Trauma and PTSD Therapists in West End, VA

Photo of Margaret Sheehan, Marriage & Family Therapist in West End, VA
Margaret Sheehan
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230
Within the context of a caring therapeutic relationship, I draw from a variety of therapies (Humanistic Psychology, CBT, Mindfulness, trauma-informed therapy, Transpersonal Psychology, Gottman Method Couple Therapy, EFT) to give you the insight, psycho-education & skill-building necessary to make the lasting and dynamic change you want.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by your responsibilities to others? Do you feel like you are on "automatic," frustrated with not living the life you once wanted for yourself? Such a lonely place! I can help you move towards healing & transformation. I am here to witness the development of your unique & authentic voice as you create the life you want. Within the framework of a strengths-based & hope-focused perspective, I equip individuals & couples, at any stage of commitment, with strategies to create & maintain healthy relationships now & in the future. Change is possible! Find the life you have dreamed of living! It's within you.
Within the context of a caring therapeutic relationship, I draw from a variety of therapies (Humanistic Psychology, CBT, Mindfulness, trauma-informed therapy, Transpersonal Psychology, Gottman Method Couple Therapy, EFT) to give you the insight, psycho-education & skill-building necessary to make the lasting and dynamic change you want.
Are you feeling overwhelmed by your responsibilities to others? Do you feel like you are on "automatic," frustrated with not living the life you once wanted for yourself? Such a lonely place! I can help you move towards healing & transformation. I am here to witness the development of your unique & authentic voice as you create the life you want. Within the framework of a strengths-based & hope-focused perspective, I equip individuals & couples, at any stage of commitment, with strategies to create & maintain healthy relationships now & in the future. Change is possible! Find the life you have dreamed of living! It's within you.
(804) 250-4458 View (804) 250-4458
Photo of Sarah Cordova, Pre-Licensed Professional in West End, VA
Sarah Cordova
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West End, VA 23230
Dealing with a breakup can have your heart in a million pieces! Coping with the death of a loved one takes your breath away! Having mood swings and constantly being in conflict with others feel like you’re on an emotional roller coaster! Perhaps, you’ve been dealing with depression for a long time but didn’t quite know what it was. For some of my clients, before starting therapy, they were at war with depression, dealing with intrusive thoughts related to past trauma, or trying to tame anxiety attacks. It thrills me to celebrate my clients’ successes and break throughs!
Dealing with a breakup can have your heart in a million pieces! Coping with the death of a loved one takes your breath away! Having mood swings and constantly being in conflict with others feel like you’re on an emotional roller coaster! Perhaps, you’ve been dealing with depression for a long time but didn’t quite know what it was. For some of my clients, before starting therapy, they were at war with depression, dealing with intrusive thoughts related to past trauma, or trying to tame anxiety attacks. It thrills me to celebrate my clients’ successes and break throughs!
(804) 259-0624 View (804) 259-0624
Photo of Anna Yates, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West End, VA
Anna Yates
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230
Anna Yates is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 10 years of experience in the child welfare and mental health fields. She has worked with youth and families in a variety of roles that have focused on healing from family separations and other traumatic events, navigating crisis situations, and improving both family and internal processes. Anna is well-versed in trauma-informed interventions, depression, anxiety, grief, parenting challenges, foster care, adoption, and LGBTQIA+ and gender-affirming practices.
Anna Yates is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with over 10 years of experience in the child welfare and mental health fields. She has worked with youth and families in a variety of roles that have focused on healing from family separations and other traumatic events, navigating crisis situations, and improving both family and internal processes. Anna is well-versed in trauma-informed interventions, depression, anxiety, grief, parenting challenges, foster care, adoption, and LGBTQIA+ and gender-affirming practices.
(804) 567-7909 View (804) 567-7909
Photo of Joleen Kim, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West End, VA
Joleen Kim
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
Hi, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I live in Virginia Beach, Va and am licensed in Virginia, Utah, and Nevada. I received my MSW at The Catholic University of America and have been practicing therapy for 6 years. I feel that therapy is a gift you give yourself. I work solely online as a telehealth therapist. I enjoy meeting you where you are at and helping you get through the rough spots, whether it's finding your voice, identifying the obstacle and need for change, or just understanding from a different perspective. I work mainly with clients who have experience with anxiety, depression, and trauma in their life.
Hi, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I live in Virginia Beach, Va and am licensed in Virginia, Utah, and Nevada. I received my MSW at The Catholic University of America and have been practicing therapy for 6 years. I feel that therapy is a gift you give yourself. I work solely online as a telehealth therapist. I enjoy meeting you where you are at and helping you get through the rough spots, whether it's finding your voice, identifying the obstacle and need for change, or just understanding from a different perspective. I work mainly with clients who have experience with anxiety, depression, and trauma in their life.
(804) 534-2607 View (804) 534-2607
Photo of Rashell Gamble, Licensed Professional Counselor in West End, VA
Rashell Gamble
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP) and certified grief counselor.
I understand that looking for, and finding, a therapist that you connect with, can feel overwhelming. Trying to manage the things that worry or challenge you can be pushed aside for countless reasons, yet when issues aren't addressed, they can affect every part of your life. Regardless of what led you to seek counseling, I will offer you support, practical feedback, and a little bit of humor, to help you resolve the current or long-standing concerns in your life. Whether you are struggling with a situation, relationship, or change in your life, we will navigate the path of growth and wellness together.
I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP) and certified grief counselor.
I understand that looking for, and finding, a therapist that you connect with, can feel overwhelming. Trying to manage the things that worry or challenge you can be pushed aside for countless reasons, yet when issues aren't addressed, they can affect every part of your life. Regardless of what led you to seek counseling, I will offer you support, practical feedback, and a little bit of humor, to help you resolve the current or long-standing concerns in your life. Whether you are struggling with a situation, relationship, or change in your life, we will navigate the path of growth and wellness together.
(757) 260-3179 View (757) 260-3179
Photo of Paula Schoenau, Licensed Professional Counselor in West End, VA
Paula Schoenau
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
I am a Certified Grief Informed Professional and also a Trauma specialist.
Hi there! I am Brazilian and I graduated in Psychology over 15 years ago - do not do the Math! :) I have been living in the USA since 2014 and I obtained my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling in 2018.
I am a Certified Grief Informed Professional and also a Trauma specialist.
Hi there! I am Brazilian and I graduated in Psychology over 15 years ago - do not do the Math! :) I have been living in the USA since 2014 and I obtained my Masters in Clinical Mental Health Counseling in 2018.
(804) 361-9839 View (804) 361-9839
Photo of Elizabeth Dye Lahendro, Counselor in West End, VA
Elizabeth Dye Lahendro
Counselor, LPC, PSC
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230
I believe in a psycho-dynamic, client-centered approach and utilize interventions that are trauma-informed, strengths-based, and solution-focused.
I am currently accepting new clients! I work with clients of all ages and provide individual as well as family therapy. I have 10+ years of client experience and have worked in various settings, including crisis stabilization, public school systems, and outpatient agencies.
I believe in a psycho-dynamic, client-centered approach and utilize interventions that are trauma-informed, strengths-based, and solution-focused.
I am currently accepting new clients! I work with clients of all ages and provide individual as well as family therapy. I have 10+ years of client experience and have worked in various settings, including crisis stabilization, public school systems, and outpatient agencies.
(804) 589-4063 View (804) 589-4063
Photo of Edythe Bouldin, Licensed Professional Counselor in West End, VA
Edythe Bouldin
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MA, PhD
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230
My specialties are grief and bereavement and I am certified in trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, as well as a certified Grief Counselor.
Hello! Are you looking to experience therapy and have fun at the same time. If so, you have found the right therapist as I love humor and I am down to earth. My history of mental health counseling includes over 7 years of working with individuals, families, and children from many diverse backgrounds and I earned a PhD in human services with a concentration on family interventions and family studies. I am a therapist who provides a comfortable, safe environment where you can trust me to maintain professional boundaries, and support you with making healthy decisions as you move forward in life.
My specialties are grief and bereavement and I am certified in trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, as well as a certified Grief Counselor.
Hello! Are you looking to experience therapy and have fun at the same time. If so, you have found the right therapist as I love humor and I am down to earth. My history of mental health counseling includes over 7 years of working with individuals, families, and children from many diverse backgrounds and I earned a PhD in human services with a concentration on family interventions and family studies. I am a therapist who provides a comfortable, safe environment where you can trust me to maintain professional boundaries, and support you with making healthy decisions as you move forward in life.
(804) 593-0619 View (804) 593-0619
Photo of Elizabeth Dille, Licensed Professional Counselor in West End, VA
Elizabeth Dille
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
Elizabeth Dille is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who has 6 years of experience in the mental health field. Elizabeth provides counseling services and clinical assessment to adults and couples. Her experience is in community mental health settings with individuals experiencing issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, and stress. Elizabeth completed both her Bachelor of Science (BS) in Communication Sciences and Disorders and her Master of Science (MS) in Mental Health Counseling at Longwood University.
Elizabeth Dille is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) who has 6 years of experience in the mental health field. Elizabeth provides counseling services and clinical assessment to adults and couples. Her experience is in community mental health settings with individuals experiencing issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, and stress. Elizabeth completed both her Bachelor of Science (BS) in Communication Sciences and Disorders and her Master of Science (MS) in Mental Health Counseling at Longwood University.
(804) 294-4446 View (804) 294-4446
Photo of Sunday Ayodeji, Licensed Professional Counselor in West End, VA
Sunday Ayodeji
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
Sunday is an authentic, humorous, compassionate, and highly skilled licensed professional counselor with a specialization in Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Addiction, Anger Management, Self-Esteem issues, Trauma, and PTSD. Sunday has over 3years experience in working with the adult population and employs a client-centered approach to establish a genuine connection with my clients. Sunday acknowledges the clients' uniqueness and adopts a non-judgmental stance to create a safe environment that allows clients to address distressing issues. He explains the diagnoses and collaborates to develop personalized treatment plans.
Sunday is an authentic, humorous, compassionate, and highly skilled licensed professional counselor with a specialization in Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar Disorder, ADHD, Addiction, Anger Management, Self-Esteem issues, Trauma, and PTSD. Sunday has over 3years experience in working with the adult population and employs a client-centered approach to establish a genuine connection with my clients. Sunday acknowledges the clients' uniqueness and adopts a non-judgmental stance to create a safe environment that allows clients to address distressing issues. He explains the diagnoses and collaborates to develop personalized treatment plans.
(434) 602-9731 View (434) 602-9731
Photo of Dr. Steven Majdecki, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West End, VA
Dr. Steven Majdecki
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
I am an Iraq War Veteran who, after serving pursued a passion for helping others by earning a Doctorate of Social Work. Now, as a Clinical Social Worker, I specialize in assisting individuals grappling with trauma, mental health issues, and substance misuse.
I am an Iraq War Veteran who, after serving pursued a passion for helping others by earning a Doctorate of Social Work. Now, as a Clinical Social Worker, I specialize in assisting individuals grappling with trauma, mental health issues, and substance misuse.
(804) 485-1608 View (804) 485-1608
Photo of Noelle R Bice, Licensed Professional Counselor in West End, VA
Noelle R Bice
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
Let me help you with reducing anxiety, work through grief, process trauma, problem solve relationships and work dilemmas, and increase your general wellness!.
So, you are the one who "doesn't need anyone's help". You ignore the red flags in relationships or neglect yourself because someone needs you. You're the overwhelmed person who wears the happiness mask even though you are feeling drained, depleted or trying to heal your past traumas. Life is about transitions, and we need support getting through the rough patches. You are more resilient, capable of healing, worthy of love, and deserving of peace than you may realize. If you’re ready to reduce the stress, heal, or confidently achieve peace for a better quality of life, you're in the right place.
Let me help you with reducing anxiety, work through grief, process trauma, problem solve relationships and work dilemmas, and increase your general wellness!.
So, you are the one who "doesn't need anyone's help". You ignore the red flags in relationships or neglect yourself because someone needs you. You're the overwhelmed person who wears the happiness mask even though you are feeling drained, depleted or trying to heal your past traumas. Life is about transitions, and we need support getting through the rough patches. You are more resilient, capable of healing, worthy of love, and deserving of peace than you may realize. If you’re ready to reduce the stress, heal, or confidently achieve peace for a better quality of life, you're in the right place.
(757) 260-4879 View (757) 260-4879
Photo of Tara Gallagher, Licensed Professional Counselor in West End, VA
Tara Gallagher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
I have an extensive background in working with people who have a history of trauma and grief.
I have been providing outpatient therapy to individuals, couples, and families since 2019; prior to that, I worked as an intensive in-home counselor and ABA therapist for ten years while I obtained my master's degree and completed my residency. As much as I enjoy seeing my clients in person, I have strengthened my ability to provide therapy virtually, applying various resources and maintaining a strong rapport through my non-judgmental and open-minded approach.
I have an extensive background in working with people who have a history of trauma and grief.
I have been providing outpatient therapy to individuals, couples, and families since 2019; prior to that, I worked as an intensive in-home counselor and ABA therapist for ten years while I obtained my master's degree and completed my residency. As much as I enjoy seeing my clients in person, I have strengthened my ability to provide therapy virtually, applying various resources and maintaining a strong rapport through my non-judgmental and open-minded approach.
(804) 492-8473 View (804) 492-8473
Photo of Dr. Linda G. Timme, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West End, VA
Dr. Linda G. Timme
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW, LCSW-C, DSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West End, VA 23230
Over the last fifteen years, my goal is to help others embrace life’s journeys and promote wellness. I have worked both in the public and private sectors with a broad spectrum of clients. I provide therapy services to clients of all ages, from children through geriatric, in addition to couples and families. I am a bilingual psychotherapist who provides treatment in both English and Spanish. I have experience in treating a wide variety of psychological disorders. I have worked with clients who are dually diagnosed with mental health and substance use disorders, PTSD/trauma, domestic violence victims, depression, anxiety and more.
Over the last fifteen years, my goal is to help others embrace life’s journeys and promote wellness. I have worked both in the public and private sectors with a broad spectrum of clients. I provide therapy services to clients of all ages, from children through geriatric, in addition to couples and families. I am a bilingual psychotherapist who provides treatment in both English and Spanish. I have experience in treating a wide variety of psychological disorders. I have worked with clients who are dually diagnosed with mental health and substance use disorders, PTSD/trauma, domestic violence victims, depression, anxiety and more.
(757) 997-7975 View (757) 997-7975
Photo of Will Datta, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West End, VA
Will Datta
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, C-SOTP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West End, VA 23230
I utilize a person-centered approach and therapeutic techniques rooted in CBT, Solution Focused, and Trauma-informed interventions.
If you find it hard to talk or even think about the past, if you find yourself in unhealthy cycles or often ask yourself “Why am I continuing to have this problem?”, if you find yourself becoming overwhelmed easier than you have in the past, if you are experiencing a difficult time through life changes, or if you just need someone to listen, then I am here.
I utilize a person-centered approach and therapeutic techniques rooted in CBT, Solution Focused, and Trauma-informed interventions.
If you find it hard to talk or even think about the past, if you find yourself in unhealthy cycles or often ask yourself “Why am I continuing to have this problem?”, if you find yourself becoming overwhelmed easier than you have in the past, if you are experiencing a difficult time through life changes, or if you just need someone to listen, then I am here.
(804) 315-3627 View (804) 315-3627
Photo of Priscilla Herzberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in West End, VA
Priscilla Herzberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230
Priscilla Herzberg is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Virginia who partners with adults and couples seeking help with depression, anxiety, life transitions, and trauma. She completed her Bachelor of Science in Human Development from Virginia Tech and received her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University.
Priscilla Herzberg is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Virginia who partners with adults and couples seeking help with depression, anxiety, life transitions, and trauma. She completed her Bachelor of Science in Human Development from Virginia Tech and received her Master of Social Work from Virginia Commonwealth University.
(804) 258-4934 View (804) 258-4934
Photo of Michael Carter, Marriage & Family Therapist in West End, VA
Michael Carter
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have my Master of Divinity in Marriage & Family Therapy from Amridge University in Montgomery, Alabama. I have experience working with individuals & families from numerous cultural backgrounds as well as varying age groups. My experience also includes working with clients who are struggling with depression, anxiety, anger related issues, trauma, self-esteem issues, PTSD, substance abuse, behavioral problems, & parenting challenges. I am very knowledgeable about crisis related issues and has been working as a crisis counselor for the last several years.
I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have my Master of Divinity in Marriage & Family Therapy from Amridge University in Montgomery, Alabama. I have experience working with individuals & families from numerous cultural backgrounds as well as varying age groups. My experience also includes working with clients who are struggling with depression, anxiety, anger related issues, trauma, self-esteem issues, PTSD, substance abuse, behavioral problems, & parenting challenges. I am very knowledgeable about crisis related issues and has been working as a crisis counselor for the last several years.
(804) 390-8279 View (804) 390-8279
Photo of Jill L Opalesky, Art Therapist in West End, VA
Jill L Opalesky
Art Therapist, MS, ATR-BC, ITR-CTS
Verified Verified
West End, VA 23230
Jill Opalesky, LLC is a woman-owned, local business on Stuart Circle in the fan neighborhood of Richmond, VA. Jill provides compassionate and quality care to resolve trauma, depression, anxiety and other issues that are getting in the way. Jill is dedicated to educating and treating mental health in her community as she has seen how often poor mental health changes and affects people. Jill is compassionate and has many years of experience working to help people with what is 'not working' in their life. Jill also believes that you do not have to be in treatment forever, she is goal focused.
Jill Opalesky, LLC is a woman-owned, local business on Stuart Circle in the fan neighborhood of Richmond, VA. Jill provides compassionate and quality care to resolve trauma, depression, anxiety and other issues that are getting in the way. Jill is dedicated to educating and treating mental health in her community as she has seen how often poor mental health changes and affects people. Jill is compassionate and has many years of experience working to help people with what is 'not working' in their life. Jill also believes that you do not have to be in treatment forever, she is goal focused.
(804) 409-2593 View (804) 409-2593
Photo of Lindsay Pugh, Pre-Licensed Professional in West End, VA
Lindsay Pugh
Pre-Licensed Professional, MSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West End, VA 23230  (Online Only)
I believe that trauma-informed practice means providing a safe, trusting space to build relationships and collaborate toward your therapeutic goals. I am passionate about providing unconditional positive regard for every client, and finding each client’s strengths. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, or other mental health concerns, I will work with you to provide effective tools and offer unconditional support throughout your therapeutic journey.
I believe that trauma-informed practice means providing a safe, trusting space to build relationships and collaborate toward your therapeutic goals. I am passionate about providing unconditional positive regard for every client, and finding each client’s strengths. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, depression, relationship issues, trauma, or other mental health concerns, I will work with you to provide effective tools and offer unconditional support throughout your therapeutic journey.
(804) 581-8966 View (804) 581-8966
Photo of Sarah M. Liston, Licensed Professional Counselor in West End, VA
Sarah M. Liston
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
West End, VA 23230
Treatment Modalities: Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) - nationally certified , Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - trained, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Person-Centered Therapy.
Hi there, I'm Sarah! Do you feel as though you simply cannot stay afloat? Do you have difficulties managing emotional distress due to trauma? Are you struggling to keep up with all of your relationships while trying to balance being a new mom? Look no further, I'm here to help! As a trauma-focused therapist, I'm here to help you manage distress, increase coping and relaxation skills, and process your individualized experiences in a safe place. I'm also trained in perinatal mental health, so that I can better help you navigate your unique path throughout pregnancy and postpartum or adjusting to parenthood.
Treatment Modalities: Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) - nationally certified , Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - trained, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution-Focused Therapy, and Person-Centered Therapy.
Hi there, I'm Sarah! Do you feel as though you simply cannot stay afloat? Do you have difficulties managing emotional distress due to trauma? Are you struggling to keep up with all of your relationships while trying to balance being a new mom? Look no further, I'm here to help! As a trauma-focused therapist, I'm here to help you manage distress, increase coping and relaxation skills, and process your individualized experiences in a safe place. I'm also trained in perinatal mental health, so that I can better help you navigate your unique path throughout pregnancy and postpartum or adjusting to parenthood.
(540) 534-2615 View (540) 534-2615

See more therapy options for West End

Trauma and PTSD Therapists

When should I seek treatment for trauma?

Not everyone who undergoes trauma needs therapy to heal, but many do. If, after experiencing a traumatic event, you find yourself struggling with symptoms such as nightmares, dissociation, irritability, or emotional numbness—especially if these symptoms last more than a month and are severe enough to interfere with your daily functioning—you may benefit from seeking out therapy with a trauma-informed provider.

How long does trauma therapy take?

Different types of therapy for trauma unfold on different timelines. Prolonged exposure therapy and cognitive processing therapy, for example, each take about three months, while trauma-informed CBT may last anywhere from 8 to 25 sessions. Other approaches, especially those that are less structured or that incorporate elements from multiple modalities, may be more open-ended, though many patients report feeling better within the first few months of treatment.

What happens if trauma is left untreated?

Unaddressed trauma can have serious—even devastating—effects on relationships, career, and day-to-day functioning. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can lead people to distrust or lash out at others, making it difficult to maintain intimate relationships; it can also trigger symptoms such as flashbacks or hyperreactivity that can interfere with a person’s ability to function effectively, personally and/or professionally. Some sufferers turn to drugs to find relief. Symptoms may lessen on their own with time, but there is no guarantee that PTSD will resolve on its own.

Can PTSD come back after treatment?

It is possible for PTSD symptoms to recur months or years after successful treatment. This is because, like most mental health disorders, it is not possible to “cure” PTSD, and stressful life events may cause symptoms to recur in even the most resilient individuals. There is no shame in re-experiencing PTSD symptoms nor in returning to therapy when such relapses occur; indeed, many forms of trauma therapy explicitly encourage periodic “maintenance sessions” to reinforce coping skills and ensure that symptoms stay manageable.