Counselling in 6012

Photo of Nancy Carbone - Counselling in Perth, Counsellor, MSc, AMHSW
Counselling in Perth
Counsellor, MSc, AMHSW
Mosman Park, WA 6012
Trained from the psychoanalytic Masterson Institute, Nancy Carbone is the founder of Counselling in Perth. Nancy targets the root cause of issues by dealing with the feelings and thoughts that underpin unwanted behaviour in order to locate the real self.  She helps couples and individuals break free from stuck patterns and heal from attachment wounds. Nancy helps individuals heal from the inside out, by being able to emotionally regulate in order to overcome the behaviours that disrupt lives. With over 20 years experience, she also has M.Soc Sc ( Couns) BA, BSW and her clients can get rebates from Medicare & private health.
Trained from the psychoanalytic Masterson Institute, Nancy Carbone is the founder of Counselling in Perth. Nancy targets the root cause of issues by dealing with the feelings and thoughts that underpin unwanted behaviour in order to locate the real self.  She helps couples and individuals break free from stuck patterns and heal from attachment wounds. Nancy helps individuals heal from the inside out, by being able to emotionally regulate in order to overcome the behaviours that disrupt lives. With over 20 years experience, she also has M.Soc Sc ( Couns) BA, BSW and her clients can get rebates from Medicare & private health.
(08) 6493 7411 View (08) 6493 7411
Photo of Dr Sam Wai Hoong (华语广东英语), Psychologist, PhD
I speak Mandarin , Cantonese and English fluently. Prior to becoming a clinical psychologist , I was working as a school psychologist/school teacher and an acupuncturist . I specialise in supporting individuals with behavioural and relationship issues and assist these individuals to reach their full potential. I am also interested in working with individuals suffering from chronic pain and complex trauma especially childhood unresolved issues . I can assist with Worker’s Compensation or MVA Compensation.
I speak Mandarin , Cantonese and English fluently. Prior to becoming a clinical psychologist , I was working as a school psychologist/school teacher and an acupuncturist . I specialise in supporting individuals with behavioural and relationship issues and assist these individuals to reach their full potential. I am also interested in working with individuals suffering from chronic pain and complex trauma especially childhood unresolved issues . I can assist with Worker’s Compensation or MVA Compensation.
(08) 7079 5680 View (08) 7079 5680
Photo of Nancy Carbone - Counselling in Perth, Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
Counselling in Perth
Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
Mosman Park, WA 6012
We believe that change comes from within ourselves. As the founder at Counselling in Perth with over 20 years experience as a therapist, Nancy Carbone addresses the root cause of issues by working with the underlying feelings and thoughts that drive unwanted behaviors. Her therapeutic approach focuses on helping clients reconnect with their authentic selves through psychoanalytic practices. Nancy specializes in helping couples and individuals break free from self defeating patterns of behaviour and heal from attachment wounds.
We believe that change comes from within ourselves. As the founder at Counselling in Perth with over 20 years experience as a therapist, Nancy Carbone addresses the root cause of issues by working with the underlying feelings and thoughts that drive unwanted behaviors. Her therapeutic approach focuses on helping clients reconnect with their authentic selves through psychoanalytic practices. Nancy specializes in helping couples and individuals break free from self defeating patterns of behaviour and heal from attachment wounds.
(03) 9069 9596 x044986 View (03) 9069 9596 x044986
Photo of Emily Hirshman-Smith - Emily Hirshman-Smith Counselling & Psychotherapy, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Emily Hirshman-Smith Counselling & Psychotherapy
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Serves Area
Are you experiencing difficulties in your relationship(s)? Are you feeling confused and wanting some clarity? Are you wanting to change some behaviours, but don’t know how or where to begin? Are you feeling angry, sad, lonely or overwhelmed, finding it difficult to get through the day? Perhaps you’ve answered yes to one or some of these questions. If so, it might be time to talk to a professional Counsellor in a safe and comfortable environment where you can fully explore what’s going on for you, and begin to facilitate change, at a pace that feels right for you. I offer short and long term Counselling to Couples and Individuals.
Are you experiencing difficulties in your relationship(s)? Are you feeling confused and wanting some clarity? Are you wanting to change some behaviours, but don’t know how or where to begin? Are you feeling angry, sad, lonely or overwhelmed, finding it difficult to get through the day? Perhaps you’ve answered yes to one or some of these questions. If so, it might be time to talk to a professional Counsellor in a safe and comfortable environment where you can fully explore what’s going on for you, and begin to facilitate change, at a pace that feels right for you. I offer short and long term Counselling to Couples and Individuals.
(08) 7078 8383 View (08) 7078 8383
Photo of Chris Harris, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Chris Harris
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Mental health, like physical health, is something we all have and is worth looking after. Mental health is a positive experience where we enjoy life, feel present, have energy and achieve our purpose. There are times when it can feel difficult to participate in life as we would like to. Psychological strategies are about building your capacity to navigates the struggles of life while experiencing an optimum version of yourself.
Mental health, like physical health, is something we all have and is worth looking after. Mental health is a positive experience where we enjoy life, feel present, have energy and achieve our purpose. There are times when it can feel difficult to participate in life as we would like to. Psychological strategies are about building your capacity to navigates the struggles of life while experiencing an optimum version of yourself.
0411 415 758 View 0411 415 758
Photo of Bailey Bosch - The Child Anxiety Clinic Perth, Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
The Child Anxiety Clinic Perth
Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Serves Area
At The Child Anxiety Clinic, we provide an evidence-based anxiety treatment program that will educate and empower your child to master their anxious thinking.
At The Child Anxiety Clinic, we provide an evidence-based anxiety treatment program that will educate and empower your child to master their anxious thinking.
(08) 6383 7840 View (08) 6383 7840
Photo of Jessica Wilkes, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Jessica Wilkes
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi! I am Jess.Wellness of your whole being is the focus of my practice. Authenticity, Trust, Respect. As a highly compassionate Counsellor, IFS & Art Therapist, I work with unique individuals of all ages & genders with a broad range of presentations including: Trauma, anxiety & depression, Alcohol & other drug use & dependency, grief & loss, identity concerns, relationship concerns, stress management, LGBTQIA+, parenting & pre/post-natal concerns. I provide a free 15 minute online welcome session to new clients to ensure the service I offer is appropriate to your needs. Supervision provided for ACA Level 3 supervisees.
Hi! I am Jess.Wellness of your whole being is the focus of my practice. Authenticity, Trust, Respect. As a highly compassionate Counsellor, IFS & Art Therapist, I work with unique individuals of all ages & genders with a broad range of presentations including: Trauma, anxiety & depression, Alcohol & other drug use & dependency, grief & loss, identity concerns, relationship concerns, stress management, LGBTQIA+, parenting & pre/post-natal concerns. I provide a free 15 minute online welcome session to new clients to ensure the service I offer is appropriate to your needs. Supervision provided for ACA Level 3 supervisees.
(08) 6206 8125 View (08) 6206 8125
Photo of Rosealeen Tamaki, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Rosealeen Tamaki
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Serves Area
If you are feeling depressed, and anxious, troubled in different ways, I am interested in getting to know you and the difficulties and issues that you experience at personal and/ or work and other relational levels. Through listening to you and talking together, it becomes possible to shed new light on old problems. This creates new ways of thinking. The ensuing growth development can enable you to consider yourself and others from new perspectives and allows space for different choices and the possibility to make different life decisions.
If you are feeling depressed, and anxious, troubled in different ways, I am interested in getting to know you and the difficulties and issues that you experience at personal and/ or work and other relational levels. Through listening to you and talking together, it becomes possible to shed new light on old problems. This creates new ways of thinking. The ensuing growth development can enable you to consider yourself and others from new perspectives and allows space for different choices and the possibility to make different life decisions.
0402 466 572 View 0402 466 572
Photo of Tristan Stein - Tristan Stein Therapy & Wellbeing , Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Tristan Stein Therapy & Wellbeing
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
I support adults navigating life transitions, emotional challenges, anxiety and outdated relationship patterns. If you’re feeling stuck, unsettled, or unsure of what comes next, you don’t have to face it alone. I offer trauma-informed therapy to support healing, self-trust, and a more grounded, authentic way forward. Life transitions — whether expected or unexpected — can stir deep questions about identity, meaning, and direction. When old ways no longer work, we slow down and listen inward. My role is not to fix you, but to help you heal, reconnect with yourself, and move toward a more authentic, self-trusting way of being.
I support adults navigating life transitions, emotional challenges, anxiety and outdated relationship patterns. If you’re feeling stuck, unsettled, or unsure of what comes next, you don’t have to face it alone. I offer trauma-informed therapy to support healing, self-trust, and a more grounded, authentic way forward. Life transitions — whether expected or unexpected — can stir deep questions about identity, meaning, and direction. When old ways no longer work, we slow down and listen inward. My role is not to fix you, but to help you heal, reconnect with yourself, and move toward a more authentic, self-trusting way of being.
(08) 6219 3667 View (08) 6219 3667
Photo of Barbara Joyce Hewson-Bower, Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Barbara Joyce Hewson-Bower
Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Serves Area
My focus is to help you overcome life’s challenges and activate your strengths and personal resilience. Anxiety; stress; depression; narcissistic abuse; trauma; relationship difficulties; grief; and work stress are all areas of focus
My focus is to help you overcome life’s challenges and activate your strengths and personal resilience. Anxiety; stress; depression; narcissistic abuse; trauma; relationship difficulties; grief; and work stress are all areas of focus
(08) 6490 9627 View (08) 6490 9627
Photo of Anunda Merz, Social Worker, AASW
Anunda Merz
Social Worker, AASW
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you looking for a safe space to process life challenges and the emotional impact it has? Do you want to make sense of overwhelming feelings, find your calm and have more choice in your response? Together in a compassionate gentle way, we can explore your struggles / concerns, gain some clarity about whats going on, with an aim for you to feel more empowered and have greater peace in your life. Developing a relaxed, supportive connection with you is my priority. Feeling at ease, respected and appreciated is essential for therapy to be effective. I go at your pace.
Are you looking for a safe space to process life challenges and the emotional impact it has? Do you want to make sense of overwhelming feelings, find your calm and have more choice in your response? Together in a compassionate gentle way, we can explore your struggles / concerns, gain some clarity about whats going on, with an aim for you to feel more empowered and have greater peace in your life. Developing a relaxed, supportive connection with you is my priority. Feeling at ease, respected and appreciated is essential for therapy to be effective. I go at your pace.
(08) 6219 3504 View (08) 6219 3504
Photo of Rachael Hartley, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Rachael Hartley
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
At Find Focus, I offer a warm, compassionate space where you can feel genuinely supported as you explore whatever challenges or questions you're facing. My approach is grounded in respect, curiosity, and a deep belief in your capacity for healing and growth.
At Find Focus, I offer a warm, compassionate space where you can feel genuinely supported as you explore whatever challenges or questions you're facing. My approach is grounded in respect, curiosity, and a deep belief in your capacity for healing and growth.
(08) 6171 2338 View (08) 6171 2338
Photo of Catherine Resnick - Catherine Resnick, Psychotherapy and Counselling, Psychotherapist
At times, life can feel overwhelming or confusing. Talking with a psychotherapist provides a private space that invites reflection, curiosity, and meaningful change. My approach is grounded in psychoanalytic and philosophical perspectives yet expressed in clear, everyday language. I offer trauma informed psychotherapy and counselling sessions for individuals dealing with complex trauma, abuse, emotional distress, depression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, navigating significant life events, relationship issues or transitions, and those exploring the link between physical and emotional well being.
At times, life can feel overwhelming or confusing. Talking with a psychotherapist provides a private space that invites reflection, curiosity, and meaningful change. My approach is grounded in psychoanalytic and philosophical perspectives yet expressed in clear, everyday language. I offer trauma informed psychotherapy and counselling sessions for individuals dealing with complex trauma, abuse, emotional distress, depression, anxiety, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, navigating significant life events, relationship issues or transitions, and those exploring the link between physical and emotional well being.
(08) 9383 3132 View (08) 9383 3132
Photo of Melanie Ward, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Melanie Ward
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you struggling to deal with an unexpected life event such as the end of an important relationship, the death of someone you love or a life transition that came out of nowhere? Are you feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed or stuck? Do you have a general sense of unease in your life? Grief and loss is a challenging emotional experience that can create immense feelings of sadness and confusion about how to cope. Counselling provides a confidential space to explore what has been going on for you and allows you to feel heard and understood.
Are you struggling to deal with an unexpected life event such as the end of an important relationship, the death of someone you love or a life transition that came out of nowhere? Are you feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed or stuck? Do you have a general sense of unease in your life? Grief and loss is a challenging emotional experience that can create immense feelings of sadness and confusion about how to cope. Counselling provides a confidential space to explore what has been going on for you and allows you to feel heard and understood.
(08) 9468 7247 View (08) 9468 7247
Photo of Tracey Crouch, Counsellor, MC, PACFA
Tracey Crouch
Counsellor, MC, PACFA
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
If you're feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or just need some help, consider the positive benefits of counselling. Here are some reasons for taking that next step... Counselling provides you with emotional support, and research shows that professional help can make a big difference. Through counselling you can learn to better manage stress and anxiety, improve relationships and promote personal growth. Overall counselling can help manage life transitions better.
If you're feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or just need some help, consider the positive benefits of counselling. Here are some reasons for taking that next step... Counselling provides you with emotional support, and research shows that professional help can make a big difference. Through counselling you can learn to better manage stress and anxiety, improve relationships and promote personal growth. Overall counselling can help manage life transitions better.
(08) 9473 6352 View (08) 9473 6352
Photo of Martina Sackmann, Counsellor, PACFA
Martina Sackmann
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
Martina is a Clinical Counsellor and EMDR therapist and Hypnotherapist who brings with her a wealth of extensive experience working with couples, families, children and teenagers through mindful connections and a person-centred approach. She places strong value around relationships and exploring therapeutic goals to facilitate better communication, motivation, improving wellbeing, growth and more fulfilment in life. Recognising that at times life can be tough, Martina utilises evidence-based therapies to support change in a safe and nurturing manner and environment including EMDR, Schema Therapy, EFT, Hypnotherapy and NLP.
Martina is a Clinical Counsellor and EMDR therapist and Hypnotherapist who brings with her a wealth of extensive experience working with couples, families, children and teenagers through mindful connections and a person-centred approach. She places strong value around relationships and exploring therapeutic goals to facilitate better communication, motivation, improving wellbeing, growth and more fulfilment in life. Recognising that at times life can be tough, Martina utilises evidence-based therapies to support change in a safe and nurturing manner and environment including EMDR, Schema Therapy, EFT, Hypnotherapy and NLP.
(08) 6206 8339 View (08) 6206 8339
Photo of Siew Lan Ho, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Siew Lan Ho
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
Navigating the seasons of life on your own can sometimes get tricky. As you do your best to make sense of it all that seems too much or out of control, having a listening ear as you work through it can be helpful. I believe the struggles with our inner world can get overwhelming at times, and it can be renegotiated to lead a meaningful life. A significant part of my work as a registered clinical psychologist is offering psychological exploration and support to patients in a mutual effort to understand themselves better and work through how they can relate more intimately to themselves and others.
Navigating the seasons of life on your own can sometimes get tricky. As you do your best to make sense of it all that seems too much or out of control, having a listening ear as you work through it can be helpful. I believe the struggles with our inner world can get overwhelming at times, and it can be renegotiated to lead a meaningful life. A significant part of my work as a registered clinical psychologist is offering psychological exploration and support to patients in a mutual effort to understand themselves better and work through how they can relate more intimately to themselves and others.
(08) 6490 9076 View (08) 6490 9076
Photo of Dr David Preece, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr David Preece
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I'm a Clinical Psychologist and Academic. After completing my PhD in Australia, I did a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship as a Fulbright Scholar at Stanford University in the United States. Outside of my private practice, I'm now also an Associate Professor at Curtin University. I have authored over 100 journal articles on emotion regulation and mental health. In therapy, I enjoy working with people to help them achieve their goals and live more fulfilling lives. I aim to help people reflect on what would take their life in meaningful directions, and build the skills to handle the challenges that come up along the way.
I'm a Clinical Psychologist and Academic. After completing my PhD in Australia, I did a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship as a Fulbright Scholar at Stanford University in the United States. Outside of my private practice, I'm now also an Associate Professor at Curtin University. I have authored over 100 journal articles on emotion regulation and mental health. In therapy, I enjoy working with people to help them achieve their goals and live more fulfilling lives. I aim to help people reflect on what would take their life in meaningful directions, and build the skills to handle the challenges that come up along the way.
(08) 6490 9979 View (08) 6490 9979
Photo of Georgia Henderson - Cygnet Clinic, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Cygnet Clinic
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Cygnet Clinic a multidisciplinary team consisting of private practicing Clinical Psychologists and Consultant Psychiatrists with a focus on evidenced based and collaborative care models of practice. We are one of the few practices with Psychiatrists, and Dr Sanjay Khanna (ADHD & ADD management, Mood Disorders, Addictions) is now accepting referralsYou can book an appointment with another clinician directly online rather than calling the clinic at our website www.cygnetclinic.com.au
Cygnet Clinic a multidisciplinary team consisting of private practicing Clinical Psychologists and Consultant Psychiatrists with a focus on evidenced based and collaborative care models of practice. We are one of the few practices with Psychiatrists, and Dr Sanjay Khanna (ADHD & ADD management, Mood Disorders, Addictions) is now accepting referralsYou can book an appointment with another clinician directly online rather than calling the clinic at our website www.cygnetclinic.com.au
(08) 6171 3741 View (08) 6171 3741
Photo of Jacob Jones, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Jacob Jones
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
My name is Jacob, I am a registered psychologist with Sage Psychological Services. Sage is a local private practice, offering affordable and holistic mental health support to our clients. I have a considerable amount of experience working with trauma, anxiety, PTSD and stress within adult populations. I also have experience working with mood-related issues, other anxiety-related issues, personality issues and relationship issues. I use an empathic and holistic approach to each client to assist in not only resolving symptoms experienced but attaining growth towards personal goals and values.
My name is Jacob, I am a registered psychologist with Sage Psychological Services. Sage is a local private practice, offering affordable and holistic mental health support to our clients. I have a considerable amount of experience working with trauma, anxiety, PTSD and stress within adult populations. I also have experience working with mood-related issues, other anxiety-related issues, personality issues and relationship issues. I use an empathic and holistic approach to each client to assist in not only resolving symptoms experienced but attaining growth towards personal goals and values.
(08) 9468 7252 View (08) 9468 7252

See more therapy options for 6012

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 6012

30+

Average cost per session

$175

Therapists in 6012 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Stress
76% Relationship Issues
73% Self Esteem
68% Trauma and PTSD
57% Grief

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Bupa
83% Medibank Private
56% Medicare Rebates

How Therapists in 6012 see their clients

95% In Person and Online
5% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
16% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 6012?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.