Counselling in 6159

Photo of William Lutton, Psychologist, PsyBA General
William Lutton
Psychologist, PsyBA General
North Fremantle, WA 6159
Will is authentic, warm, and down-to-earth. He knows that life’s challenges can leave people feeling adrift, like a passenger rather than the one steering. His focus is on helping clients reconnect with their own strength and direction, so they can navigate life with greater steadiness and clarity. He offers a safe base for those working through mental health challenges with particular interest in working with those experiencing trauma, depression, or relationship challenges. His style is gentle, practical, and collaborative, creating space where clients feel supported and understood.
Will is authentic, warm, and down-to-earth. He knows that life’s challenges can leave people feeling adrift, like a passenger rather than the one steering. His focus is on helping clients reconnect with their own strength and direction, so they can navigate life with greater steadiness and clarity. He offers a safe base for those working through mental health challenges with particular interest in working with those experiencing trauma, depression, or relationship challenges. His style is gentle, practical, and collaborative, creating space where clients feel supported and understood.
(08) 9468 7240 View (08) 9468 7240
Photo of Anita Smith, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Anita Smith
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
North Fremantle, WA 6159
I am a Clinical Psychologist with experience providing counselling and therapy to adults and adolescents. My approach is client-centred, placing strong value on the therapeutic relationship as a space where it is safe to laugh and cry, while learning how to respond differently to yourself and to others. Every person is unique and every situation is unique, so I utilise a variety of evidence-based therapies, tailoring therapy to you and your needs.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with experience providing counselling and therapy to adults and adolescents. My approach is client-centred, placing strong value on the therapeutic relationship as a space where it is safe to laugh and cry, while learning how to respond differently to yourself and to others. Every person is unique and every situation is unique, so I utilise a variety of evidence-based therapies, tailoring therapy to you and your needs.
(08) 6206 8980 View (08) 6206 8980
Photo of Brittne Lee, Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Brittne Lee
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
North Fremantle, WA 6159
My goal is to help you feel right at ease and work with you to tailor therapy to your needs. I believe in creating a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can feel heard, empowered and supported in your journey. I also believe in helping you resolve the underlying issues so you can learn not just how to manage your symptoms but to heal from them as well. I bring a holistic and fresh approach to my therapy having lived and worked in various countries.
My goal is to help you feel right at ease and work with you to tailor therapy to your needs. I believe in creating a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can feel heard, empowered and supported in your journey. I also believe in helping you resolve the underlying issues so you can learn not just how to manage your symptoms but to heal from them as well. I bring a holistic and fresh approach to my therapy having lived and worked in various countries.
(08) 6490 9297 View (08) 6490 9297
Photo of Martina Sackmann, Counsellor, PACFA
Martina Sackmann
Counsellor, PACFA
North Fremantle, WA 6159
Martina is a Clinical Counsellor and Clinical Hypnotherapist who brings with her a wealth of extensive experience working with families, children and teenagers through mindful connections and a person-centred approach. She places strong value around relationships and exploring therapeutic goals to facilitate motivation, improving wellbeing, growth and more fulfillment in life. Recognising that at times life can be tough, Martina utilises evidence-based therapies to support change in a safe and nurturing manner and environment including EMDR, Schema Therapy, Hypnotherapy and NLP.
Martina is a Clinical Counsellor and Clinical Hypnotherapist who brings with her a wealth of extensive experience working with families, children and teenagers through mindful connections and a person-centred approach. She places strong value around relationships and exploring therapeutic goals to facilitate motivation, improving wellbeing, growth and more fulfillment in life. Recognising that at times life can be tough, Martina utilises evidence-based therapies to support change in a safe and nurturing manner and environment including EMDR, Schema Therapy, Hypnotherapy and NLP.
(08) 6206 8339 View (08) 6206 8339
Photo of Meg Waters, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Meg Waters
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
North Fremantle, WA 6159
I am an experienced, compassionate, and genuine Clinical Psychologist who offers a wide range of assessment, report writing and counselling services for those over 16 years. I have worked in private practice, forensic settings and as a school psychologist over the years. My approach is warm and friendly and I endeavour to make you feel safe and at ease from the initial session.
I am an experienced, compassionate, and genuine Clinical Psychologist who offers a wide range of assessment, report writing and counselling services for those over 16 years. I have worked in private practice, forensic settings and as a school psychologist over the years. My approach is warm and friendly and I endeavour to make you feel safe and at ease from the initial session.
(08) 9470 5597 View (08) 9470 5597
Photo of Gail Resnick, Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Endorsed
Gail Resnick
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Endorsed
North Fremantle, WA 6159
If you have been having a difficult time of things with trauma, anxiety, peri or post-natal depression, difficulty in your personal relationships, or your relationship with yourself; or any other mental health concerns, I’d love to help you be able to better understand yourself and the issues you face, and of course help you to move towards overcoming these difficulties. I see older adolescents and adults, and am able to draw on my training and experience with Brief and Long Term Therapy, Attachment Therapy, Trauma Therapy, Internal Family Systems Therapy, and CBT, depending on best fit for your issues and your personality.
If you have been having a difficult time of things with trauma, anxiety, peri or post-natal depression, difficulty in your personal relationships, or your relationship with yourself; or any other mental health concerns, I’d love to help you be able to better understand yourself and the issues you face, and of course help you to move towards overcoming these difficulties. I see older adolescents and adults, and am able to draw on my training and experience with Brief and Long Term Therapy, Attachment Therapy, Trauma Therapy, Internal Family Systems Therapy, and CBT, depending on best fit for your issues and your personality.
(03) 4014 9022 View (03) 4014 9022
Photo of Hannah McBride, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Hannah McBride
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
North Fremantle, WA 6159
People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons. Some seek support with a clear challenge like anxiety, stress, or trauma. Others might feel that something is stuck, off-balance, or unresolved. Whether you’re carrying something heavy, seeking growth, or looking for relief – therapy is a safe place to start. I'm Hannah, a Registered Psychologist experienced in supporting adults, teens, and children. My style is warm, curious, and practical, creating a space where moments of heaviness, openness, and even humour are all welcome.
People come to therapy for all sorts of reasons. Some seek support with a clear challenge like anxiety, stress, or trauma. Others might feel that something is stuck, off-balance, or unresolved. Whether you’re carrying something heavy, seeking growth, or looking for relief – therapy is a safe place to start. I'm Hannah, a Registered Psychologist experienced in supporting adults, teens, and children. My style is warm, curious, and practical, creating a space where moments of heaviness, openness, and even humour are all welcome.
(08) 6120 1272 View (08) 6120 1272
Photo of Kelly Hefferon -, Social Worker, MA, AMHSW
Kelly Hefferon -
Social Worker, MA, AMHSW
Serves Area
I’d like to put you at ease. As an accredited mental health social worker and clinician with over 20 years of experience, I specialise in supporting young people, individuals, couples and families impacted by adverse life events, behavioural issues, mental health challenges, relationship issues and trauma. My many years of experience and practice in this field allows me to formulate, develop and implement individualised therapeutic plans to work with you, to make a brave space for you to share what is happening in your life and support you to find your way forward.
I’d like to put you at ease. As an accredited mental health social worker and clinician with over 20 years of experience, I specialise in supporting young people, individuals, couples and families impacted by adverse life events, behavioural issues, mental health challenges, relationship issues and trauma. My many years of experience and practice in this field allows me to formulate, develop and implement individualised therapeutic plans to work with you, to make a brave space for you to share what is happening in your life and support you to find your way forward.
(08) 9473 6364 View (08) 9473 6364
Photo of Claudia Zappalenti, Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Claudia Zappalenti
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Serves Area
I have over 10 years of experience and a deep passion for helping people just like you. I will apply a strength-based approach, using only evidence-based therapeutic modalities, to suit your unique needs and empower you to transition successfully through your challenges. Whether you are facing relationship issues, challenging life transitions, cultural issues, professional dissatisfaction or other emotionally challenging life events, I can help you to become more aware of your strengths and assist you in engaging in successful coping styles and letting go of ones that are not serving you well.
I have over 10 years of experience and a deep passion for helping people just like you. I will apply a strength-based approach, using only evidence-based therapeutic modalities, to suit your unique needs and empower you to transition successfully through your challenges. Whether you are facing relationship issues, challenging life transitions, cultural issues, professional dissatisfaction or other emotionally challenging life events, I can help you to become more aware of your strengths and assist you in engaging in successful coping styles and letting go of ones that are not serving you well.
(08) 6185 0804 View (08) 6185 0804
Photo of Jane Anne Healey, Counsellor, PACFA
Jane Anne Healey
Counsellor, PACFA
Serves Area
Maybe you've been feeling overwhelmed, anxious, stuck in old self-doubt or repeating patterns and you're wanting to better understand yourself, feel more grounded in your body, and create healthier ways of relating. You might be noticing stress in your nervous system, difficulty regulating emotions, or struggling with boundaries, connection, or communication in relationships.
Maybe you've been feeling overwhelmed, anxious, stuck in old self-doubt or repeating patterns and you're wanting to better understand yourself, feel more grounded in your body, and create healthier ways of relating. You might be noticing stress in your nervous system, difficulty regulating emotions, or struggling with boundaries, connection, or communication in relationships.
(08) 6493 7233 View (08) 6493 7233
Photo of Avi Har Paz - Counselling Of The Heart - Couple Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Counselling Of The Heart - Couple Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Serves Area
Being married and a family man for 25 years I know very well that being in a committed relationship takes work, I also know that it worth every bit of it. I help couples in committed relationships to make powerful insights, sustain lasting change and integrate healthy new relational skills to repair connection and trust, increase intimacy, improve communication, and deepen relational integrity. You and your partner will learn simple practical tools and strategies for communication and understanding so that you can move forward in your relationship. Many of my clients’ report seeing significant shifts in the first few sessions.
Being married and a family man for 25 years I know very well that being in a committed relationship takes work, I also know that it worth every bit of it. I help couples in committed relationships to make powerful insights, sustain lasting change and integrate healthy new relational skills to repair connection and trust, increase intimacy, improve communication, and deepen relational integrity. You and your partner will learn simple practical tools and strategies for communication and understanding so that you can move forward in your relationship. Many of my clients’ report seeing significant shifts in the first few sessions.
(08) 6171 3083 View (08) 6171 3083
Photo of Suzannah Stanford, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Suzannah Stanford
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Serves Area
I'm a holistic counsellor & psychotherapist, and my work centres around helping clients make sense and meaning of their life story, and to integrate the many parts of ourselves. I work with people who may be feeling lost, stuck or out of alignment in their lives and relationships. You may be feeling overwhelmed by world issues as well as personal ones, perhaps feeling a deep sense of grief, loss or fear about the environmental crisis or around social injustice issues. I also work with people looking to do shadow work or to process and integrate psychedelic experiences.
I'm a holistic counsellor & psychotherapist, and my work centres around helping clients make sense and meaning of their life story, and to integrate the many parts of ourselves. I work with people who may be feeling lost, stuck or out of alignment in their lives and relationships. You may be feeling overwhelmed by world issues as well as personal ones, perhaps feeling a deep sense of grief, loss or fear about the environmental crisis or around social injustice issues. I also work with people looking to do shadow work or to process and integrate psychedelic experiences.
(08) 9473 6343 View (08) 9473 6343
Photo of Liam O'Donnell, Psychologist, MAPS
Liam O'Donnell
Psychologist, MAPS
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
My therapeutic style is active and engaged. Drawing from modalities like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), we will work together to identify the specific challenges you're facing and develop a clear plan to address them. I believe everyone has the capacity for growth and change. My role is to empower you with the knowledge and strategies needed to overcome obstacles, build self-confidence, and move forward with a renewed sense of purpose and control.
My therapeutic style is active and engaged. Drawing from modalities like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), we will work together to identify the specific challenges you're facing and develop a clear plan to address them. I believe everyone has the capacity for growth and change. My role is to empower you with the knowledge and strategies needed to overcome obstacles, build self-confidence, and move forward with a renewed sense of purpose and control.
(08) 6219 3715 View (08) 6219 3715
Photo of Jessica Wilkes, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Jessica Wilkes
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
2 Endorsed
Serves Area
Hi! I am Jess. Wellness of your whole being is the focus of my practice. Authenticity,Trust,Respect. As a highly compassionate Counsellor & IFS Therapist, I work with unique individuals of all ages & genders with a broad range of presentations including: Trauma, anxiety & depression, Alcohol & other drug use & dependency, grief & loss, identity concerns, relationship concerns, stress management, LGBTQIA+, parenting & pre/post-natal concerns. I provide a brief 15 minute online free welcome session to new clients to ensure the service I offer is appropriate to your needs. Supervision provided for ACA Level 2 supervisees.
Hi! I am Jess. Wellness of your whole being is the focus of my practice. Authenticity,Trust,Respect. As a highly compassionate Counsellor & IFS Therapist, I work with unique individuals of all ages & genders with a broad range of presentations including: Trauma, anxiety & depression, Alcohol & other drug use & dependency, grief & loss, identity concerns, relationship concerns, stress management, LGBTQIA+, parenting & pre/post-natal concerns. I provide a brief 15 minute online free welcome session to new clients to ensure the service I offer is appropriate to your needs. Supervision provided for ACA Level 2 supervisees.
(08) 6206 8125 View (08) 6206 8125
Photo of Diana Lalor, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Diana Lalor
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Diana is a Psychologist trained in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, an accredited Gestalt Therapist, experienced Relationship Counsellor and has been practising in Perth, Western Australia since 1990. She is the Principal Psychologist and Proprietor of Cottesloe Counselling Centre.
Diana is a Psychologist trained in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, an accredited Gestalt Therapist, experienced Relationship Counsellor and has been practising in Perth, Western Australia since 1990. She is the Principal Psychologist and Proprietor of Cottesloe Counselling Centre.
(08) 9551 7926 View (08) 9551 7926
Photo of Samantha Crosby, Social Worker, AASW
Samantha Crosby
Social Worker, AASW
3 Endorsed
Serves Area
Welcome. My name is Samantha, but most people call me Sami. I'm a social worker, certified clinical trauma professional and somatic therapist specialising in counselling for adults who have experienced trauma, abuse or grief. I've dedicated the last few years to working with people with complex trauma, walking alongside them in their journey to return to wholeness. If you would like to work with me, we take a collaborative approach; a blend of talking therapy, mindful awareness and somatic inquiry to reduce any trauma symptoms you might be experiencing that are holding you back from living a full, joyful life.
Welcome. My name is Samantha, but most people call me Sami. I'm a social worker, certified clinical trauma professional and somatic therapist specialising in counselling for adults who have experienced trauma, abuse or grief. I've dedicated the last few years to working with people with complex trauma, walking alongside them in their journey to return to wholeness. If you would like to work with me, we take a collaborative approach; a blend of talking therapy, mindful awareness and somatic inquiry to reduce any trauma symptoms you might be experiencing that are holding you back from living a full, joyful life.
0458 200 356 View 0458 200 356
Photo of Melanie Ward, Counsellor, ACA-L2
Melanie Ward
Counsellor, ACA-L2
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Are you struggling to deal with an unexpected life event such as the end of an important relationship, the death of someone you love or a life transition that came out of nowhere? Are you feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed or stuck? Do you have a general sense of unease in your life? Grief and loss is a challenging emotional experience that can create immense feelings of sadness and confusion about how to cope. Counselling provides a confidential space to explore what has been going on for you and allows you to feel heard and understood.
Are you struggling to deal with an unexpected life event such as the end of an important relationship, the death of someone you love or a life transition that came out of nowhere? Are you feeling anxious, depressed, overwhelmed or stuck? Do you have a general sense of unease in your life? Grief and loss is a challenging emotional experience that can create immense feelings of sadness and confusion about how to cope. Counselling provides a confidential space to explore what has been going on for you and allows you to feel heard and understood.
(08) 9468 7247 View (08) 9468 7247
Photo of Clare Szmekura, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Clare Szmekura
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
I’m a trauma-informed counsellor and mediator. I bring both professional expertise and embodied insight to my practice, offering holistic, inclusive, and culturally responsive support in-person and online. My approach blends person-centred, somatic, and creative therapies to support people navigating trauma, grief, addiction, identity, and life transitions. Respecting each client’s unique story, values, and inner wisdom as the foundation for healing and growth I offer safe, affirming care rooted in cultural safety, presence, creativity, and purpose.
I’m a trauma-informed counsellor and mediator. I bring both professional expertise and embodied insight to my practice, offering holistic, inclusive, and culturally responsive support in-person and online. My approach blends person-centred, somatic, and creative therapies to support people navigating trauma, grief, addiction, identity, and life transitions. Respecting each client’s unique story, values, and inner wisdom as the foundation for healing and growth I offer safe, affirming care rooted in cultural safety, presence, creativity, and purpose.
(08) 6206 8962 View (08) 6206 8962
Photo of Stephanie Crevatin, Counsellor, ACA-L4
Stephanie Crevatin
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Serves Area
Stephanie is an experienced Counsellor & Psychotherapist (Level 4 ACA) with over 20 years of experience, in private practice as well as working with community organisations since 2003. Stephanie has worked in a range of diverse settings to provide counselling to adults, children, adolescents, couples, families and group work. Stephanie is a professional, qualified and skilled counsellor possessing compassion and empathy to hold a safe, respectful, compassionate space where you can explore your emotions, thoughts, and concerns without judgment.
Stephanie is an experienced Counsellor & Psychotherapist (Level 4 ACA) with over 20 years of experience, in private practice as well as working with community organisations since 2003. Stephanie has worked in a range of diverse settings to provide counselling to adults, children, adolescents, couples, families and group work. Stephanie is a professional, qualified and skilled counsellor possessing compassion and empathy to hold a safe, respectful, compassionate space where you can explore your emotions, thoughts, and concerns without judgment.
(08) 6109 8029 View (08) 6109 8029
Photo of Kellie Sheldon, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Kellie Sheldon
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
7 Endorsed
Serves Area
Waitlist for new clients
You tell yourself you should be over it. But your body still reacts. Your mind still shuts down. You push it down, avoid it, tell yourself it’s in the past. But it still shows up. In your reactions. In your relationships. In the way you freeze, lash out, or disappear inside yourself. Your body stays tense, always ‘on’, bracing for something. Some days, you’re numb. Other days, you can’t stop overthinking. Either way, it’s exhausting. It’s not just memories. It’s your body reacting, even when you don’t want it to. You don’t have to hold it all together. You just get to be real about what’s happening - and we’ll start from there.
You tell yourself you should be over it. But your body still reacts. Your mind still shuts down. You push it down, avoid it, tell yourself it’s in the past. But it still shows up. In your reactions. In your relationships. In the way you freeze, lash out, or disappear inside yourself. Your body stays tense, always ‘on’, bracing for something. Some days, you’re numb. Other days, you can’t stop overthinking. Either way, it’s exhausting. It’s not just memories. It’s your body reacting, even when you don’t want it to. You don’t have to hold it all together. You just get to be real about what’s happening - and we’ll start from there.
(08) 6109 8292 View (08) 6109 8292

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 6159

20+

Average cost per session

$155

Counsellors in 6159 who prioritize treating:

95% Relationship Issues
95% Anxiety
90% Stress
81% Trauma and PTSD
76% Depression
71% Self Esteem
67% Grief

Average years in practice

16 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Bupa
88% Medibank Private
63% Other

How Counsellors in 6159 see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

81% Female
14% Male
5% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 6159?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.