Photo of Jennifer Bissell, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Bissell
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
If you feel as if you are alone or different than others you are not. Are you having difficulty focusing, enjoying activities and increased anxiety? Have you begun using alcohol or drugs? Do you find yourself isolating and making excuses to not see friends or family? There is nothing to be ashamed or embarrassed about. You could have a mental disorder. There is help, support and relief for your health issues. Starting therapy today will help you get your life back on track.
If you feel as if you are alone or different than others you are not. Are you having difficulty focusing, enjoying activities and increased anxiety? Have you begun using alcohol or drugs? Do you find yourself isolating and making excuses to not see friends or family? There is nothing to be ashamed or embarrassed about. You could have a mental disorder. There is help, support and relief for your health issues. Starting therapy today will help you get your life back on track.
(510) 379-9116 View (510) 379-9116
Photo of Dr. Toni Li, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Toni Li
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
I am here to offer you help in processing any painful feelings and experiences such as guilt, shame, obligation, and/or sense of distance from your family that many feel growing up in two (or more) cultures.
Do you describe yourself as a “people pleaser”? Perhaps frozen from imposter syndrome or perfectionism? Feeling dissatisfied with your life or work? Or are you a parent who is worried about your child? I've worked with adults, children, teens and families experiencing anxiety, depression, and stress. Additionally, I have experience in working with people diagnosed with ADHD, as they often need support for feelings of inadequacy, regret, anxiety, and depression.
I am here to offer you help in processing any painful feelings and experiences such as guilt, shame, obligation, and/or sense of distance from your family that many feel growing up in two (or more) cultures.
Do you describe yourself as a “people pleaser”? Perhaps frozen from imposter syndrome or perfectionism? Feeling dissatisfied with your life or work? Or are you a parent who is worried about your child? I've worked with adults, children, teens and families experiencing anxiety, depression, and stress. Additionally, I have experience in working with people diagnosed with ADHD, as they often need support for feelings of inadequacy, regret, anxiety, and depression.
(510) 214-4026 View (510) 214-4026
Photo of Cheryl Feldman, PhD, LMFT, ATR-BC, Marriage & Family Therapist
Cheryl Feldman
Marriage & Family Therapist, PhD, LMFT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94611
Children and teens are more aware of their own internal states and the world around them than ever before, while the family unit takes on more stress. This combination can create anxiety, depression, acting out behaviors, confusion, and educational struggles for many. Through a strength-based perspective I focus on communication, relationships, boundaries, and self-care. I work with youth (and families) to explore their patterns of interactions with others and encourage self-awareness and growth in these areas. Developing a relationship with a child or teen takes time and care, both of which I have done for nearly twenty years.
Children and teens are more aware of their own internal states and the world around them than ever before, while the family unit takes on more stress. This combination can create anxiety, depression, acting out behaviors, confusion, and educational struggles for many. Through a strength-based perspective I focus on communication, relationships, boundaries, and self-care. I work with youth (and families) to explore their patterns of interactions with others and encourage self-awareness and growth in these areas. Developing a relationship with a child or teen takes time and care, both of which I have done for nearly twenty years.
(510) 256-7864 View (510) 256-7864
Photo of Caitlin Rose Marvaso, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist Associate
Caitlin Rose Marvaso
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606
I use a combination of emotionally-focused therapy, internal family systems therapy, CBT, and somatic embodiment to help you gain the insight you desire.
Your body is always communicating information to you, and your emotions are the messenger. Maybe it's the consistent feeling of overwhelm, or the throws of depression. Maybe you are experiencing physical pain as a result of emotional pain. Whatever it is, I believe in the wisdom of your body and I want to help you become an expert at your own body language so that you can have more autonomy over your life.
I use a combination of emotionally-focused therapy, internal family systems therapy, CBT, and somatic embodiment to help you gain the insight you desire.
Your body is always communicating information to you, and your emotions are the messenger. Maybe it's the consistent feeling of overwhelm, or the throws of depression. Maybe you are experiencing physical pain as a result of emotional pain. Whatever it is, I believe in the wisdom of your body and I want to help you become an expert at your own body language so that you can have more autonomy over your life.
(415) 366-1307 View (415) 366-1307
Photo of Anne E Gimbel, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Anne E Gimbel
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
My clientele consists of individuals, couples, adolescents, and seniors seeking help with stress, anxiety, depression, family issues, LGBT issues, trauma and aging.
Life used to be easier! Perhaps you feel stuck in your relationships and you are not getting along with the people you see daily. Issues in life can be overwhelming and full of challenges. I begin by meeting you at your place of growth or healing, and whether trauma, abuse, grieving, recovery or life issues, we work together to overcome them. There is hope. Let me help you reach the goals and connections you deserve. With sensitivity and compassion, we work to determine what might be blocking your full potential and your feelings.
My clientele consists of individuals, couples, adolescents, and seniors seeking help with stress, anxiety, depression, family issues, LGBT issues, trauma and aging.
Life used to be easier! Perhaps you feel stuck in your relationships and you are not getting along with the people you see daily. Issues in life can be overwhelming and full of challenges. I begin by meeting you at your place of growth or healing, and whether trauma, abuse, grieving, recovery or life issues, we work together to overcome them. There is hope. Let me help you reach the goals and connections you deserve. With sensitivity and compassion, we work to determine what might be blocking your full potential and your feelings.
(760) 561-5421 View (760) 561-5421
Photo of Jessica Chesbro, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Jessica Chesbro
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610  (Online Only)
I believe every person and family is unique and there are many ways to raise a healthy child. I want to honor the strengths within you and your family and offer the tools and support to help your child and family thrive. Through a trauma-informed lens, I work extensively with youth, parents, and families on life transitions, healthy communication, and processing/ healing from grief or abuse.
I believe every person and family is unique and there are many ways to raise a healthy child. I want to honor the strengths within you and your family and offer the tools and support to help your child and family thrive. Through a trauma-informed lens, I work extensively with youth, parents, and families on life transitions, healthy communication, and processing/ healing from grief or abuse.
(510) 405-3206 View (510) 405-3206
Photo of undefined - Second Star Behavior Services, BCBA
Second Star Behavior Services
BCBA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94619
Our staff includes Board Certified Behavior Analysts, Registered Behavior Technicians and Credentialed Education Specialists with a family-centered approach to intervention and advocacy.
Do you reside in California and require an advocate to help you navigate the IEP process for your child? Are you a conservator or residential home administrator for an adult with special needs who requires an effective behavior plan or would benefit from an analytic approach to teaching life skills? Do you want a behavior assessmet conducted for your child that is thorough and easy to understand? Please call us for a free, no-obligation consultation.
Our staff includes Board Certified Behavior Analysts, Registered Behavior Technicians and Credentialed Education Specialists with a family-centered approach to intervention and advocacy.
Do you reside in California and require an advocate to help you navigate the IEP process for your child? Are you a conservator or residential home administrator for an adult with special needs who requires an effective behavior plan or would benefit from an analytic approach to teaching life skills? Do you want a behavior assessmet conducted for your child that is thorough and easy to understand? Please call us for a free, no-obligation consultation.
(510) 343-7768 View (510) 343-7768
Photo of Dr. Meghan Tunson, PsyD, Psychologist
Dr. Meghan Tunson
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94612
People are often hesitant to try therapy because they feel it won't work or believe they should be able to handle difficult things on their own. If you're willing to try personal trainers, babysitters, house cleaners, and other services to better your life, doesn't your emotional happiness or the happiness of your family deserve the same focus? I believe that it absolutely does.
People are often hesitant to try therapy because they feel it won't work or believe they should be able to handle difficult things on their own. If you're willing to try personal trainers, babysitters, house cleaners, and other services to better your life, doesn't your emotional happiness or the happiness of your family deserve the same focus? I believe that it absolutely does.
(510) 269-2639 View (510) 269-2639
Photo of Mia Turner, MA, LMFT, RYT, ASDCS, Marriage & Family Therapist
Mia Turner
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, RYT, ASDCS
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
My work with every client and family is personalized, trauma-informed, rooted in strengths, collaborative, neurodiversity-affirming, and culturally tailored to your needs and experiences. I believe that each client possesses the intergenerational heirlooms of innate resilience, spirituality, and introspection that serve as tools to assist in your healing journey. You are the expert of your experience and I am here to offer hope and support you as you share your narrative and author a new chapter of healing, continuing to grow into your best self, discovering balance, serenity, joy, and connecting with yourself and surroundings.
My work with every client and family is personalized, trauma-informed, rooted in strengths, collaborative, neurodiversity-affirming, and culturally tailored to your needs and experiences. I believe that each client possesses the intergenerational heirlooms of innate resilience, spirituality, and introspection that serve as tools to assist in your healing journey. You are the expert of your experience and I am here to offer hope and support you as you share your narrative and author a new chapter of healing, continuing to grow into your best self, discovering balance, serenity, joy, and connecting with yourself and surroundings.
(510) 737-7485 View (510) 737-7485
Photo of Stephanie Rosso, PhD, Psychologist
Stephanie Rosso
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94611
Are you worried about your child? Are they having trouble in school? Not making friends? Has being a parent become really stressful? Parenting is always a challenge and can be even harder if your child is having emotional or behavioral difficulties. My goals are to help children reach their maximum potential emotionally, socially, and behaviorally and help parents be empowered and have more effective parenting skills. I specialize in working with children who have emotional, behavioral and academic difficulties including ADHD, anxiety, depression, poor frustration tolerance, loss of a loved one, trauma, family conflict, and interpersonal relationship difficulties.
Are you worried about your child? Are they having trouble in school? Not making friends? Has being a parent become really stressful? Parenting is always a challenge and can be even harder if your child is having emotional or behavioral difficulties. My goals are to help children reach their maximum potential emotionally, socially, and behaviorally and help parents be empowered and have more effective parenting skills. I specialize in working with children who have emotional, behavioral and academic difficulties including ADHD, anxiety, depression, poor frustration tolerance, loss of a loved one, trauma, family conflict, and interpersonal relationship difficulties.
(510) 822-6721 View (510) 822-6721
Photo of Leighko Toyoshima Yap, PsyD, Psychologist
Leighko Toyoshima Yap
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
Ultimately, I hope to restore you and your family to how you want to be.
I work with children, adolescents, adults, and couples. I specialize in issues related to divorce, grief and loss, life transitions, relationship/attachment difficulties, issues surrounding pregnancy, parenting, and cultural adjustment challenges. I provide psychological assessments for children and adults who are struggling at home and/or at school or work due to social and emotional issues, relationship issues, environmental stressors, behavioral challenges, attention and concentration difficulties, and learning differences. I also conduct child custody evaluations and forensic psychological evaluations.
Ultimately, I hope to restore you and your family to how you want to be.
I work with children, adolescents, adults, and couples. I specialize in issues related to divorce, grief and loss, life transitions, relationship/attachment difficulties, issues surrounding pregnancy, parenting, and cultural adjustment challenges. I provide psychological assessments for children and adults who are struggling at home and/or at school or work due to social and emotional issues, relationship issues, environmental stressors, behavioral challenges, attention and concentration difficulties, and learning differences. I also conduct child custody evaluations and forensic psychological evaluations.
(510) 543-0969 View (510) 543-0969
Photo of Sonia Beers, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sonia Beers
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609  (Online Only)
I welcome collaboration and creativity in the therapeutic process! My approach is to listen with curiosity and attention. I enjoy working with neurodivergent adults and adolescents. I support couples and relationships that are experiencing challenges because of different "wiring" that leads to misattunement and dysregulation. I understand the challenges that parents can face in taking care of their complex children. I work with all identities and family structures. I welcome clients who are queer, gender diverse, or in less traditional relationship configurations.
I welcome collaboration and creativity in the therapeutic process! My approach is to listen with curiosity and attention. I enjoy working with neurodivergent adults and adolescents. I support couples and relationships that are experiencing challenges because of different "wiring" that leads to misattunement and dysregulation. I understand the challenges that parents can face in taking care of their complex children. I work with all identities and family structures. I welcome clients who are queer, gender diverse, or in less traditional relationship configurations.
(415) 964-3615 View (415) 964-3615
Photo of Katelyn Simons, PsyD, Psychologist
Katelyn Simons
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618
I practice both individual psychotherapy and assessment for children, adolescents, and adults. I specialize in understanding and addressing coping skills, anxiety, self-esteem, body image, and family conflict. Through therapy, assessment, or consultation, I provide support in navigating individual complexities. Whether I am working with children, teenagers, or adults, my aim is to help those I work with manage overwhelming emotions, navigate challenging situations, and address barriers standing in the way of contentment and clarity.
I practice both individual psychotherapy and assessment for children, adolescents, and adults. I specialize in understanding and addressing coping skills, anxiety, self-esteem, body image, and family conflict. Through therapy, assessment, or consultation, I provide support in navigating individual complexities. Whether I am working with children, teenagers, or adults, my aim is to help those I work with manage overwhelming emotions, navigate challenging situations, and address barriers standing in the way of contentment and clarity.
(510) 296-6515 View (510) 296-6515
Photo of Krystal J Alderete, LMFT, MA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Krystal J Alderete
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT, MA
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94618  (Online Only)
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist specializing in child and adolescent development with over 15 years of experience working with children, teens and families. I have extensive training in child development and have been employed in outpatient and inpatient facilities, have served as the lead mental health clinician in multidisciplinary teams working with children struggling with feeding issues, and have run social skills groups in addition to providing individual and family treatment. I have a substantial amount of experience with teens suffering from anxiety and depression.
I am a licensed marriage and family therapist specializing in child and adolescent development with over 15 years of experience working with children, teens and families. I have extensive training in child development and have been employed in outpatient and inpatient facilities, have served as the lead mental health clinician in multidisciplinary teams working with children struggling with feeding issues, and have run social skills groups in addition to providing individual and family treatment. I have a substantial amount of experience with teens suffering from anxiety and depression.
(415) 969-6011 View (415) 969-6011
Photo of Carmelinda Martin Mann, MA, PhD, Psychologist
Carmelinda Martin Mann
Psychologist, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94610
Whether you are an individual, couple, or family who has had a stressful experience, I specialize in treating the lasting effects of distressing events and I provide a safe space for you to speak about troublesome and painful experiences, work through them, and heal.
I work with individuals, couples, parents, families and children to develop a therapeutic relationship based on their needs and goals. Through this process, clients get to know themselves better in a safe and supportive environment. I consider therapy a collaborative process that offers unique opportunities to manifest your ideal self through honesty and trust. I draw from the varied types of training and experience I have to find what works best for you and I create a safe space so you can explore the emotions that arise from difficult and painful experiences. I support couples and families in developing empathy, trust, and healthy
Whether you are an individual, couple, or family who has had a stressful experience, I specialize in treating the lasting effects of distressing events and I provide a safe space for you to speak about troublesome and painful experiences, work through them, and heal.
I work with individuals, couples, parents, families and children to develop a therapeutic relationship based on their needs and goals. Through this process, clients get to know themselves better in a safe and supportive environment. I consider therapy a collaborative process that offers unique opportunities to manifest your ideal self through honesty and trust. I draw from the varied types of training and experience I have to find what works best for you and I create a safe space so you can explore the emotions that arise from difficult and painful experiences. I support couples and families in developing empathy, trust, and healthy
(415) 683-0646 View (415) 683-0646
Photo of undefined - Grateful Heart Holistic Therapy Center, Pre-Licensed Professional
Grateful Heart Holistic Therapy Center
Pre-Licensed Professional
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94610
If you are seeking help for yourself, your relationship or your child or family, consider calling Grateful Heart Holistic Therapy Center for more information.
Therapy provides such a rich opportunity for growth and learning, helping persons to recover from the aftermaths of trauma, abuse and loss, meet the hardships of their lives and thrive. In times like this, with so much anxiety about our collective welfare, it can be an invaluable lifeline. In response to the Coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, we are now offering teletherapy (therapy by phone and online by video) for all our clients, whether new or established. Also called telehealth or telebehavioral health, teletherapy can provide vital care and support to individuals, couples and families.
If you are seeking help for yourself, your relationship or your child or family, consider calling Grateful Heart Holistic Therapy Center for more information.
Therapy provides such a rich opportunity for growth and learning, helping persons to recover from the aftermaths of trauma, abuse and loss, meet the hardships of their lives and thrive. In times like this, with so much anxiety about our collective welfare, it can be an invaluable lifeline. In response to the Coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, we are now offering teletherapy (therapy by phone and online by video) for all our clients, whether new or established. Also called telehealth or telebehavioral health, teletherapy can provide vital care and support to individuals, couples and families.
(510) 858-0916 View (510) 858-0916
Photo of Gabrielle Theobald-Anderson, LCSW, PPSC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Gabrielle Theobald-Anderson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, PPSC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94609
I specialize in working with folks navigating fertility journeys, family formation, perinatal work, and parenting consultation.
Keeping your head above water, let alone thriving while navigating work, relationships, parenting, infertility or postpartum journeys is HARD. We’re often set up for what feels like an impossible task, with a shocking lack of a village to hold the struggle with. There is an old Celtic saying, "It is in the shelter of each other that we live". I work with many parents and those on the journey to parenthood to help form their village and bring some more intentionality, ease, and joy on that journey. I'm enthusiastic about collaborating with you to explore practical coping strategies while also fostering a sense of self-compassion.
I specialize in working with folks navigating fertility journeys, family formation, perinatal work, and parenting consultation.
Keeping your head above water, let alone thriving while navigating work, relationships, parenting, infertility or postpartum journeys is HARD. We’re often set up for what feels like an impossible task, with a shocking lack of a village to hold the struggle with. There is an old Celtic saying, "It is in the shelter of each other that we live". I work with many parents and those on the journey to parenthood to help form their village and bring some more intentionality, ease, and joy on that journey. I'm enthusiastic about collaborating with you to explore practical coping strategies while also fostering a sense of self-compassion.
(510) 399-2483 View (510) 399-2483
Photo of Jeanette Ayala-Rios, APCC
Jeanette Ayala-Rios
Associate Professional Clinical Counselor, APCC
Verified Verified
Oakland, CA 94606
Hi there! I’m a bilingual Spanish-English speaking therapist specializing in neurodivergence, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am currently seeing clients via Telehealth. I enjoy working with clients on issues related to life and work balance, anxiety and depression disorders, grief, life transitions, relationship issues, trauma, and emotionally dysregulation. I specialize in providing compassionate and effective treatment for individuals struggling with PTSD symptoms. I have experienced success in family sessions by guiding the repair between a child-parent relationship. I wholeheartedly believe that repairing
Hi there! I’m a bilingual Spanish-English speaking therapist specializing in neurodivergence, anxiety, depression, and trauma. I am currently seeing clients via Telehealth. I enjoy working with clients on issues related to life and work balance, anxiety and depression disorders, grief, life transitions, relationship issues, trauma, and emotionally dysregulation. I specialize in providing compassionate and effective treatment for individuals struggling with PTSD symptoms. I have experienced success in family sessions by guiding the repair between a child-parent relationship. I wholeheartedly believe that repairing
(209) 396-7329 View (209) 396-7329
Photo of Caitlin Finnell, MA, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Caitlin Finnell
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MFT
Verified Verified
7 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94606  (Online Only)
Gender related issues, family therapy, children and youth, trauma, anxiety, depression, self esteem, ADD, emotional distress from learning and physical disabilities, adoption and foster youth, and self care.
While I work with a diversity of people, I specialize in working with LGBTQ individuals, couples and youth. As a Marriage and Family psychotherapist, I seek to help my clients find their way through the hardships that life can bring. I believe in the healing power of the therapeutic relationship as well as each individual having the power to heal themselves. I believe in a strength based, solution focused approach to therapy and work with my clients to not only overcome their current circumstances but to also develop tools and strategies that they can use moving forward in their lives.
Gender related issues, family therapy, children and youth, trauma, anxiety, depression, self esteem, ADD, emotional distress from learning and physical disabilities, adoption and foster youth, and self care.
While I work with a diversity of people, I specialize in working with LGBTQ individuals, couples and youth. As a Marriage and Family psychotherapist, I seek to help my clients find their way through the hardships that life can bring. I believe in the healing power of the therapeutic relationship as well as each individual having the power to heal themselves. I believe in a strength based, solution focused approach to therapy and work with my clients to not only overcome their current circumstances but to also develop tools and strategies that they can use moving forward in their lives.
(415) 630-6595 View (415) 630-6595
Photo of Julia Hengst, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Julia Hengst
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Oakland, CA 94606  (Online Only)
Common issues among all age groups I've worked with include: family trauma, depression, anxiety, existential angst, sexual trauma, self-hatred, anxiety, depression, family patterns/family trauma, recurring behavior or thought patterns, gender fluidity, addictions, eating disorders, alternative relationships.
Traditional talk therapy not enough? Are you interested to access more of your spiritual, mental, emotional and physical resources? Combining Western psychology with alternative/eastern wisdom, I can help you learn how to handle the enormous stresses life often entails in a compassionate, warm and body-centered way. My specialties include: relationship patterns, deep family patterns, shamanic counseling, reclaiming lost parts of yourself, attachment theory. Creative, engaging and efficient, this work will empower you to explore your mind freely. The more we know our own mind, the more we become the driver rather than the driven.
Common issues among all age groups I've worked with include: family trauma, depression, anxiety, existential angst, sexual trauma, self-hatred, anxiety, depression, family patterns/family trauma, recurring behavior or thought patterns, gender fluidity, addictions, eating disorders, alternative relationships.
Traditional talk therapy not enough? Are you interested to access more of your spiritual, mental, emotional and physical resources? Combining Western psychology with alternative/eastern wisdom, I can help you learn how to handle the enormous stresses life often entails in a compassionate, warm and body-centered way. My specialties include: relationship patterns, deep family patterns, shamanic counseling, reclaiming lost parts of yourself, attachment theory. Creative, engaging and efficient, this work will empower you to explore your mind freely. The more we know our own mind, the more we become the driver rather than the driven.
(808) 353-5731 View (808) 353-5731
Family Therapy

What do family therapists do?

A family therapist facilitates the process of understanding and improving how a family functions. The therapist will help family members develop empathy for one another. They’ll seek to understand existing patterns, misunderstandings, and conflicts that arise, in order to help the family arrive at a realistic, unified understanding and develop the coping skills they need to build stronger relationships.

How long does therapy for families take to work?

Therapy manifests differently in every family; a common time frame is 12 weekly sessions, but some families may see improvement after just a few weeks. Families should discuss their goals with the therapist at the beginning of the process and periodically revisit those goals to assess their progress together.

How can you encourage a family member to attend family therapy?

You can encourage family members to attend therapy by expressing with both love and concern the challenges you see and explaining how a therapist could help the family navigate those challenges together. An outside perspective can help everyone feel heard, get on the same page, and develop new skills. If family members are still hesitant, it may be helpful to emphasize that family therapy is short-term—it won’t last forever.

Is therapy for families effective?

Family therapy can significantly improve family dynamics and relationships. Research suggests that family therapy can help individuals understand their role in the family, communicate and solve problems together, reduce conflict and draw boundaries when necessary, and develop coping skills for stressors, major life changes, and mental or physical illnesses within the family.