Counselling in 3137

Photo of Kathleen Cunningham, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Kathleen Cunningham
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Kilsyth, VIC 3137
We are a psychologist and therapy dog team working to provide a welcoming, warm, safe and accepting environment to meet therapeutic goals. I am a registered psychologist with a Master's in Educational and Developmental Psychology and a Board Approved Supervisor. Luna (fondly known as Luna the Doona) & I enjoy working closely with our clients. Luna is known for her beautiful smile, hypoallergenic white fluffy coat, and high fives. We are a neuroaffirming, warm and accepting team, and have lived exierence of neurodiversity.
We are a psychologist and therapy dog team working to provide a welcoming, warm, safe and accepting environment to meet therapeutic goals. I am a registered psychologist with a Master's in Educational and Developmental Psychology and a Board Approved Supervisor. Luna (fondly known as Luna the Doona) & I enjoy working closely with our clients. Luna is known for her beautiful smile, hypoallergenic white fluffy coat, and high fives. We are a neuroaffirming, warm and accepting team, and have lived exierence of neurodiversity.
(03) 8203 5273 View (03) 8203 5273
Photo of Maddison Harris, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Maddison Harris
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Kilsyth, VIC 3137
Maddison brings a compassionate and collaborative approach to her practice. She creates a non-judgmental safe space for clients to explore various challenges. Presentations that Maddison works with include the following: Autism (especially in girls and women), ADHD, Chronic illness, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Developmental trauma, Grief management, OCD, Perinatal and infant mental health, and life transitions. Maddison works with clients of all ages.
Maddison brings a compassionate and collaborative approach to her practice. She creates a non-judgmental safe space for clients to explore various challenges. Presentations that Maddison works with include the following: Autism (especially in girls and women), ADHD, Chronic illness, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorders, Developmental trauma, Grief management, OCD, Perinatal and infant mental health, and life transitions. Maddison works with clients of all ages.
(03) 8203 5398 View (03) 8203 5398
Photo of Jodi Christensen, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Jodi Christensen
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Kilsyth, VIC 3137
I enjoy working with clients to address both short term solution focused issues and longer term complex complaints. I like to provide a collaborative and tailored approach to treatment planning and therapy. Drawing on clients strengths and preferences I have a keen interest in helping clients confront and move past their personal barriers. Further I have training in the provision of EMDR therapy and have a keen interest in helping clients address previous trauma that may be impacting their quality of life.
I enjoy working with clients to address both short term solution focused issues and longer term complex complaints. I like to provide a collaborative and tailored approach to treatment planning and therapy. Drawing on clients strengths and preferences I have a keen interest in helping clients confront and move past their personal barriers. Further I have training in the provision of EMDR therapy and have a keen interest in helping clients address previous trauma that may be impacting their quality of life.
(03) 8203 5211 View (03) 8203 5211
Photo of Christina Hereford - Felix & Sage Psychology, Psychologist, MPsych, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Felix & Sage Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Serves Area
Felix & Sage Psychology is a private practice with two clinics located in Ringwood and Forest Hill, Victoria. Our compassionate team of 17 clinicians provide tailored and accessible mental health care solutions to our clientele, by incorporating various evidence based therapeutic approaches to address their emotional and behavioural needs. Our team works with a vast range of issues including (but not limited to) Anxiety, Depression, Eating Disorders, Identity, Trauma and Relationships. Our Ringwood clinic is open until 8pm Monday-Thursday, and both clinics are open Saturdays to ensure we remain accessible to those working 9-5 jobs.
Felix & Sage Psychology is a private practice with two clinics located in Ringwood and Forest Hill, Victoria. Our compassionate team of 17 clinicians provide tailored and accessible mental health care solutions to our clientele, by incorporating various evidence based therapeutic approaches to address their emotional and behavioural needs. Our team works with a vast range of issues including (but not limited to) Anxiety, Depression, Eating Disorders, Identity, Trauma and Relationships. Our Ringwood clinic is open until 8pm Monday-Thursday, and both clinics are open Saturdays to ensure we remain accessible to those working 9-5 jobs.
(03) 8595 5009 View (03) 8595 5009
Photo of Yogeeta Kiran, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Yogeeta Kiran
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I am a clinical psychologist with 22 years of experience working with people with depression, anxiety, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), ADHD, ASD, bipolar disorder, complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder..
I am a clinical psychologist with 22 years of experience working with people with depression, anxiety, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), ADHD, ASD, bipolar disorder, complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder..
(03) 8771 4207 View (03) 8771 4207
Photo of Michelle Elizabeth Urquhart, Psychotherapist
Michelle Elizabeth Urquhart
Psychotherapist
Serves Area
As an Art therapist/Counsellor I work in relation to your needs and goals, in a safe non-judgemental space. During a session, I will check in with you to see if there is anything you would like to share or express. I will share a little about myself to help begin the therapeutic relationship. There is no need to be nervous or worry about being artistic as this is not necessary at all. I can help you work through issues with the healing power of this truly magical therapy. All you need is an open mind and a little curiosity, the sessions are totally driven by you, which means you can participate in the therapy at any stage.
As an Art therapist/Counsellor I work in relation to your needs and goals, in a safe non-judgemental space. During a session, I will check in with you to see if there is anything you would like to share or express. I will share a little about myself to help begin the therapeutic relationship. There is no need to be nervous or worry about being artistic as this is not necessary at all. I can help you work through issues with the healing power of this truly magical therapy. All you need is an open mind and a little curiosity, the sessions are totally driven by you, which means you can participate in the therapy at any stage.
(03) 8203 5028 View (03) 8203 5028
Photo of Soph Marsland, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Soph Marsland
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Serves Area
Soph is passionate about helping people build lives that are rich and meaningful to them. With warmth, care, and authenticity, Soph supports you to sort out what is under your control and act on it, and learn skills to manage what is not under your control, including the difficult thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories and other internal experiences that come with being human, so that these don't dominate your life. Soph sees people aged 18+ and has special interest in working with clients experiencing all types of anxiety, mood problems, obsessions and compulsions, trauma, perinatal mental health issues, and psychosis.
Soph is passionate about helping people build lives that are rich and meaningful to them. With warmth, care, and authenticity, Soph supports you to sort out what is under your control and act on it, and learn skills to manage what is not under your control, including the difficult thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories and other internal experiences that come with being human, so that these don't dominate your life. Soph sees people aged 18+ and has special interest in working with clients experiencing all types of anxiety, mood problems, obsessions and compulsions, trauma, perinatal mental health issues, and psychosis.
(03) 8771 4282 View (03) 8771 4282
Photo of Yvonne Wells - Relating Well Centre, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Relating Well Centre
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Serves Area
My experience is in helping my clients obtain better relationships with partners, family and friends. I am a facilitator in "Prepare Enrich" and the Gottman's method, A great start to a new relationship or existing one, discover your partners and yours, strengths within the relationship and areas of growth, I Specifically focus on such areas as emotional awareness, self-insight, higher emotional intelligence, emotional astuteness, attachment style awareness. An overarching goal for my clients is to, ‘know thy self’, where you begin and end in your relationships, who are you? What is the essence of who you are?
My experience is in helping my clients obtain better relationships with partners, family and friends. I am a facilitator in "Prepare Enrich" and the Gottman's method, A great start to a new relationship or existing one, discover your partners and yours, strengths within the relationship and areas of growth, I Specifically focus on such areas as emotional awareness, self-insight, higher emotional intelligence, emotional astuteness, attachment style awareness. An overarching goal for my clients is to, ‘know thy self’, where you begin and end in your relationships, who are you? What is the essence of who you are?
(03) 5905 7145 View (03) 5905 7145
Photo of Margaret (Malgorzata) Karafilowska, Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Margaret (Malgorzata) Karafilowska
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
Margaret is a Registered Psychologist and Board Approved Supervisor with a commitment to helping people find contentment and a sense of acceptance within themselves and their relationships. She works in a supportive and client centred way, and her practice is based in cognitive behavioural, schema therapy, and brief psychodynamic approaches. She is particularly interested in how people experience mental health concerns due to unhelpful interpersonal and behavioural patterns in their daily lives.
Margaret is a Registered Psychologist and Board Approved Supervisor with a commitment to helping people find contentment and a sense of acceptance within themselves and their relationships. She works in a supportive and client centred way, and her practice is based in cognitive behavioural, schema therapy, and brief psychodynamic approaches. She is particularly interested in how people experience mental health concerns due to unhelpful interpersonal and behavioural patterns in their daily lives.
(03) 8203 5668 View (03) 8203 5668
Photo of Dr Melanie Bertino - Dr Mel Bertino Worksafe & TAC Clinical Psychology, Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Dr Mel Bertino Worksafe & TAC Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
I specialize in treating adult clients who have had motor vehicle injury or workplace injury and who have PTSD and/or chronic pain as a result. I charge no additional out of pocket costs for TAC or Worksafe clients. I have extensive experience with treating TAC and Worksafe clients for PTSD, anxiety relating to the accident, persistent pain following the accident, and often with related stress, sleep, relationship and/or mood problems. I also see Medicare clients with similar presenting concerns.
I specialize in treating adult clients who have had motor vehicle injury or workplace injury and who have PTSD and/or chronic pain as a result. I charge no additional out of pocket costs for TAC or Worksafe clients. I have extensive experience with treating TAC and Worksafe clients for PTSD, anxiety relating to the accident, persistent pain following the accident, and often with related stress, sleep, relationship and/or mood problems. I also see Medicare clients with similar presenting concerns.
(03) 9118 9045 View (03) 9118 9045
Photo of Emma Millard, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Emma Millard
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Trauma can come from overwhelming events, but also from what was missing, like not feeling emotionally safe, supported, loved, or seen. These experiences can shape how we feel about ourselves and relate to others, often in ways we don’t realise until later. I work with adults who want to heal and be free from impacts of their childhood, past relationships or other difficult life experiences. Many of my clients say they’re tired of carrying it all, the anxiety, people-pleasing, emotional intensity and fear of not being good enough. They often describe feeling unsure of themselves, worried they’re “too much” or relationship concerns.
Trauma can come from overwhelming events, but also from what was missing, like not feeling emotionally safe, supported, loved, or seen. These experiences can shape how we feel about ourselves and relate to others, often in ways we don’t realise until later. I work with adults who want to heal and be free from impacts of their childhood, past relationships or other difficult life experiences. Many of my clients say they’re tired of carrying it all, the anxiety, people-pleasing, emotional intensity and fear of not being good enough. They often describe feeling unsure of themselves, worried they’re “too much” or relationship concerns.
(03) 8771 4404 View (03) 8771 4404
Photo of Jacqueline Noble, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Jacqueline Noble
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
I enjoy working with young people (12-17 years old) and adults (18+). I believe in the healing benefits of the therapeutic relationship and the mind’s ability to recover. I am interested in establishing and maintaining a therapeutic alliance with my clients, while utilising compassion focused interpersonal (IPT), cognitive behaviour (CBT), and dialectical behaviour (DBT) therapy techniques.
I enjoy working with young people (12-17 years old) and adults (18+). I believe in the healing benefits of the therapeutic relationship and the mind’s ability to recover. I am interested in establishing and maintaining a therapeutic alliance with my clients, while utilising compassion focused interpersonal (IPT), cognitive behaviour (CBT), and dialectical behaviour (DBT) therapy techniques.
(03) 8203 5205 View (03) 8203 5205
Photo of Michael Edyvane, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Michael Edyvane
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Serves Area
Michael is a nationally registered psychologist and family therapist. He is also a full member of the Australian Psychological Society. He has experience working with anxiety, depression, stress management, relationship difficulties, grief & loss, anger management, personality disorders and a specialty in suicide prevention. These counselling services are offered to individuals, relationships and family groups.
Michael is a nationally registered psychologist and family therapist. He is also a full member of the Australian Psychological Society. He has experience working with anxiety, depression, stress management, relationship difficulties, grief & loss, anger management, personality disorders and a specialty in suicide prevention. These counselling services are offered to individuals, relationships and family groups.
(03) 8203 5308 View (03) 8203 5308
Photo of Matthew Blake - Eucalyptus Psychology, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Eucalyptus Psychology
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Serves Area
At Eucalyptus Psychology, we support children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families navigating life’s challenges—including anxiety, low mood, trauma, stress, neurodivergence, and relationship difficulties. We also provide comprehensive assessments for ASD, ADHD, and cognitive functioning. Many people who come to us are looking for practical tools, genuine understanding, and a space where they can feel truly heard. Our team of 13 psychologists works across our Olinda and Mooroolbark clinics, offering thoughtful, evidence-based therapy and assessment in calm, nature-filled environments designed to support reflection and healing.
At Eucalyptus Psychology, we support children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families navigating life’s challenges—including anxiety, low mood, trauma, stress, neurodivergence, and relationship difficulties. We also provide comprehensive assessments for ASD, ADHD, and cognitive functioning. Many people who come to us are looking for practical tools, genuine understanding, and a space where they can feel truly heard. Our team of 13 psychologists works across our Olinda and Mooroolbark clinics, offering thoughtful, evidence-based therapy and assessment in calm, nature-filled environments designed to support reflection and healing.
(02) 4810 0642 View (02) 4810 0642
Photo of Karen Fisher, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Karen Fisher
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Serves Area
My name is Karen, I decided to pursue a career in psychology due to a strong interest in human behaviour and helping individuals improve their mental health and wellbeing. I have always been fascinated with the connection between mind and body, and how our emotional state effects our physical wellbeing.
My name is Karen, I decided to pursue a career in psychology due to a strong interest in human behaviour and helping individuals improve their mental health and wellbeing. I have always been fascinated with the connection between mind and body, and how our emotional state effects our physical wellbeing.
(03) 9068 6210 View (03) 9068 6210
Photo of Nicole Skermer, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Nicole Skermer
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Serves Area
I enjoy working with adults 18+ experiencing Depression, Anxiety and Stress. You may feel like you are just surviving rather than thriving. I can help you understand where things are getting stuck for you, why those patterns might keep happening, and strategies to help you get more out of life.
I enjoy working with adults 18+ experiencing Depression, Anxiety and Stress. You may feel like you are just surviving rather than thriving. I can help you understand where things are getting stuck for you, why those patterns might keep happening, and strategies to help you get more out of life.
(03) 8203 5997 View (03) 8203 5997
Photo of Carlos S Pomales - Third Wave Counselling, Counsellor, ACA-L1
Third Wave Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
My ideal client is someone who has carried the weight of responsibility for far too long: men, veterans, parents, and individuals navigating relationship strain, emotional fatigue, or a loss of direction. Often, they are the dependable ones, the "rocks" for others, but silently wrestling with stress, disconnection, or inner turmoil. They want someone who gets it, they want to break patterns that no longer serve them, reconnect with their values, and take action that feels honest and grounded. Their goal is not to be "fixed," but to become more aligned: emotionally, mentally, and relatationally.
My ideal client is someone who has carried the weight of responsibility for far too long: men, veterans, parents, and individuals navigating relationship strain, emotional fatigue, or a loss of direction. Often, they are the dependable ones, the "rocks" for others, but silently wrestling with stress, disconnection, or inner turmoil. They want someone who gets it, they want to break patterns that no longer serve them, reconnect with their values, and take action that feels honest and grounded. Their goal is not to be "fixed," but to become more aligned: emotionally, mentally, and relatationally.
(03) 8203 5353 View (03) 8203 5353
Photo of Victoria Procyk, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Victoria Procyk
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Serves Area
Hi :) My name is Victoria (or you can call me Vicky) and I work out of my practice called Day by Day Counselling. As your counsellor, I am here to support you through any challenges that might be affecting your daily life - these could be (but not limited to) anxiety, depression, or managing your emotions. Maybe you are ready to talk about an event that occurred in your childhood, something that happened yesterday, difficulties in your relationships or perhaps you just want to talk to someone - whatever the challenge is, we will endeavour to identify, understand, and process it while developing healthy coping strategies.
Hi :) My name is Victoria (or you can call me Vicky) and I work out of my practice called Day by Day Counselling. As your counsellor, I am here to support you through any challenges that might be affecting your daily life - these could be (but not limited to) anxiety, depression, or managing your emotions. Maybe you are ready to talk about an event that occurred in your childhood, something that happened yesterday, difficulties in your relationships or perhaps you just want to talk to someone - whatever the challenge is, we will endeavour to identify, understand, and process it while developing healthy coping strategies.
(03) 8203 5199 View (03) 8203 5199
Photo of Kate Reimer - Doongalla Counselling, Counsellor, PACFA
Doongalla Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
1 Endorsed
Serves Area
With a particular interest in trauma recovery, Kate prioritises a safe, confidential and empathic therapy space. It is in such an environment that a collaborative therapeutic relationship may be developed to facilitate client goals. These goals may consist of developing emotional regulation, recovering from childhood trauma, establishing communication skills, enhancing self-care practices or any other number of goals. Individuals may engage with short-term counselling or longer therapeutic work to address issues such as depression, anxiety, grief and loss, trauma, self-esteem issues, relationship conflict and personal development.
With a particular interest in trauma recovery, Kate prioritises a safe, confidential and empathic therapy space. It is in such an environment that a collaborative therapeutic relationship may be developed to facilitate client goals. These goals may consist of developing emotional regulation, recovering from childhood trauma, establishing communication skills, enhancing self-care practices or any other number of goals. Individuals may engage with short-term counselling or longer therapeutic work to address issues such as depression, anxiety, grief and loss, trauma, self-esteem issues, relationship conflict and personal development.
(03) 8777 0432 View (03) 8777 0432
Photo of Jo White - Melbourne Sandplay & Expressive Therapies , Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L4
Melbourne Sandplay & Expressive Therapies
Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L4
Serves Area
Melbourne Sandplay and Expressive Therapies provides a safe space for you to explore your inner psyche and find peace and healing through deep therapeutic engagement. Sandplay is the ideal mode to heal from trauma and find your own inner resources. Guided drawing also helps you engage your body “knowing” to guide you towards healing. I would be honoured to share your healing journey with you.
Melbourne Sandplay and Expressive Therapies provides a safe space for you to explore your inner psyche and find peace and healing through deep therapeutic engagement. Sandplay is the ideal mode to heal from trauma and find your own inner resources. Guided drawing also helps you engage your body “knowing” to guide you towards healing. I would be honoured to share your healing journey with you.
(03) 9864 1852 View (03) 9864 1852

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 3137

20+

Average cost per session

$210

Therapists in 3137 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
85% Depression
77% Self Esteem
73% Stress
69% Relationship Issues
65% Trauma and PTSD
50% Grief

Average years in practice

13 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

71% Medicare Rebates
64% Bupa
57% Medibank Private

How Therapists in 3137 see their clients

92% In Person and Online
8% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3137?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.