Counselling in 3136

Photo of Ashton Hayes - Willowtree Wellbeing, Social Worker, AMHSW
Willowtree Wellbeing
Social Worker, AMHSW
4 Endorsed
Croydon, VIC 3136
I work with women navigating perimenopause, menopause, empty nesting, and other changes that can stir unresolved trauma or patterns that no longer serve you. I also work with couples for relationship support. Our work together is not about "fixing" you but about finding out why you feel the way you do and how we can help you move forward My goal is to create a safe, compassionate environment where all parts of you are welcome.
I work with women navigating perimenopause, menopause, empty nesting, and other changes that can stir unresolved trauma or patterns that no longer serve you. I also work with couples for relationship support. Our work together is not about "fixing" you but about finding out why you feel the way you do and how we can help you move forward My goal is to create a safe, compassionate environment where all parts of you are welcome.
(03) 8771 4781 View (03) 8771 4781
Photo of Rebekah Jones, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Rebekah Jones
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Croydon, VIC 3136
I am a qualified counsellor with a passion for working with couples, relationships, families, adolescents and individuals. I specialise in couples therapy, addictions including behavioural (sex and porn) and substances (drugs and alcohol), trauma, ADHD and general depression and anxiety disorders. I worked in the social services for over 7 years as case manager, counsellor and group facilitator and now work in private practice full time. Over 4 years was spent specifically in drug and alcohol and have completed the 4 core competencies required by the Victorian Government to work in this field.
I am a qualified counsellor with a passion for working with couples, relationships, families, adolescents and individuals. I specialise in couples therapy, addictions including behavioural (sex and porn) and substances (drugs and alcohol), trauma, ADHD and general depression and anxiety disorders. I worked in the social services for over 7 years as case manager, counsellor and group facilitator and now work in private practice full time. Over 4 years was spent specifically in drug and alcohol and have completed the 4 core competencies required by the Victorian Government to work in this field.
(03) 8771 4472 View (03) 8771 4472
Photo of Sadia Aman, Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
Sadia Aman
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L3
1 Endorsed
Croydon, VIC 3136
Are you feeling bogged down by stressors at work or in your personal life? Are you struggling with feelings of overwhelm, anxiety, sadness or depression? Are you finding it hard to navigate challenges in your relationships? Are you feeling stuck in your life and struggling to find motivation and inspiration? If so, Counselling can provide a safe space for promoting well-being, resilience and personal growth.
Are you feeling bogged down by stressors at work or in your personal life? Are you struggling with feelings of overwhelm, anxiety, sadness or depression? Are you finding it hard to navigate challenges in your relationships? Are you feeling stuck in your life and struggling to find motivation and inspiration? If so, Counselling can provide a safe space for promoting well-being, resilience and personal growth.
(03) 8771 5626 View (03) 8771 5626
Photo of Michele McCallum, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Michele McCallum
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Croydon, VIC 3136
I provide support for children, young people, adults, couples, and families for issues including: anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, eating disorders, ASD, school refusal, Substance use, grief and loss and carer support. I will work with you to identify challenges and strengths, to consider options and implement strategies suited to your needs.
I provide support for children, young people, adults, couples, and families for issues including: anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, eating disorders, ASD, school refusal, Substance use, grief and loss and carer support. I will work with you to identify challenges and strengths, to consider options and implement strategies suited to your needs.
(03) 8797 2431 View (03) 8797 2431
Photo of Janeeta Ray, Psychotherapist, PACFA
Janeeta Ray
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Croydon, VIC 3136
I recognize that seeking help can be a difficult step. You may have lived with emotional and personal difficulties for a long time. Alternatively, you may be navigating an important transition in work or personal relationships or change in your mental or physical health. My work focusses on assisting clients to understand the source of their distress or uncertainty and move toward a life that is more fulfilling. Using trauma informed practices, together we navigate challenging transitions, acknowledge grief and anxieties and make sense of patterns and choices. Together, we work toward making practical changes.
I recognize that seeking help can be a difficult step. You may have lived with emotional and personal difficulties for a long time. Alternatively, you may be navigating an important transition in work or personal relationships or change in your mental or physical health. My work focusses on assisting clients to understand the source of their distress or uncertainty and move toward a life that is more fulfilling. Using trauma informed practices, together we navigate challenging transitions, acknowledge grief and anxieties and make sense of patterns and choices. Together, we work toward making practical changes.
(03) 8797 2584 View (03) 8797 2584
Photo of Dr Jennifer Otto, Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA Endorsed
Dr Jennifer Otto
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA Endorsed
Croydon, VIC 3136
Are the people who know you well concerned about how tired you are? Deep down inside, if you are honest with yourself, are you concerned about your capacity to keep going? Does your workload mean that you can't get time away to rest well? Do you find yourself saying "I just need to do... " before you will let yourself take a break? I've been there. I know that you want to keep turning up to work, it's what you signed up for when you first started. Leaders in all walks of life, parents to CEO's, need support.
Are the people who know you well concerned about how tired you are? Deep down inside, if you are honest with yourself, are you concerned about your capacity to keep going? Does your workload mean that you can't get time away to rest well? Do you find yourself saying "I just need to do... " before you will let yourself take a break? I've been there. I know that you want to keep turning up to work, it's what you signed up for when you first started. Leaders in all walks of life, parents to CEO's, need support.
(03) 8203 5209 View (03) 8203 5209
Photo of Rachel Renton, Social Worker, AMHSW
Rachel Renton
Social Worker, AMHSW
1 Endorsed
Croydon, VIC 3136
My aim to walk alongside couples to help them identify their own painful cycles of disconnection—where arguments repeat, intimacy fades, and both partners feel unheard or unseen. They may be navigating betrayal, communication breakdowns, or simply the quiet ache of growing apart. My aim is to create safety where couples can learn how to exit this negative cycle, rebuild trust and reconnect with one another and create renewed and deeper bonds their relationship.
My aim to walk alongside couples to help them identify their own painful cycles of disconnection—where arguments repeat, intimacy fades, and both partners feel unheard or unseen. They may be navigating betrayal, communication breakdowns, or simply the quiet ache of growing apart. My aim is to create safety where couples can learn how to exit this negative cycle, rebuild trust and reconnect with one another and create renewed and deeper bonds their relationship.
(03) 8771 5231 View (03) 8771 5231
Photo of Jessica Callanan - The Australian Psychology Clinic, Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
The Australian Psychology Clinic
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Croydon, VIC 3136
Jessica is a registered General Psychologist experienced in working with diverse clientele. She has a special interest in supporting individuals who need support for anxiety, mood disturbances, life transitions, family conflict/attachment and behavioural concerns. She uses a range of treatment approaches including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Dialectal Behaviour Therapy (DBT), to optimise treatment outcome. Jessica believes in a holistic treatment approach. She works collaboratively with the client and their support system, to promote a balanced and healthy lifestyle.
Jessica is a registered General Psychologist experienced in working with diverse clientele. She has a special interest in supporting individuals who need support for anxiety, mood disturbances, life transitions, family conflict/attachment and behavioural concerns. She uses a range of treatment approaches including Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Dialectal Behaviour Therapy (DBT), to optimise treatment outcome. Jessica believes in a holistic treatment approach. She works collaboratively with the client and their support system, to promote a balanced and healthy lifestyle.
(03) 8771 4411 View (03) 8771 4411
Photo of Lisa Ritchie, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Lisa Ritchie
Psychologist, PsyBA General
1 Endorsed
Croydon South, VIC 3136
Lisa is a Counselling Psychologist who is warm, approachable and has worked with people facing all kinds of difficulties. Lisa enjoys assisting people to close the gap between where they are now and the life they really want. This may involve fostering self-compassion, dismantling a sneaky inner critic or exploring long-held family patterns contributing to people-pleasing and self sacrifice. Lisa assists people who are feeling 'blah' and 'meh' to move towards fulfilled and thriving. This occurs through reconnection to self, sometimes after years of conditioning and "shoulds" from others and society.
Lisa is a Counselling Psychologist who is warm, approachable and has worked with people facing all kinds of difficulties. Lisa enjoys assisting people to close the gap between where they are now and the life they really want. This may involve fostering self-compassion, dismantling a sneaky inner critic or exploring long-held family patterns contributing to people-pleasing and self sacrifice. Lisa assists people who are feeling 'blah' and 'meh' to move towards fulfilled and thriving. This occurs through reconnection to self, sometimes after years of conditioning and "shoulds" from others and society.
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Photo of Angelique Marie Brown, Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Angelique Marie Brown
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Croydon, VIC 3136
My work in therapy includes experience in a range of emotional and psychological issues including depression, anxiety disorders (OCD, panic & generalised anxiety), trauma and PTSD (including complex trauma of historical sexual abuse and childhood trauma), relationship issues and personality disorders (such as BPD); as well as addiction problems (e.g. substance abuse, gambling, and pornography). Whilst these are all complex issues, I have also seen many people who are needing assistance with wanting to focus on living a better life, and working on strategies to improve and grow as a person or build their self esteem.
My work in therapy includes experience in a range of emotional and psychological issues including depression, anxiety disorders (OCD, panic & generalised anxiety), trauma and PTSD (including complex trauma of historical sexual abuse and childhood trauma), relationship issues and personality disorders (such as BPD); as well as addiction problems (e.g. substance abuse, gambling, and pornography). Whilst these are all complex issues, I have also seen many people who are needing assistance with wanting to focus on living a better life, and working on strategies to improve and grow as a person or build their self esteem.
(03) 6118 7175 View (03) 6118 7175
Photo of Yulya Kogan, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Yulya Kogan
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Croydon, VIC 3136
What matters most to me is creating a space where people feel truly seen, heard, and supported. I’m deeply interested in how our experiences and relationships shape the way we move through the world. With warmth, curiosity, and clinical insight, I support clients to make sense of emotional patterns, reconnect with their strengths, and move toward a more connected and meaningful life. My professional background is in community and family services, including mental health and alcohol and drug support.
What matters most to me is creating a space where people feel truly seen, heard, and supported. I’m deeply interested in how our experiences and relationships shape the way we move through the world. With warmth, curiosity, and clinical insight, I support clients to make sense of emotional patterns, reconnect with their strengths, and move toward a more connected and meaningful life. My professional background is in community and family services, including mental health and alcohol and drug support.
(03) 8203 5939 View (03) 8203 5939
Photo of Mel Kohle - Inspire Health and Medical , Counsellor, ACA-L2
Inspire Health and Medical
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Croydon, VIC 3136
We understand the human mind and fostering emotional wellbeing is at the heart of what we do. People seek support on anxiety, depression, relationship issues, challenges associated with gender affirmation, eating disorders,trauma, ADHD/autism diagnosis and ongoing care. Goals include improving emotional regulation, enhancing coping skills, fostering healthier relationships and achieving a greater sense of well being and self awareness. Through collaboration and personalised care we thrive on providing better overall life satisfaction and quality of life.
We understand the human mind and fostering emotional wellbeing is at the heart of what we do. People seek support on anxiety, depression, relationship issues, challenges associated with gender affirmation, eating disorders,trauma, ADHD/autism diagnosis and ongoing care. Goals include improving emotional regulation, enhancing coping skills, fostering healthier relationships and achieving a greater sense of well being and self awareness. Through collaboration and personalised care we thrive on providing better overall life satisfaction and quality of life.
(03) 8203 5472 View (03) 8203 5472
Photo of Tanya Neate, Counsellor, ACA-L3
Tanya Neate
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Croydon, VIC 3136
Relationships are the foundation of our lives, yet they can be complex, challenging, and, at times, overwhelming. As a counsellor specialising in couples counselling and relationship therapy, I am passionate about helping individuals and couples navigate these challenges with compassion, understanding, and evidence-based strategies.
Relationships are the foundation of our lives, yet they can be complex, challenging, and, at times, overwhelming. As a counsellor specialising in couples counselling and relationship therapy, I am passionate about helping individuals and couples navigate these challenges with compassion, understanding, and evidence-based strategies.
(03) 8771 5174 View (03) 8771 5174
Photo of Richard Julian Sedgman - Live Well HQ, Social Worker, AASW
Live Well HQ
Social Worker, AASW
Croydon, VIC 3136
With a dedication for helping individuals lead fulfilling and meaningful lives, I specialize as a Mental Health Accredited Social Worker in delivering person-centered therapy within a supportive and compassionate focus. Leveraging extensive experience, I assist clients in addressing a wide range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, addiction, grief and loss and chronic illness, as well as improving relationship and family dynamics. My approach is rooted in empathy, respect, and collaboration, ensuring that each client feels genuinely heard and understood. My goal for clients is to thrive and not just survive in life.
With a dedication for helping individuals lead fulfilling and meaningful lives, I specialize as a Mental Health Accredited Social Worker in delivering person-centered therapy within a supportive and compassionate focus. Leveraging extensive experience, I assist clients in addressing a wide range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, addiction, grief and loss and chronic illness, as well as improving relationship and family dynamics. My approach is rooted in empathy, respect, and collaboration, ensuring that each client feels genuinely heard and understood. My goal for clients is to thrive and not just survive in life.
(03) 8203 5768 View (03) 8203 5768
Photo of Vaishnavi Nanjappan, Counsellor, MA, AThR
Vaishnavi Nanjappan
Counsellor, MA, AThR
Croydon, VIC 3136
My ideal client is anyone who feels overwhelmed by emotions or stuck in patterns that can't be fully explained. Anyone who might be navigating anxiety, trauma, grief, or major life changes, and want a space where they don’t need to find the “right” words. Anyone who is seeking clarity, calm, and deeper self-connection. Anyone curious about using non-traditional approaches to healing. Through art therapy, I offer a gentle, expressive process that allows you to safely explore feelings, uncover inner strengths, and build resilience, helping you to move forward with greater confidence, insight, and emotional balance.
My ideal client is anyone who feels overwhelmed by emotions or stuck in patterns that can't be fully explained. Anyone who might be navigating anxiety, trauma, grief, or major life changes, and want a space where they don’t need to find the “right” words. Anyone who is seeking clarity, calm, and deeper self-connection. Anyone curious about using non-traditional approaches to healing. Through art therapy, I offer a gentle, expressive process that allows you to safely explore feelings, uncover inner strengths, and build resilience, helping you to move forward with greater confidence, insight, and emotional balance.
(03) 8203 5676 View (03) 8203 5676
Photo of Caroline Burrows - Mindful Living Counselling and Psychology, Counsellor, AMHSW
If you are struggling with the impact of trauma, or are interested in trying EMDR Therapy, we are here to help! We are a psychology and counselling practice located in Croydon, Victoria. We have a special focus on the treatment of PTSD and trauma, with a particular interest in EMDR Therapy. EMDR is a powerful, evidence-based method of trauma treatment that is endorsed by the World Health Organisation and Medicare Australia. Our Practice Director, Caroline Burrows, is a leading accredited EMDR trainer in Australia. We are proud to offer traditional, intensive and group EMDR Therapy.
If you are struggling with the impact of trauma, or are interested in trying EMDR Therapy, we are here to help! We are a psychology and counselling practice located in Croydon, Victoria. We have a special focus on the treatment of PTSD and trauma, with a particular interest in EMDR Therapy. EMDR is a powerful, evidence-based method of trauma treatment that is endorsed by the World Health Organisation and Medicare Australia. Our Practice Director, Caroline Burrows, is a leading accredited EMDR trainer in Australia. We are proud to offer traditional, intensive and group EMDR Therapy.
(03) 6146 3217 View (03) 6146 3217
Photo of Rosemary Tainsh, Psychologist, PsyBA General
Rosemary Tainsh
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Croydon, VIC 3136
Rosemary is a warm, gentle and caring Psychologist.  Her approach is gentle yet purposeful, and uses an integrative approach to treatment.  Rosemary has a particular interest in perinatal mental health, parent and infant mental health, trauma, childhood anxiety, and parenting. Rosemary is also able to provide Autism, ADHD, Cognitive and Educational Assessments for children, adolescents, and adults. She is a fully registered Psychologist with AHPRA, a member of the Australian Association of Psychologists, and an Associate Member of the Australian Psychological Society.
Rosemary is a warm, gentle and caring Psychologist.  Her approach is gentle yet purposeful, and uses an integrative approach to treatment.  Rosemary has a particular interest in perinatal mental health, parent and infant mental health, trauma, childhood anxiety, and parenting. Rosemary is also able to provide Autism, ADHD, Cognitive and Educational Assessments for children, adolescents, and adults. She is a fully registered Psychologist with AHPRA, a member of the Australian Association of Psychologists, and an Associate Member of the Australian Psychological Society.
(03) 4421 6346 View (03) 4421 6346
Photo of Maddie Sill, Social Worker, AMHSW
Maddie Sill
Social Worker, AMHSW
Croydon, VIC 3136
I am an accredited Mental Health Social Worker specialising in supporting adolescents and their parents. I provide compassionate care for young people navigating depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, and school-related challenges.
I am an accredited Mental Health Social Worker specialising in supporting adolescents and their parents. I provide compassionate care for young people navigating depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, and school-related challenges.
0494 322 003 View 0494 322 003
Photo of Paulina Stanek - PS Counselling Services, Counsellor, ACA-L1
PS Counselling Services
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Croydon South, VIC 3136
Hello! I am Paulina. As an integrative counsellor, I am passionate about helping individuals overcome a variety of psychological and emotional issues. My background in humanities and psychology, as well as my experience of living in multiple countries, has given me a unique perspective on the importance of addressing not only the mind but also the body and lifestyle habits in the healing process. My goal is to create a safe and non-judgmental space where clients can explore their feelings, thoughts, and behaviours, and work towards achieving a greater sense of self-awareness and well-being.
Hello! I am Paulina. As an integrative counsellor, I am passionate about helping individuals overcome a variety of psychological and emotional issues. My background in humanities and psychology, as well as my experience of living in multiple countries, has given me a unique perspective on the importance of addressing not only the mind but also the body and lifestyle habits in the healing process. My goal is to create a safe and non-judgmental space where clients can explore their feelings, thoughts, and behaviours, and work towards achieving a greater sense of self-awareness and well-being.
(03) 8203 5825 View (03) 8203 5825
Photo of Suzy Hingston, Social Worker, AMHSW
Suzy Hingston
Social Worker, AMHSW
Croydon, VIC 3136
I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker and Family Therapist with extensive experience supporting young people (age 12-25), families and individuals in public mental health settings and in community settings. In my work I brings a sense of curiosity, compassion and authenticity to my work creating a safe reflective space to collaboratively explore your unique experiences and strengths. I am neuro-affirming, LGBTQIA+ inclusive and welcome a diverse range of identities, relationship structures and lived experiences.
I am an Accredited Mental Health Social Worker and Family Therapist with extensive experience supporting young people (age 12-25), families and individuals in public mental health settings and in community settings. In my work I brings a sense of curiosity, compassion and authenticity to my work creating a safe reflective space to collaboratively explore your unique experiences and strengths. I am neuro-affirming, LGBTQIA+ inclusive and welcome a diverse range of identities, relationship structures and lived experiences.
(03) 8203 5217 View (03) 8203 5217

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3136

90+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in 3136 who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
75% Stress
67% Coping Skills
66% Relationship Issues
66% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

76% Medicare Rebates
53% NDIS
47% Bupa

How Counsellors in 3136 see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

85% Female
15% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3136?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.