Photo of Holly Hardgrove, PsyD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Holly Hardgrove
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PsyD, LCSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Throughout the many years I have been practicing, the greatest reward has been to help clients better understand themselves and find their own voice. We work together to examine the role their family of origin plays in their current choices and relationships. I have a particular expertise in working with individuals, couples, and families who are dealing with anxiety, depression, or trauma. By providing a safe space to explore relationship issues and limiting thought patterns, I am able to assist clients to better understand and accept themselves, and reduce critical self beliefs.
Throughout the many years I have been practicing, the greatest reward has been to help clients better understand themselves and find their own voice. We work together to examine the role their family of origin plays in their current choices and relationships. I have a particular expertise in working with individuals, couples, and families who are dealing with anxiety, depression, or trauma. By providing a safe space to explore relationship issues and limiting thought patterns, I am able to assist clients to better understand and accept themselves, and reduce critical self beliefs.
(424) 404-6721 View (424) 404-6721
Photo of Mary Starks, MA, LPCC, Counselor
Mary Starks
Counselor, MA, LPCC
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I specialize in individuals who have experienced childhood trauma, struggling to navigate an life event or change, or experiencing relationship distress.
I am a psychotherapist licensed therapist in California, Utah and Arizona. I have 20 years of experience and my approach is psychoanalytic, relational and collaborative. I have an enduring interest in psychological crises and struggles within relationships. I'm interested in how our attachment histories can contribute to our current states and how they've shaped who we are. I also offer virtual Circle of Security Parenting Groups.
I specialize in individuals who have experienced childhood trauma, struggling to navigate an life event or change, or experiencing relationship distress.
I am a psychotherapist licensed therapist in California, Utah and Arizona. I have 20 years of experience and my approach is psychoanalytic, relational and collaborative. I have an enduring interest in psychological crises and struggles within relationships. I'm interested in how our attachment histories can contribute to our current states and how they've shaped who we are. I also offer virtual Circle of Security Parenting Groups.
(310) 388-6796 View (310) 388-6796
Photo of Ashley Alpert, MFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Ashley Alpert
Marriage & Family Therapist, MFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Are you looking for a psychotherapist during these tough times? I work with children and adults who struggle with behavioral issues, ADHD/learning disorders, divorce, depression, anxiety, trauma, and chronic pain. Many believe disorders are a disability, but I know this to be wrong. They only make you stronger, and do not have to keep you from living a full and healthy life. It may be time to tap into your inner strength, and I am here to help.
Are you looking for a psychotherapist during these tough times? I work with children and adults who struggle with behavioral issues, ADHD/learning disorders, divorce, depression, anxiety, trauma, and chronic pain. Many believe disorders are a disability, but I know this to be wrong. They only make you stronger, and do not have to keep you from living a full and healthy life. It may be time to tap into your inner strength, and I am here to help.
(310) 363-7369 View (310) 363-7369
Photo of Isabella Dutra, MA, APCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Isabella Dutra
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA, APCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I specialize in working with individual’s dealing with trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, and issues stemming from ADHD. I work with children, adolescents, and adults as well as couples and families. I also have extensive experience working with individuals with social anxiety and ASD. I strive to provide clients with a safe, compassionate, judgement-free space in which we work together to understand one's unique goals and deeper rooted needs. I welcome all my clients to show up as they are, my job being to meet you there and help you move forward.
I specialize in working with individual’s dealing with trauma, depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, and issues stemming from ADHD. I work with children, adolescents, and adults as well as couples and families. I also have extensive experience working with individuals with social anxiety and ASD. I strive to provide clients with a safe, compassionate, judgement-free space in which we work together to understand one's unique goals and deeper rooted needs. I welcome all my clients to show up as they are, my job being to meet you there and help you move forward.
(310) 692-7980 View (310) 692-7980
Photo of Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy (Instant Insurance Verification), LCSW, MD, PhD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy (Instant Insurance Verification)
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MD, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Integrative & Immersive Psychotherapy approach utilizing Psychedelic, EMDR, Transpersonal, Existential, Humanistic, Trauma, Relational & Integrative Therapies, Clinical Hypnotherapy, Somatic & Intuitive Therapy, EFT, Energy Psychology, ACT, IFS, DBT, MCBT & Life Coaching.
Feya Health is a woman-owned, Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy group practice, featured on MTV. Our Integrative approach helps clients address their self-destructive patterns by getting to the core and root of their issues. The result is a drastic reduction in the initial presenting symptoms over a short period of time. We offer a comprehensive, integrative & customizable approach to the Ketamine & Oxytocin Therapy Process and specialize in EMDR, PTSD, CPTSD, human optimization and Pharmaceutical Medication withdrawal.
Integrative & Immersive Psychotherapy approach utilizing Psychedelic, EMDR, Transpersonal, Existential, Humanistic, Trauma, Relational & Integrative Therapies, Clinical Hypnotherapy, Somatic & Intuitive Therapy, EFT, Energy Psychology, ACT, IFS, DBT, MCBT & Life Coaching.
Feya Health is a woman-owned, Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy group practice, featured on MTV. Our Integrative approach helps clients address their self-destructive patterns by getting to the core and root of their issues. The result is a drastic reduction in the initial presenting symptoms over a short period of time. We offer a comprehensive, integrative & customizable approach to the Ketamine & Oxytocin Therapy Process and specialize in EMDR, PTSD, CPTSD, human optimization and Pharmaceutical Medication withdrawal.
(929) 442-0715 View (929) 442-0715
Photo of Natalie Badawy, MA, APCC, AMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist Intern
Natalie Badawy
Marriage & Family Therapist Intern, MA, APCC, AMFT
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
Many of us carry our emotional wounds in our bodies and only when we create a connection between the mind and the body can we feel whole again. I utilize a blend of therapeutic techniques that include shadow work, inner child healing, internal family systems (IFS), somatic therapy, and reparenting in order to create a safe connection within the body and mind. When you are in connection with your whole self you are then equipped to heal your relationship with others and the planet. I help clients struggling with sexual trauma, grief, codependency, depression, and relationship challenges.
Many of us carry our emotional wounds in our bodies and only when we create a connection between the mind and the body can we feel whole again. I utilize a blend of therapeutic techniques that include shadow work, inner child healing, internal family systems (IFS), somatic therapy, and reparenting in order to create a safe connection within the body and mind. When you are in connection with your whole self you are then equipped to heal your relationship with others and the planet. I help clients struggling with sexual trauma, grief, codependency, depression, and relationship challenges.
(310) 564-7308 View (310) 564-7308
Photo of Alexa Kidman, ACSW, MSW
Alexa Kidman
Associate Clinical Social Worker, ACSW, MSW
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I utilize a variety of trauma informed treatments, with the backbone of my approach being IFS-informed (also known as “parts work”).
I am passionate about helping children, teens and young adults process traumatic experiences, navigate difficult relationships, build self-esteem, and find inner peace. Aside from being a therapist, I am a human with lived-experience. I understand how overwhelming it can be to address difficult thoughts and emotions. I also know how incredibly life changing it can be. I believe true healing only happens in safe environments, built on real connections, authenticity, honesty, and laughter, which is what I strive to create for each and every client.
I utilize a variety of trauma informed treatments, with the backbone of my approach being IFS-informed (also known as “parts work”).
I am passionate about helping children, teens and young adults process traumatic experiences, navigate difficult relationships, build self-esteem, and find inner peace. Aside from being a therapist, I am a human with lived-experience. I understand how overwhelming it can be to address difficult thoughts and emotions. I also know how incredibly life changing it can be. I believe true healing only happens in safe environments, built on real connections, authenticity, honesty, and laughter, which is what I strive to create for each and every client.
(310) 853-5430 View (310) 853-5430
Photo of undefined - Maxine J Dusig, LMFT, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Maxine J Dusig, LMFT
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I am certified in dealing with crisis and PTSD; whatever the trauma or crisis.
It is a privilege to work with you. I am committed to assist you in discovering any emotional issues that may be troubling. Some of the issues may be relationships, depression, anxiety or any crisis. I am understanding of life's difficulties. I will help you discover how they are affecting you. You will gain more knowledge about yourself as well as others. You may need to learn new tools in managing difficult situations. I will help you to grow, gain more knowledge of yourself, and to set better boundaries In communication. I look forward to meeting with you and establishing a good working relationship.
I am certified in dealing with crisis and PTSD; whatever the trauma or crisis.
It is a privilege to work with you. I am committed to assist you in discovering any emotional issues that may be troubling. Some of the issues may be relationships, depression, anxiety or any crisis. I am understanding of life's difficulties. I will help you discover how they are affecting you. You will gain more knowledge about yourself as well as others. You may need to learn new tools in managing difficult situations. I will help you to grow, gain more knowledge of yourself, and to set better boundaries In communication. I look forward to meeting with you and establishing a good working relationship.
(310) 828-2323 View (310) 828-2323
Photo of Nicole Logan, LPC, EMDR
Nicole Logan
Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor, LPC, EMDR
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
My goal is to help you process childhood and recent trauma and reframe unhelpful patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and beliefs.
I utilize a client-centered approach in working with adolescents and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and life transitions. In a safe, supportive, and non-judgemental space we can explore the negative patterns in your life, work through any barriers, and move towards healing, growth, and change.
My goal is to help you process childhood and recent trauma and reframe unhelpful patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and beliefs.
I utilize a client-centered approach in working with adolescents and adults who struggle with anxiety, depression, grief, relationship issues, and life transitions. In a safe, supportive, and non-judgemental space we can explore the negative patterns in your life, work through any barriers, and move towards healing, growth, and change.
(213) 267-6620 View (213) 267-6620
Photo of Deborah Naghi, PsyD, Psychologist
Deborah Naghi
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I also treat children, adolescents, and teens with issues such as anxiety, depression, and trauma/stressor-related disorders through evidence-based therapies and nurturing individual strengths.
As a parent, we know our children better than anyone else. Even so, there are times when behavioral, emotional, and cognitive challenges don’t seem to make sense. You may be noticing these problems interfere with areas such as academic success, relationships, and self-esteem. My goal is to help discover areas of strength and of potential growth by providing psychological assessments for children, adolescents, teens, and adults. I use comprehensive, research-based psychological evaluations with a therapeutic approach and strive to ensure testing concludes with a solid understanding of the issues, process, and next steps.
I also treat children, adolescents, and teens with issues such as anxiety, depression, and trauma/stressor-related disorders through evidence-based therapies and nurturing individual strengths.
As a parent, we know our children better than anyone else. Even so, there are times when behavioral, emotional, and cognitive challenges don’t seem to make sense. You may be noticing these problems interfere with areas such as academic success, relationships, and self-esteem. My goal is to help discover areas of strength and of potential growth by providing psychological assessments for children, adolescents, teens, and adults. I use comprehensive, research-based psychological evaluations with a therapeutic approach and strive to ensure testing concludes with a solid understanding of the issues, process, and next steps.
(949) 570-6763 View (949) 570-6763
Photo of Jesus Leyva, PhD, Psychologist
Jesus Leyva
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403  (Online Only)
Leyva served multicultural clients presenting with a variety of concerns, including ADHD, depression, anxiety, anger, trauma, addiction, stress, and relational issues.
Dr. Jesus Leyva is a clinical psychologist who is licensed in the state of California. Dr. Leyva provides psychological testing and psychotherapy services via Telehealth.
Leyva served multicultural clients presenting with a variety of concerns, including ADHD, depression, anxiety, anger, trauma, addiction, stress, and relational issues.
Dr. Jesus Leyva is a clinical psychologist who is licensed in the state of California. Dr. Leyva provides psychological testing and psychotherapy services via Telehealth.
(805) 273-8173 View (805) 273-8173
Photo of Lisa Hernandez, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lisa Hernandez
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
If you're here it's because you are brave and ready to take the next step towards healing past wounds and letting go of relationships and patterns that no longer serve you. When we are in the midst of our darkness, whether it's because we are getting over a break-up, dealing with a sudden loss, recovering from a trauma, healing from past wounds, or simply not feeling worthy, it's often difficult to see all the possibilities that lie before us. If your ready for change and willing to do the work, together we can start manifesting the life you're meant to live.
If you're here it's because you are brave and ready to take the next step towards healing past wounds and letting go of relationships and patterns that no longer serve you. When we are in the midst of our darkness, whether it's because we are getting over a break-up, dealing with a sudden loss, recovering from a trauma, healing from past wounds, or simply not feeling worthy, it's often difficult to see all the possibilities that lie before us. If your ready for change and willing to do the work, together we can start manifesting the life you're meant to live.
(424) 220-4249 View (424) 220-4249
Photo of Sam Hopper, PhD, Psychologist
Sam Hopper
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
My ideal client is aware that some primary positive feeling has changed. The positive feeling has suddenly, or over time, become negative and painful. Because of this change, he or she may have reluctantly given up on a long term goal, or may be in the midsts of a divorce where there was once loving contentment that has disappeared. Sometimes the pain is so severe that the Client considers ending his or her life. No matter what the circumstance, this Client is longing for relief from the pain. The Client needs a Therapist who can, incrementally over time, help to alleviate the pain and begin a more positive approach to living life.
My ideal client is aware that some primary positive feeling has changed. The positive feeling has suddenly, or over time, become negative and painful. Because of this change, he or she may have reluctantly given up on a long term goal, or may be in the midsts of a divorce where there was once loving contentment that has disappeared. Sometimes the pain is so severe that the Client considers ending his or her life. No matter what the circumstance, this Client is longing for relief from the pain. The Client needs a Therapist who can, incrementally over time, help to alleviate the pain and begin a more positive approach to living life.
(424) 252-3280 View (424) 252-3280
Photo of Nay Smith, PsyD, LMFT, BCBA, Marriage & Family Therapist
Nay Smith
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT, BCBA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
I specializes in MFT and ABA. While working with clients, I supports their work by identifying behavior patterns, identifying healthy replacement behaviors, and support my client’s understanding of emotional and cognitive states. Through the understanding of the self, my clients learn how their behaviors impact their environments. And more importantly how they can make changes to enhance their life, relationships, and experiences in their daily environments. I have experience working with adults, couples, groups, and children.
I specializes in MFT and ABA. While working with clients, I supports their work by identifying behavior patterns, identifying healthy replacement behaviors, and support my client’s understanding of emotional and cognitive states. Through the understanding of the self, my clients learn how their behaviors impact their environments. And more importantly how they can make changes to enhance their life, relationships, and experiences in their daily environments. I have experience working with adults, couples, groups, and children.
(424) 329-4718 View (424) 329-4718
Photo of undefined - Westside Therapy Collective, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Westside Therapy Collective
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
If you are looking for long-term change and a team of highly effective therapists, look no further. We believe that therapy begins with finding the right fit with the perfect therapist who takes a collaborative and holistic approach. Our team incorporates techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and motivational therapy. Please contact Shannon Kalberg, LMFT to book a free 20-minute phone consultation.
If you are looking for long-term change and a team of highly effective therapists, look no further. We believe that therapy begins with finding the right fit with the perfect therapist who takes a collaborative and holistic approach. Our team incorporates techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness, and motivational therapy. Please contact Shannon Kalberg, LMFT to book a free 20-minute phone consultation.
(844) 592-0133 View (844) 592-0133
Photo of Adriana Garcia, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Adriana Garcia
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Change is possible and I believe therapy is a place where you can explore the challenges and achievements that make our lives feel more fulfilled. My approach to therapy is one of empathy, collaboration and practicality. I like to make therapy fun, engaging, and a safe place for you to comfortably explore your emotions and learn new healthy coping skills to support your growth. I have a passion for helping others achieve more fulfillment and balance in their lives. My goal is to provide a safe space to explore feelings that may contribute to ongoing difficulties, re-process experiences, and ultimately co-create your next chapter.
Change is possible and I believe therapy is a place where you can explore the challenges and achievements that make our lives feel more fulfilled. My approach to therapy is one of empathy, collaboration and practicality. I like to make therapy fun, engaging, and a safe place for you to comfortably explore your emotions and learn new healthy coping skills to support your growth. I have a passion for helping others achieve more fulfillment and balance in their lives. My goal is to provide a safe space to explore feelings that may contribute to ongoing difficulties, re-process experiences, and ultimately co-create your next chapter.
(424) 672-3668 View (424) 672-3668
Photo of Denise Maratos, PhD, EdM, Pre-Licensed Professional
Denise Maratos
Pre-Licensed Professional, PhD, EdM
Verified Verified
Santa Monica, CA 90403
Do you need support finding your life’s purpose? Do you feel overwhelmed? Do you find it difficult to feel pain and face your shadows? While considering the whole person- heart, soul, mind and body, I trust that you enter therapy having the insight you need to navigate your distress. I use the term "depth emergence" to explain my orientation and approach. It stems from depth psychology, which emphasizes gaining access to the unconscious and bringing it into consciousness. While increasing awareness we derive meaning, evolve, and transform.
Do you need support finding your life’s purpose? Do you feel overwhelmed? Do you find it difficult to feel pain and face your shadows? While considering the whole person- heart, soul, mind and body, I trust that you enter therapy having the insight you need to navigate your distress. I use the term "depth emergence" to explain my orientation and approach. It stems from depth psychology, which emphasizes gaining access to the unconscious and bringing it into consciousness. While increasing awareness we derive meaning, evolve, and transform.
(323) 347-3849 View (323) 347-3849
Photo of Sheila K Bost, MS, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sheila K Bost
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
A warm welcome to individuals, couples & families! I specialize in helping you move from emotional distress & confusion to enhanced well being. Old family wounds or traumas, small or large, may be holding you back from your full life. You may have only a smidgen of hope. We can build on that hope. Perhaps you gained insight into yourself and your relationships from the on Enneagram or Myers-Briggs. We can build on your insights. You have lived in emotional turmoil way too long! Make one small step forward now! I have witnessed people moving from a place of hopelessness to freedom & deliverance from old lies.
A warm welcome to individuals, couples & families! I specialize in helping you move from emotional distress & confusion to enhanced well being. Old family wounds or traumas, small or large, may be holding you back from your full life. You may have only a smidgen of hope. We can build on that hope. Perhaps you gained insight into yourself and your relationships from the on Enneagram or Myers-Briggs. We can build on your insights. You have lived in emotional turmoil way too long! Make one small step forward now! I have witnessed people moving from a place of hopelessness to freedom & deliverance from old lies.
(424) 484-3329 View (424) 484-3329
Photo of Sherry Alamdari, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Sherry Alamdari
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
You are there for everyone. Whenever. Wherever. You spend so much time being there for others that there’s no room for yourself. And let’s be honest, you’d rather not think about that. Giving the outside world what it needs is easy. Giving that to yourself is hard. It’s painful. You feel so awkward and uncertain of who you are in the world. You’re drowning in the muck inside you with no way of knowing how to get out.
You are there for everyone. Whenever. Wherever. You spend so much time being there for others that there’s no room for yourself. And let’s be honest, you’d rather not think about that. Giving the outside world what it needs is easy. Giving that to yourself is hard. It’s painful. You feel so awkward and uncertain of who you are in the world. You’re drowning in the muck inside you with no way of knowing how to get out.
(818) 918-3715 View (818) 918-3715
Photo of Lydia Kosinar, MA, LMFT, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lydia Kosinar
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Santa Monica, CA 90403
As a marriage and family therapist, I believe that with a strong therapeutic relationship and using the treatment modalities that best fit your needs you can overcome your struggles and live life to its fullest potential. I am experienced in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy as well as Psychodynamic, Mindfulness and Client-Oriented therapeutic techniques to assist individuals, children, couples, or families to improve their ability to manage stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety, cope with emotional difficulties, relapse prevention issues, develop insight and improve their communications.
As a marriage and family therapist, I believe that with a strong therapeutic relationship and using the treatment modalities that best fit your needs you can overcome your struggles and live life to its fullest potential. I am experienced in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy as well as Psychodynamic, Mindfulness and Client-Oriented therapeutic techniques to assist individuals, children, couples, or families to improve their ability to manage stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety, cope with emotional difficulties, relapse prevention issues, develop insight and improve their communications.
(323) 379-1328 View (323) 379-1328
Online Therapists

Is online therapy as effective as in-person?

Numerous studies suggest that online therapy can be as effective as in-person therapy. However, further research is needed to determine if online therapy provides the same benefits across all client populations. Individuals with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, or those who may benefit from in-person check-ins, like those with eating disorders, may not experience the same level of benefit from online therapy. Nonetheless, the success of online therapy, much like in-person therapy, often hinges on the quality of the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client rather than the specific modality of therapy used.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of therapy conducted online?

One of the main advantages of online therapy is its convenience for both clients and therapists. It also allows clients who require specialized therapy to access a wider range of professionals than they could with only in-person sessions. Additionally, online therapy may be a more affordable option in some cases and often offers the same insurance benefits as in-person therapy. However, online therapy may not be suitable for everyone, especially those who value face-to-face interaction with a therapist. Therapists may find it more challenging to assess clients accurately in an online setting due to reduced nonverbal cues on camera. There is also the increased risk that disruptions caused by external factors, such as technology malfunctions, can hinder the therapy session. For these reasons, many therapists offer a "hybrid" therapeutic approach, alternating between seeing clients in-person and online.

Is online therapy suitable for children and adolescents?

Just like with adults, the accessibility and convenience of online therapy can greatly benefit children and adolescents. In fact, children and adolescents may be more accustomed to navigating online platforms than older adults, making online sessions feel more natural for them. Teens might also be interested in using additional online tools, such as therapist-recommended apps, as an adjunct to online therapy sessions. Apps for developing CBT skills, practicing mindfulness exercises, or tracking thoughts and moods can be helpful for teens receiving therapy. However, it's important to note that not all therapeutic modalities are well-suited to online therapy, especially those used with younger children. For example, play therapy, which helps younger children express their emotions, often requires in-person sessions to be fully effective.

Can I receive prescriptions and medication management with online therapy?

The ability for psychiatrists to prescribe medications through online therapy varies based on the medication and the states where the medical professional and client are located. While many prescribing regulations were relaxed during the COVID-19 pandemic, some states still enforce rules, especially concerning controlled substances, which may mandate an in-person visit before prescribing. Generally, however, medical professionals can prescribe non-controlled substances through online therapy sessions just as they do during in-person sessions.