Therapists in Scranton, PA

Photo of Ziv Ben-Dov, MFA, MS, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Ziv Ben-Dov
Licensed Professional Counselor, MFA, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
Ziv Ben-Dov, MFA, MS, NCC, LPC. - a bilingual therapist. You and I will identify your life's meaning. We will create a unique formula that will help you realize your personal needs and aspirations. In partnership with me you will gain confidence and a capacity to achieve your goals. We will focus on gaining the freedom to love and be loved without fears and finding your life's purpose by developing goal oriented plans for success.
Ziv Ben-Dov, MFA, MS, NCC, LPC. - a bilingual therapist. You and I will identify your life's meaning. We will create a unique formula that will help you realize your personal needs and aspirations. In partnership with me you will gain confidence and a capacity to achieve your goals. We will focus on gaining the freedom to love and be loved without fears and finding your life's purpose by developing goal oriented plans for success.
(570) 861-6482 View (570) 861-6482
Photo of Kristin Patchell-Pellis, MS, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Kristin Patchell-Pellis
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18503
My philosophy comes from the perspective that we can all find the strength we need within ourselves, more than we believe is possible, by examining and challenging our thoughts, feelings and perspectives. By evaluating our own expectations and those we hold of others we can better understand how to attain our personal goals and overcome challenges. As a woman, mother and athlete I value the importance of maximizing my potential as a human being and finding balance in the face of the very obstacles and challenges that make me human, and I bring that attitude to my work with others.
My philosophy comes from the perspective that we can all find the strength we need within ourselves, more than we believe is possible, by examining and challenging our thoughts, feelings and perspectives. By evaluating our own expectations and those we hold of others we can better understand how to attain our personal goals and overcome challenges. As a woman, mother and athlete I value the importance of maximizing my potential as a human being and finding balance in the face of the very obstacles and challenges that make me human, and I bring that attitude to my work with others.
(973) 928-0472 View (973) 928-0472
Photo of Trish Filipski, Licensed Professional Counselor
Trish Filipski
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18505
Are you experiencing challenges or hardships? Feeling stuck, anxious, or depressed? Counseling can help! At times we may not know how to manage or cope with life stressors or internal struggles. My approach to counseling is to provide you with a safe, non-judgmental, and supportive space to help you work through the challenges life may bring. I work with adolescents and adults and have experience in areas such as mood disorders, anxiety, trauma, parent-child conflict, and self-esteem. I am here to support you with developing your strengths and to achieve your goals.
Are you experiencing challenges or hardships? Feeling stuck, anxious, or depressed? Counseling can help! At times we may not know how to manage or cope with life stressors or internal struggles. My approach to counseling is to provide you with a safe, non-judgmental, and supportive space to help you work through the challenges life may bring. I work with adolescents and adults and have experience in areas such as mood disorders, anxiety, trauma, parent-child conflict, and self-esteem. I am here to support you with developing your strengths and to achieve your goals.
(570) 676-2042 View (570) 676-2042
Photo of Rochelle Rodriguez, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Rochelle Rodriguez
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18505
Waitlist for new clients
Hi! My name is Rochelle Rodriguez and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I take on a person-centered approach serving as a guide and a source of support for my clients to reach self-acceptance and recovery. I view therapy as a collaborative effort in which I provide a judgment-free environment to help my clients work through life’s challenges in a safe place. My passion and goal is to assist individuals reach their fullest potential by highlighting their strengths and helping them work through their areas of growth. I strive to assist individuals with finding purpose and healing in their lives.
Hi! My name is Rochelle Rodriguez and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I take on a person-centered approach serving as a guide and a source of support for my clients to reach self-acceptance and recovery. I view therapy as a collaborative effort in which I provide a judgment-free environment to help my clients work through life’s challenges in a safe place. My passion and goal is to assist individuals reach their fullest potential by highlighting their strengths and helping them work through their areas of growth. I strive to assist individuals with finding purpose and healing in their lives.
(570) 535-4199 View (570) 535-4199
Photo of James Roberts, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
James Roberts
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18505
Anxious? Depressed? Lacking motivation or direction? You're not alone. I believe that each of us possesses the ability to change, grow and live happier, healthier, more fulfilling lives. Sometimes we just need a little help along the way. I work with persons of all ages and incorporate a variety of evidence-based treatment modalities into my practice, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). I do not believe in a one-size-fits-all model for counseling and take special care to honor the unique lived experiences of those I work with.
Anxious? Depressed? Lacking motivation or direction? You're not alone. I believe that each of us possesses the ability to change, grow and live happier, healthier, more fulfilling lives. Sometimes we just need a little help along the way. I work with persons of all ages and incorporate a variety of evidence-based treatment modalities into my practice, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Interviewing, and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). I do not believe in a one-size-fits-all model for counseling and take special care to honor the unique lived experiences of those I work with.
(570) 405-9909 View (570) 405-9909
Photo of Cheryl Pappa, MA, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Cheryl Pappa
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
Are you an adult or adolescent who feels stuck, or unmotivated as a result of trauma? You are not alone, and I can help. I use a holistic approach and provide an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard where you can discover your strengths, and develop insight into presenting issues and roadblocks to change. The ultimate goal is for my clients to emerge with an increased sense of self-worth, personal empowerment and the ability to engage fully in the life of their choosing.
Are you an adult or adolescent who feels stuck, or unmotivated as a result of trauma? You are not alone, and I can help. I use a holistic approach and provide an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard where you can discover your strengths, and develop insight into presenting issues and roadblocks to change. The ultimate goal is for my clients to emerge with an increased sense of self-worth, personal empowerment and the ability to engage fully in the life of their choosing.
(272) 808-1042 View (272) 808-1042
Photo of Brenda S Staerker, LCSW, EMDR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Brenda S Staerker
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, EMDR
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18504
Waitlist for new clients
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with extensive experience treating individuals, couples and families negatively impacted by generational trauma and serious mental illnesses. My goal is to help you access and understand your emotions, thoughts and behaviors; putting them into a narrative that will help you develop a stronger, healthier sense of self!
I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with extensive experience treating individuals, couples and families negatively impacted by generational trauma and serious mental illnesses. My goal is to help you access and understand your emotions, thoughts and behaviors; putting them into a narrative that will help you develop a stronger, healthier sense of self!
(272) 268-7495 View (272) 268-7495
Photo of Brianna Mackenzie Strein, MSW, LSW
Brianna Mackenzie Strein
Licensed Social Worker, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18504  (Online Only)
I typically work with adolescents and young adults. A client of mine could be someone searching for a therapist focusing on issues such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, relationship issues, childhood experiences, and/or challenges related to school and work life.
I typically work with adolescents and young adults. A client of mine could be someone searching for a therapist focusing on issues such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, relationship issues, childhood experiences, and/or challenges related to school and work life.
(272) 205-5393 View (272) 205-5393
Photo of Deana Tigue, LSW, MSW, MEd, CAMS-II, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Deana Tigue
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW, MSW, MEd, CAMS-II
Verified Verified
4 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503  (Online Only)
Do overwhelming emotions disrupt your daily life? Whether it’s unshakeable sadness, relentless anxiety, or the echoes of past trauma, you might feel like you're carrying a weight that’s just too heavy to bear alone. You're not meant to carry this burden by yourself. It’s perfectly okay to seek support—doing so is a brave step toward healing. Let’s walk this path to recovery together, so you can start feeling like yourself again. Together, we'll find ways to make things a little easier and help you regain your inner strength.
Do overwhelming emotions disrupt your daily life? Whether it’s unshakeable sadness, relentless anxiety, or the echoes of past trauma, you might feel like you're carrying a weight that’s just too heavy to bear alone. You're not meant to carry this burden by yourself. It’s perfectly okay to seek support—doing so is a brave step toward healing. Let’s walk this path to recovery together, so you can start feeling like yourself again. Together, we'll find ways to make things a little easier and help you regain your inner strength.
(272) 206-2632 View (272) 206-2632
Photo of Ellen C. Knecht, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ellen C. Knecht
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18505
Are you feeling stuck? Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Therapy can help. I am caring and understanding and utilize a non-judgmental approach. I will provide a safe and supportive environment to deeply listen and together we can explore any thoughts and feelings, conscious and unconscious, which may lead to greater self-awareness and creating solutions. I am passionate about empowering others to live their best lives. Whether you're pursuing healing in your life, grieving a loss, experiencing change, seeking support or personal growth, I'm here to support you with developing the strengths to achieve your goals.
Are you feeling stuck? Are you feeling anxious or depressed? Therapy can help. I am caring and understanding and utilize a non-judgmental approach. I will provide a safe and supportive environment to deeply listen and together we can explore any thoughts and feelings, conscious and unconscious, which may lead to greater self-awareness and creating solutions. I am passionate about empowering others to live their best lives. Whether you're pursuing healing in your life, grieving a loss, experiencing change, seeking support or personal growth, I'm here to support you with developing the strengths to achieve your goals.
(570) 433-8341 View (570) 433-8341
Photo of Russell Beebe, LCMHC, CSAT, Counselor
Russell Beebe
Counselor, LCMHC, CSAT
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18503  (Online Only)
Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT) helping men struggling with sexual addiction and/or porn addiction stop their compulsive sexual behavior and live healthy productive lives. Not being able to stop can be incredibly painful and frustrating. And harmful to those closest to you. Many times this frustration is made worse by an inability to stop despite a strong desire to do so. If you or someone you know struggles with sex addiction or porn addiction contact me to schedule a free 20 minute introduction to see if working with me is the right fit!
Certified Sex Addiction Therapist (CSAT) helping men struggling with sexual addiction and/or porn addiction stop their compulsive sexual behavior and live healthy productive lives. Not being able to stop can be incredibly painful and frustrating. And harmful to those closest to you. Many times this frustration is made worse by an inability to stop despite a strong desire to do so. If you or someone you know struggles with sex addiction or porn addiction contact me to schedule a free 20 minute introduction to see if working with me is the right fit!
(570) 781-5175 View (570) 781-5175
Photo of Nicole Dubiac, MS, NCC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Nicole Dubiac
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, NCC, LPC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18503
Pain is an inevitable part of the human condition. You don't have to go through this pain alone, though. Whatever pain it may be, I enjoy helping people work through and transform their pain into something more manageable. I enjoy working with individuals grieving a variety of losses: loss of a loved one, loss of a relationship, loss of a pet, loss of an aspiration, etc. No loss is insignificant. Although I cannot take away your pain I can promise to do my best to support you through this difficult time in your life.
Pain is an inevitable part of the human condition. You don't have to go through this pain alone, though. Whatever pain it may be, I enjoy helping people work through and transform their pain into something more manageable. I enjoy working with individuals grieving a variety of losses: loss of a loved one, loss of a relationship, loss of a pet, loss of an aspiration, etc. No loss is insignificant. Although I cannot take away your pain I can promise to do my best to support you through this difficult time in your life.
(272) 200-3634 View (272) 200-3634
Photo of Dorothy A Dean, MA, NCP, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Dorothy A Dean
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, NCP, LPC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18505  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Entering therapy for the first time can initially feel stressful or overwhelming until the process unfolds and you realize that you made the right choice; to take care of yourself. Something doesn't feel quite right; maybe your relationships lack fulfillment, you have no goals, you dread your future, or maybe you stopped looking forward to waking up and facing the day. Therapy is a step by step process that requires time and hard work. Together we will explore the mystery that surrounds you as you accept the challenge that is necessary to develop a new sense of health and well-being.
Entering therapy for the first time can initially feel stressful or overwhelming until the process unfolds and you realize that you made the right choice; to take care of yourself. Something doesn't feel quite right; maybe your relationships lack fulfillment, you have no goals, you dread your future, or maybe you stopped looking forward to waking up and facing the day. Therapy is a step by step process that requires time and hard work. Together we will explore the mystery that surrounds you as you accept the challenge that is necessary to develop a new sense of health and well-being.
(570) 279-4886 View (570) 279-4886
Photo of Alyse Kerr - Integrative Mind and Body Services, Licensed Professional Counselor
Integrative Mind and Body Services
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
IMBS utilizes neurofeedback and biofeedback therapies to help people maximize their potential, increase self-awareness of their physiological and psychological functioning, and decrease their risk of health problems. Each session is specifically tailored to suit a client’s individual needs, whether you want to address specific symptoms or just be the best version of yourself.
IMBS utilizes neurofeedback and biofeedback therapies to help people maximize their potential, increase self-awareness of their physiological and psychological functioning, and decrease their risk of health problems. Each session is specifically tailored to suit a client’s individual needs, whether you want to address specific symptoms or just be the best version of yourself.
(570) 681-2067 View (570) 681-2067
Photo of Leah Talarico, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Leah Talarico
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503  (Online Only)
Life is full of deeply difficult experiences that can leave us feeling anxious, depressed, and confused. I'm here to help you reconnect with yourself and find stability again. We all need connection, belonging and support. My priority is to build a safe and genuine relationship with you. As a therapist I combine somatic work, attachment and trauma informed approaches, and emotion-focused therapy. As your therapist, I strive to offer acceptance, to honor and respect your background, and to help you create a life full of meaning and hope.
Life is full of deeply difficult experiences that can leave us feeling anxious, depressed, and confused. I'm here to help you reconnect with yourself and find stability again. We all need connection, belonging and support. My priority is to build a safe and genuine relationship with you. As a therapist I combine somatic work, attachment and trauma informed approaches, and emotion-focused therapy. As your therapist, I strive to offer acceptance, to honor and respect your background, and to help you create a life full of meaning and hope.
(570) 751-5749 View (570) 751-5749
Photo of Janet Muse-Burke Ph.D., LPC, Psychologist
Janet Muse-Burke Ph.D.
Psychologist, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18510
Not accepting new clients
My counseling style is genuine, warm, and caring, and I blend my experiences as a clinician, supervisor, teacher, and researcher to best serve my clients. I will offer empathy and support to help you cope with life's challenges. Through a collaborative working relationship, we will explore how you interact with others and the world, empowering you to make choices for stronger relationships and a better future.
My counseling style is genuine, warm, and caring, and I blend my experiences as a clinician, supervisor, teacher, and researcher to best serve my clients. I will offer empathy and support to help you cope with life's challenges. Through a collaborative working relationship, we will explore how you interact with others and the world, empowering you to make choices for stronger relationships and a better future.
(570) 359-2392 View (570) 359-2392
Photo of Antonio Rodio, MA, Pre-Licensed Professional
Antonio Rodio
Pre-Licensed Professional, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
Dealing with the demands of life can be very stressful. We may have painful, past experiences or overwhelming circumstances that can affect our mental health and well-being. Therapy can be an useful component of a productive and peaceful life. My goal is to create a safe and comfortable environment to facilitate an atmosphere of trust and understanding.
Dealing with the demands of life can be very stressful. We may have painful, past experiences or overwhelming circumstances that can affect our mental health and well-being. Therapy can be an useful component of a productive and peaceful life. My goal is to create a safe and comfortable environment to facilitate an atmosphere of trust and understanding.
(570) 929-0978 View (570) 929-0978
Photo of Jessica Volzone, LSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica Volzone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503  (Online Only)
Life can feel overwhelming and confusing at times. Daily stressors can be further complicated by worry, frustration, or trauma from our past; even contributing to feelings of hopelessness or depression. When life gets difficult, it’s okay to ask for help. By showing up in this space you have taken the first step in your therapy journey, and I’m so glad you’re here. Let’s work together to get you where you want to be, starting right where you are today. I would love to show you some great tools that can help you take your life back. My approach to therapy is conversational, down to earth, and empathetic.
Life can feel overwhelming and confusing at times. Daily stressors can be further complicated by worry, frustration, or trauma from our past; even contributing to feelings of hopelessness or depression. When life gets difficult, it’s okay to ask for help. By showing up in this space you have taken the first step in your therapy journey, and I’m so glad you’re here. Let’s work together to get you where you want to be, starting right where you are today. I would love to show you some great tools that can help you take your life back. My approach to therapy is conversational, down to earth, and empathetic.
(272) 444-3813 View (272) 444-3813
Photo of Anja Whitehead, MS, NCC, Pre-Licensed Professional
Anja Whitehead
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, NCC
Verified Verified
Scranton, PA 18504
Hello, and thank you for your interest in services. My name is Anja Whitehead and I’m a master's level clinician and Nationally Certified Counselor in Pennsylvania, working towards licensure under supervision. I have a background in working with individuals facing anxiety, PTSD, depression, phase of life problems, and more. I pride myself on cultivating a comfortable, warm, empathetic therapeutic environment for all clients. I work with teens, adults, and couples.
Hello, and thank you for your interest in services. My name is Anja Whitehead and I’m a master's level clinician and Nationally Certified Counselor in Pennsylvania, working towards licensure under supervision. I have a background in working with individuals facing anxiety, PTSD, depression, phase of life problems, and more. I pride myself on cultivating a comfortable, warm, empathetic therapeutic environment for all clients. I work with teens, adults, and couples.
(272) 203-3267 View (272) 203-3267
Photo of Marsinlen Blackwell - Marsinlen Blackwell Counseling LLC, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Marsinlen Blackwell Counseling LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Scranton, PA 18503
My mission is to provide you for with compassion and clarity when you need it most. If you’ve been feeling hopeless or lost lately, or struggling with a problem in your life that feels unsurmountable, individual therapy could help you improve your everyday life. Individual therapy helps you win against whatever you’re battling by putting a real expert in your corner by means of a professional therapist. Sometimes you just need someone to listen to your concerns and help you problem solve, process emotions in a healthy way.
My mission is to provide you for with compassion and clarity when you need it most. If you’ve been feeling hopeless or lost lately, or struggling with a problem in your life that feels unsurmountable, individual therapy could help you improve your everyday life. Individual therapy helps you win against whatever you’re battling by putting a real expert in your corner by means of a professional therapist. Sometimes you just need someone to listen to your concerns and help you problem solve, process emotions in a healthy way.
(570) 535-3267 View (570) 535-3267
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Scranton, PA

100+

Average cost per session

$112

Therapists in Scranton, PA who prioritize treating:

90% Depression
90% Anxiety
81% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
74% Coping Skills
73% Trauma and PTSD
68% Grief

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

84% Highmark
77% BlueCross and BlueShield
71% Geisinger

How Therapists in Scranton, PA see their clients

72% In Person and Online
28% Online Only

Gender breakdown

78% Female
21% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Scranton?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.