functions, anxiety, depression.
I am a PA Licensed Psychologist, Nationally Certified School Psychologist, and Board Certified Behavior Analyst with over 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families. At this time, my focus remains with the child/adolescent population.
Specialties include Autism, ADHD, executive functions, anxiety, depression.
I am a PA Licensed Psychologist, Nationally Certified School Psychologist, and Board Certified Behavior Analyst with over 20 years of experience working with children, adolescents, and families. At this time, my focus remains with the child/adolescent population.
(267) 356-4730 View (267) 356-4730
Photo of Sarah Youse, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Blue Bell, PA
Sarah Youse
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, CCATP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422  (Online Only)
I work with children through adults who are dealing with various life challenges. This can include anxiety, depression, obsessions and compulsive behaviors, impulsivity, inattentiveness, anger, emotion dysregulation, picking/pulling behaviors, social skills, body image, confidence, and life stressors. My therapy style is encouraging, accepting, and goal oriented. I provide an outlet to help individuals to share emotions and to strengthen resilience. I highlight individuals’ self-worth, guide them through completing tasks, while helping them learn to live a values-based lifestyle.
I work with children through adults who are dealing with various life challenges. This can include anxiety, depression, obsessions and compulsive behaviors, impulsivity, inattentiveness, anger, emotion dysregulation, picking/pulling behaviors, social skills, body image, confidence, and life stressors. My therapy style is encouraging, accepting, and goal oriented. I provide an outlet to help individuals to share emotions and to strengthen resilience. I highlight individuals’ self-worth, guide them through completing tasks, while helping them learn to live a values-based lifestyle.
(484) 249-2195 View (484) 249-2195
Photo of Jeuri German Therapy LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Blue Bell, PA
Jeuri German Therapy LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Are you looking to feel happier and more energetic, and get back into your usual routine of activities and hanging out with friends? Or making school, socializing, and eating more enjoyable again? Maybe you've been feeling tense or irritable; we'll work on calming those feelings and improving how you get along with family and friends. For families, we'll work on solving problems that might be causing tension, like children’s behaviors or parents wanting to be on the same page. We'll work on improving your communication and supporting each other. Overall, the goal is to help life feel a bit easier and happier for you and your family.
Are you looking to feel happier and more energetic, and get back into your usual routine of activities and hanging out with friends? Or making school, socializing, and eating more enjoyable again? Maybe you've been feeling tense or irritable; we'll work on calming those feelings and improving how you get along with family and friends. For families, we'll work on solving problems that might be causing tension, like children’s behaviors or parents wanting to be on the same page. We'll work on improving your communication and supporting each other. Overall, the goal is to help life feel a bit easier and happier for you and your family.
(267) 508-7114 View (267) 508-7114
Photo of Michelle Davis, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Blue Bell, PA
Michelle Davis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Michelle Davis is a Licensed Social Worker in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2015. She has a Master's Degree of Social Work from Widener University. Each client is uniquely different. As your therapist, Michelle will work together with you to identify your needs and challenges. Her approach involves helping clients identify and understanding specific needs to help establish goals. She prides herself on connecting, listening, and establishing a trusting partnership to help navigate behaviors, parenting, and life challenges.
Michelle Davis is a Licensed Social Worker in Pennsylvania who has been practicing since 2015. She has a Master's Degree of Social Work from Widener University. Each client is uniquely different. As your therapist, Michelle will work together with you to identify your needs and challenges. Her approach involves helping clients identify and understanding specific needs to help establish goals. She prides herself on connecting, listening, and establishing a trusting partnership to help navigate behaviors, parenting, and life challenges.
(484) 549-9315 View (484) 549-9315
Photo of Courtney Snow, Licensed Professional Counselor in Blue Bell, PA
Courtney Snow
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
Courtney Snow, MA, ATR-BC, LPC, is an art psychotherapist with credentials as a Registered, Board Certified Art Therapist and Licensed Professional Counselor. She has worked extensively with children, adolescents, adults and families within behavioral health agencies, community outreach programs, educational settings, residential and outpatient programs. Courtney is experienced in treating individuals who have substance use disorders, developmental disorders, thought disorders, complex trauma, emotional disturbances, unresolved grief, and relationship issues.
Courtney Snow, MA, ATR-BC, LPC, is an art psychotherapist with credentials as a Registered, Board Certified Art Therapist and Licensed Professional Counselor. She has worked extensively with children, adolescents, adults and families within behavioral health agencies, community outreach programs, educational settings, residential and outpatient programs. Courtney is experienced in treating individuals who have substance use disorders, developmental disorders, thought disorders, complex trauma, emotional disturbances, unresolved grief, and relationship issues.
(267) 293-5688 View (267) 293-5688
Photo of Laurie E. Berman, Psychologist in Blue Bell, PA
Laurie E. Berman
Psychologist, MS
Verified Verified
Blue Bell, PA 19422
I am not accepting new patients at this time. My schedule is full right now. I am a licensed Psychologist who has been in practice for 35 years. My clients feel secure so that they can address their intimate, personal concerns. I am goal directed, helping people identify what they want to accomplish. I am kind, direct and straightforward. Most people allow their past to define their future. I am committed to assisting people in creating a healthy future. I teach my clients how to resolve their past. Then, their future is limitless. Each person is then able to see their world with more hope and optimism.
I am not accepting new patients at this time. My schedule is full right now. I am a licensed Psychologist who has been in practice for 35 years. My clients feel secure so that they can address their intimate, personal concerns. I am goal directed, helping people identify what they want to accomplish. I am kind, direct and straightforward. Most people allow their past to define their future. I am committed to assisting people in creating a healthy future. I teach my clients how to resolve their past. Then, their future is limitless. Each person is then able to see their world with more hope and optimism.
(215) 515-8027 View (215) 515-8027
Depression Therapists

What is the goal of therapy for depression?

Therapy for depression has several major goals. One is to relieve the mental pain of depression, which distorts feeling and thinking so that sufferers cannot see beyond their current state of mind or envision feeling better. Another is to give people the mental tools to recognize and correct the kinds of distorted thinking that turn a problem into a catastrophe and lead to despair. Therapy also teaches people how to process negative emotions in constructive ways, so they have more control over their own emotional reactivity. And it helps people regain the ability to see themselves positively, the motivation to do things, and the capacity for pleasure.

What happens in therapy for depression?

Perhaps most important, no matter the type of therapy, patients form an alliance with the therapist; that connection is therapeutic in itself, plus it becomes an instrument of change. Patients learn to identify and to challenge their own erroneous beliefs and thoughts that amplify the effects of negative experiences. They learn to identify situations in which they are especially vulnerable. And they learn new patterns of thinking and behaving. They may be given “homework” assignments in which they practice their developing skills. In addition, good therapists regularly monitor patients to assess whether and how much the condition is improving.

What therapy types help with depression?

Several types of short-term therapy have been found effective, each targeting one or more areas of dysfunction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps clients challenge their negative thoughts and beliefs, learn new behavioral strategies, and curb reactivity to distressing situations. Behavioral activation (BA) is a form of therapy often used in conjunction with CBT; it focuses on engagement in rewarding activity as a pathway to changing negative feelings and disturbed mood. Another widely used approach is interpersonal therapy (IPT), which targets the social difficulties that both give rise to and get exacerbated by depression. Therapists may combine approaches as needed.

Can therapy for depression be done online?

Studies have found that online therapy can be highly effective for treating depression, although it may be more challenging to build a good therapist-patient alliance on screen than in person—at least at first. However, online therapy can offer considerable advantages. Accessibility and convenience are tops among them. Some people actually find it easier to talk about problems online than in person. While online therapy typically limits visibility of facial expression and body gestures that give important nonverbal cues to a patient’s state of mind, it can give therapists a glimpse into a patient’s world and life, providing information that can be highly useful in guiding therapy.

How effective is therapy for depression?

Many studies show that therapy is highly effective provided that patients complete the prescribed course of therapy, commonly 16 to 20 sessions. Over the long term, it is more effective than medication and the effects are more enduring. As a result, psychotherapy has the power not just to relieve current suffering but to prevent future episodes of the disorder. Therapy reverses the dysfunction in neural circuitry that disposes individuals to a negative view of themselves, the world, and their future and they acquire coping techniques, problem-solving skills, and understanding of their own vulnerabilities that are useful over the course of a lifetime.