Therapists in Kearny, NJ
Immigration Evaluation and Clinical Psychotherapy
Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kearny, NJ 07032
Hello there! I'm Raquel! I've been working with Immigration and lawyers since 2012. My work focus mostly on writing psychological evaluations for all sorts of cases. The other part of my job consists in running psychotherapy sessions. My focus is mainly towards individual and family needs, using Family System, CBT and Strength-Based approach. I'm also experienced with children trauma, behavior issues, anger management, domestic violence, PTSD, Depression and Anxiety. I am a native Portuguese/Spanish speaker and have experience working with clients with a history of trauma and abuse.
Hello there! I'm Raquel! I've been working with Immigration and lawyers since 2012. My work focus mostly on writing psychological evaluations for all sorts of cases. The other part of my job consists in running psychotherapy sessions. My focus is mainly towards individual and family needs, using Family System, CBT and Strength-Based approach. I'm also experienced with children trauma, behavior issues, anger management, domestic violence, PTSD, Depression and Anxiety. I am a native Portuguese/Spanish speaker and have experience working with clients with a history of trauma and abuse.
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Michele L. Cole
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, NJ, NY
Verified Verified
Short Hills, NJ 07078
I'm a member of The American Society of Reproductive Medicine's Mental Health Professional Group, RESOLVE- The National Infertility Association, Concerned Persons for Adoption and The New Jersey Association for Women Therapists.
Welcome. I specialize in the treatment of a variety of family issues. I treat children and teens struggling with emotional and/or behavioral issues and parents coping with these challenges, infertility and family-building through assisted reproduction or adoption and grief counseling for miscarriage and pregnancy loss. I offer a safe and supportive space to explore the many and often difficult choices and feelings associated with family building options such as IVF, donor sperm/egg, gestational carrier and adoption. I can help you manage the stress inherent in the process and help you work through couples and parenting issues.
I'm a member of The American Society of Reproductive Medicine's Mental Health Professional Group, RESOLVE- The National Infertility Association, Concerned Persons for Adoption and The New Jersey Association for Women Therapists.
Welcome. I specialize in the treatment of a variety of family issues. I treat children and teens struggling with emotional and/or behavioral issues and parents coping with these challenges, infertility and family-building through assisted reproduction or adoption and grief counseling for miscarriage and pregnancy loss. I offer a safe and supportive space to explore the many and often difficult choices and feelings associated with family building options such as IVF, donor sperm/egg, gestational carrier and adoption. I can help you manage the stress inherent in the process and help you work through couples and parenting issues.
I am also certified in adoption counseling across the triad.
Welcome to Resilience DBT & Eating Recovery! Our practice offers comprehensive Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and treatment for the full range of Eating Disorders for children, adolescents, and adults. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who is part of a team offering support and guidance to individuals and families seeking expert intervention in a safe and supportive environment. As a DBT and certified CBT-E practitioner, I believe in utilizing evidence-based practices to achieve success and meet identified goals. I am committed to to help you return on a path of full health and healing in a safe and comfortable setting.
I am also certified in adoption counseling across the triad.
Welcome to Resilience DBT & Eating Recovery! Our practice offers comprehensive Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and treatment for the full range of Eating Disorders for children, adolescents, and adults. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who is part of a team offering support and guidance to individuals and families seeking expert intervention in a safe and supportive environment. As a DBT and certified CBT-E practitioner, I believe in utilizing evidence-based practices to achieve success and meet identified goals. I am committed to to help you return on a path of full health and healing in a safe and comfortable setting.
Aiyana Brotherson
Marriage & Family Therapist Associate, MS, LAMFT
Not Verified Not Verified
1 Endorsed
Maplewood, NJ 07040 (Online Only)
As a Licensed Associate Marriage and Family Therapist and Certified Adoption Counselor, I can come along side to help you in a number of areas: formal and informal (kinship) adoption, parent stress management, transracial and bicultural adoptions, romantic relationship conflicts, parent-child attachment, and complex trauma.
Families, and the relationships that hold them together, are a part of all of us. Regardless of their beginning or circumstance, they shape us in a multitude of ways. Oftentimes, they can be the source of the happiest and most painful moments in our lives. And, learning how to navigate your way through those relationships, as they change and grow throughout your life, can be hard at times and can make you feel "stuck". That's where I come in.
As a Licensed Associate Marriage and Family Therapist and Certified Adoption Counselor, I can come along side to help you in a number of areas: formal and informal (kinship) adoption, parent stress management, transracial and bicultural adoptions, romantic relationship conflicts, parent-child attachment, and complex trauma.
Families, and the relationships that hold them together, are a part of all of us. Regardless of their beginning or circumstance, they shape us in a multitude of ways. Oftentimes, they can be the source of the happiest and most painful moments in our lives. And, learning how to navigate your way through those relationships, as they change and grow throughout your life, can be hard at times and can make you feel "stuck". That's where I come in.
Maxine B. Rosenberg Lcsw
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW
Verified Verified
Jersey City, NJ 07302
During these difficult times nerves are often frayed and relationships can get testy. As old wounds and past traumas get stirred up, anxiety and depression might resurface. I work with LGBT and straight individuals and couples, striving to help people feel comfortable expressing their feelings and asserting their needs. I have advanced training in trauma, adoption, gay/lesbian and couple's therapy. I also have expertise treating the impact of parental divorce, substance abuse and immigration on adult-child relationships. An important goal is for you to gain more control of your issues and feel more confident in your decisions.
During these difficult times nerves are often frayed and relationships can get testy. As old wounds and past traumas get stirred up, anxiety and depression might resurface. I work with LGBT and straight individuals and couples, striving to help people feel comfortable expressing their feelings and asserting their needs. I have advanced training in trauma, adoption, gay/lesbian and couple's therapy. I also have expertise treating the impact of parental divorce, substance abuse and immigration on adult-child relationships. An important goal is for you to gain more control of your issues and feel more confident in your decisions.
Cecelia Gaines
Licensed Professional Counselor, MEd, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hoboken, NJ 07030 (Online Only)
I have advanced training in attachment theory, adoption counseling, grief and loss, and trauma informed care.
Are you feeling overwhelmed with everyday life, relationships, or grief and loss? I’m here to help you get to a place of peace and acceptance. You’ve already taken the first step in becoming a better you. With empathy and compassion you will feel supported and understood during our sessions. My goal is to guide you through life’s ups and downs. I will provide a safe and nonjudgmental environment where you feel comfortable sharing your life stories and work towards healing.
I have advanced training in attachment theory, adoption counseling, grief and loss, and trauma informed care.
Are you feeling overwhelmed with everyday life, relationships, or grief and loss? I’m here to help you get to a place of peace and acceptance. You’ve already taken the first step in becoming a better you. With empathy and compassion you will feel supported and understood during our sessions. My goal is to guide you through life’s ups and downs. I will provide a safe and nonjudgmental environment where you feel comfortable sharing your life stories and work towards healing.
Emily Sarah Krause
Licensed Professional Counselor, Emily, S, Krause, LMHC, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hoboken, NJ 07030 (Online Only)
My areas of specialization are individual and couples therapy, adoption related children's work, women's issues, domestic violence, depression, panic disorders, OCD, stress management, employment related issues, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Welcome to my page! I am a full time clinical counselor at my own private practice Krause Therapy LLC. See my website- www.krausetherapyllc.com. I hold license in two states; a Massachusetts (LMHC), New Jersey (LPC), and am a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) as well as a Nationally Board Certified Approved Clinical Supervisor (ACS). I currently practice online via Telemental Counseling per insurance plan approval and sliding scale basis. Also, I am offering individual supervision opportunities for LACs and provisional LMHCs for state licensure. Please contact me if interested at krausetherapyllc@gmail.com.
My areas of specialization are individual and couples therapy, adoption related children's work, women's issues, domestic violence, depression, panic disorders, OCD, stress management, employment related issues, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Welcome to my page! I am a full time clinical counselor at my own private practice Krause Therapy LLC. See my website- www.krausetherapyllc.com. I hold license in two states; a Massachusetts (LMHC), New Jersey (LPC), and am a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) as well as a Nationally Board Certified Approved Clinical Supervisor (ACS). I currently practice online via Telemental Counseling per insurance plan approval and sliding scale basis. Also, I am offering individual supervision opportunities for LACs and provisional LMHCs for state licensure. Please contact me if interested at krausetherapyllc@gmail.com.
Mavida Health
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Jersey City, NJ 07310 (Online Only)
Mavida Health is a deeply specialized, comprehensive mental health platform for the path to parenthood - including those trying to conceive, pregnant - including adoption and surrogacy, experiencing pregnancy loss, or in the postpartum.
Just as it takes a village to raise a child, we believe that it takes a village to raise a mama. Let Mavida be your village.
Mavida Health is a deeply specialized, comprehensive mental health platform for the path to parenthood - including those trying to conceive, pregnant - including adoption and surrogacy, experiencing pregnancy loss, or in the postpartum.
Just as it takes a village to raise a child, we believe that it takes a village to raise a mama. Let Mavida be your village.
Janine Territo: Adults, Teens, Postpartum
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Millburn, NJ 07041
I specialize in women navigating infertility, pregnancy, and postpartum challenges, or any adult or teen navigating major life transitions like work/career changes, grief and loss, or family changes like divorce, separation, marriage, or adoption. I draw on interventions like mindfulness, CBT, Acceptance and Commitment (ACT), and DBT to support healing, growth, and change. I also have a certificate in Perinatal Mental Health, training as a birth doula, and my own experiences with parenthood, stepparenthood, adoption, blended and multicultural families. See if I'm accepting new clients and book online at www.resolutioncc.com/team
I specialize in women navigating infertility, pregnancy, and postpartum challenges, or any adult or teen navigating major life transitions like work/career changes, grief and loss, or family changes like divorce, separation, marriage, or adoption. I draw on interventions like mindfulness, CBT, Acceptance and Commitment (ACT), and DBT to support healing, growth, and change. I also have a certificate in Perinatal Mental Health, training as a birth doula, and my own experiences with parenthood, stepparenthood, adoption, blended and multicultural families. See if I'm accepting new clients and book online at www.resolutioncc.com/team
She specializes in perinatal mood and anxiety as a Perinatal Mental Health Clinician (PMH-C) and has extensive training in family planning including fertility challenges, IUI/IVF, surrogacy, donor conception, and adoption.
Danielle deeply values the privilege of being entrusted with the role of supporting someone as they navigate through their healing journey. She honors the specific needs of each individual and aims to foster an authentic relationship built on trust and collaboration. Danielle’s goal is to provide a supportive foundation that offers strength and courage to clients as they pursue their goals in relationships, family, and life. She has over a decade experience with evidence-based interventions including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person-Centered Therapy, and mindfulness techniques.
She specializes in perinatal mood and anxiety as a Perinatal Mental Health Clinician (PMH-C) and has extensive training in family planning including fertility challenges, IUI/IVF, surrogacy, donor conception, and adoption.
Danielle deeply values the privilege of being entrusted with the role of supporting someone as they navigate through their healing journey. She honors the specific needs of each individual and aims to foster an authentic relationship built on trust and collaboration. Danielle’s goal is to provide a supportive foundation that offers strength and courage to clients as they pursue their goals in relationships, family, and life. She has over a decade experience with evidence-based interventions including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person-Centered Therapy, and mindfulness techniques.
She specializes in perinatal mood and anxiety as a Perinatal Mental Health Clinician (PMH-C) and has extensive training in family planning including fertility challenges, IUI/IVF, surrogacy, donor conception, and adoption.
Danielle deeply values the privilege of being entrusted with the role of supporting someone as they navigate through their healing journey. She honors the specific needs of each individual and aims to foster an authentic relationship built on trust and collaboration. Danielle’s goal is to provide a supportive foundation that offers strength and courage to clients as they pursue their goals in relationships, family, and life. She has over a decade experience with evidence-based interventions including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person-Centered Therapy, and mindfulness techniques.
She specializes in perinatal mood and anxiety as a Perinatal Mental Health Clinician (PMH-C) and has extensive training in family planning including fertility challenges, IUI/IVF, surrogacy, donor conception, and adoption.
Danielle deeply values the privilege of being entrusted with the role of supporting someone as they navigate through their healing journey. She honors the specific needs of each individual and aims to foster an authentic relationship built on trust and collaboration. Danielle’s goal is to provide a supportive foundation that offers strength and courage to clients as they pursue their goals in relationships, family, and life. She has over a decade experience with evidence-based interventions including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person-Centered Therapy, and mindfulness techniques.
Rebecca Gotterer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW NJ, LCSW NY, LCSW CA, SEP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Montclair, NJ 07042
As an experienced licensed clinical social worker, I offer a safe, compassionate space for you to be seen and heard to become the person you aspire to be and feel better. I help free up parts that trouble you or cause you to feel stuck. I can also help you tune into what your body knows, which can allow you to process and regulate energy held by trauma. I begin by helping you clarify your goals and dreams and then facilitate your way forward as you access your strengths. Some of the areas I can help you with are anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, LGBTQ+, self-esteem, identity, adoption, spirituality, and transitions.
As an experienced licensed clinical social worker, I offer a safe, compassionate space for you to be seen and heard to become the person you aspire to be and feel better. I help free up parts that trouble you or cause you to feel stuck. I can also help you tune into what your body knows, which can allow you to process and regulate energy held by trauma. I begin by helping you clarify your goals and dreams and then facilitate your way forward as you access your strengths. Some of the areas I can help you with are anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, LGBTQ+, self-esteem, identity, adoption, spirituality, and transitions.
Melissa D. South
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC, ACS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Livingston, NJ 07039
Melissa South is a compassionate, affirming, and caring counselor dedicated to helping children, teens, couples & families grow and thrive. Melissa specializes in treating a wide range of issues affecting youth and families including: coping skills for stress & anxiety, school challenges, bullying, behavioral issues, mood regulation, trauma--including youth sexual trauma, adoption & foster care, parenting, and more. Additionally, she is an experienced, competent, & inspiring Approved Clinical Supervisor (ACS) for LACs seeking outside clinical supervision to develop their professional identity & grow clinical skills.
Melissa South is a compassionate, affirming, and caring counselor dedicated to helping children, teens, couples & families grow and thrive. Melissa specializes in treating a wide range of issues affecting youth and families including: coping skills for stress & anxiety, school challenges, bullying, behavioral issues, mood regulation, trauma--including youth sexual trauma, adoption & foster care, parenting, and more. Additionally, she is an experienced, competent, & inspiring Approved Clinical Supervisor (ACS) for LACs seeking outside clinical supervision to develop their professional identity & grow clinical skills.
I've successfully treated lack of self-worth, depression, anxiety, addictions, emotional and sexual abuse, relationship issues, artists and creativity, grieving, disability, living in the dying process and adoption related issues.
Are you a talented, intelligent, person who walks around with feelings of anxiety depression and shame? Shame, that you feel underwater, that you are not living up to your potential, or that you maybe ruined what should have been a great life? My understanding of shame/resilience is at the core of my work as I believe that shame can significantly contribute to much of the stress and unhappiness we experience. Personally, having changed careers at midlife and walked a path that is unconventional, I deeply understand how shameful it can feel to believe you are an outsider.
I've successfully treated lack of self-worth, depression, anxiety, addictions, emotional and sexual abuse, relationship issues, artists and creativity, grieving, disability, living in the dying process and adoption related issues.
Are you a talented, intelligent, person who walks around with feelings of anxiety depression and shame? Shame, that you feel underwater, that you are not living up to your potential, or that you maybe ruined what should have been a great life? My understanding of shame/resilience is at the core of my work as I believe that shame can significantly contribute to much of the stress and unhappiness we experience. Personally, having changed careers at midlife and walked a path that is unconventional, I deeply understand how shameful it can feel to believe you are an outsider.
She specializes in perinatal mood and anxiety as a Perinatal Mental Health Clinician (PMH-C) and has extensive training in family planning including fertility challenges, IUI/IVF, surrogacy, donor conception, and adoption.
Danielle deeply values the privilege of being entrusted with the role of supporting someone as they navigate through their healing journey. She honors the specific needs of each individual and aims to foster an authentic relationship built on trust and collaboration. Danielle’s goal is to provide a supportive foundation that offers strength and courage to clients as they pursue their goals in relationships, family, and life. She has over a decade experience with evidence-based interventions including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person-Centered Therapy, and mindfulness techniques.
She specializes in perinatal mood and anxiety as a Perinatal Mental Health Clinician (PMH-C) and has extensive training in family planning including fertility challenges, IUI/IVF, surrogacy, donor conception, and adoption.
Danielle deeply values the privilege of being entrusted with the role of supporting someone as they navigate through their healing journey. She honors the specific needs of each individual and aims to foster an authentic relationship built on trust and collaboration. Danielle’s goal is to provide a supportive foundation that offers strength and courage to clients as they pursue their goals in relationships, family, and life. She has over a decade experience with evidence-based interventions including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person-Centered Therapy, and mindfulness techniques.
Naa Adoley M. Pappoe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Bloomfield, NJ 07003 (Online Only)
Are you a woman dealing with fertility issues? Are you struggling to conceive a child; going through fertility treatments; considering using donor eggs/sperm or surrogate; or even thinking about adoption or life without children? Have you been battling with feelings of frustration, depression, anxiety, hopelessness or worthlessness? Do you find the stresses associated with your fertility journey are beginning to impact your personal relationships, making them difficult to manage? Your family and friends offer their support but you still feel alone and isolated.
Are you a woman dealing with fertility issues? Are you struggling to conceive a child; going through fertility treatments; considering using donor eggs/sperm or surrogate; or even thinking about adoption or life without children? Have you been battling with feelings of frustration, depression, anxiety, hopelessness or worthlessness? Do you find the stresses associated with your fertility journey are beginning to impact your personal relationships, making them difficult to manage? Your family and friends offer their support but you still feel alone and isolated.
I am an experienced Licensed Clinical Social Worker who specializes in the treatment of children, teens, adults. I opened my practice in New Jersey after working in NYC in clinical and leadership positions. The areas of ADHD, ODD, RAD, Depression, Anxiety, self esteem, gender identity, adoption, PTSD and marital discord are some of the issues I provide psychotherapy. I also treat Compassion Fatigue that occurs with First Responders, as well as, Bereavement and Trauma. I use Play Therapy with young children while using art and other modalities with teens. Adult therapy is goal oriented often using CBT as well.
I am an experienced Licensed Clinical Social Worker who specializes in the treatment of children, teens, adults. I opened my practice in New Jersey after working in NYC in clinical and leadership positions. The areas of ADHD, ODD, RAD, Depression, Anxiety, self esteem, gender identity, adoption, PTSD and marital discord are some of the issues I provide psychotherapy. I also treat Compassion Fatigue that occurs with First Responders, as well as, Bereavement and Trauma. I use Play Therapy with young children while using art and other modalities with teens. Adult therapy is goal oriented often using CBT as well.
Elaine C Ellerbee-Nurse
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MPA, MA, CSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Livingston, NJ 07039 (Online Only)
As a therapist with an array of experience as a community leader, patient advocacy, spiritual counselor, mentoring and a teaming approach with over three decades of case management, program development, training and counseling children, adolescents, young adults, women and the elderly, I am sensitive to the individual needs of my clients. Promoting positive outcomes to enable growth and success as end results is my focus as a therapist. I have worked in child welfare and health care with clients/patients dealing with brain trauma to child/abuse neglect and adoption planning. I have strong skills in dealing with life issues.
As a therapist with an array of experience as a community leader, patient advocacy, spiritual counselor, mentoring and a teaming approach with over three decades of case management, program development, training and counseling children, adolescents, young adults, women and the elderly, I am sensitive to the individual needs of my clients. Promoting positive outcomes to enable growth and success as end results is my focus as a therapist. I have worked in child welfare and health care with clients/patients dealing with brain trauma to child/abuse neglect and adoption planning. I have strong skills in dealing with life issues.
My approach to clinical practice is to create a warm, compassionate place where you can be heard, and heal. The process unfolds at your pace by using a variety of treatment modalities that best fit your specific goals and problem solving strengths. Human beings come from all walks of life, and share all manner of painful human experiences. Psychodynamic therapy can help address anxiety, depression, anger, caregiver stress, sexual identity, and painful loss from divorce, death, separation through foster care and adoption. From employment crisis to mid-life crisis, let me help you restore the peace of mind you deserve.
My approach to clinical practice is to create a warm, compassionate place where you can be heard, and heal. The process unfolds at your pace by using a variety of treatment modalities that best fit your specific goals and problem solving strengths. Human beings come from all walks of life, and share all manner of painful human experiences. Psychodynamic therapy can help address anxiety, depression, anger, caregiver stress, sexual identity, and painful loss from divorce, death, separation through foster care and adoption. From employment crisis to mid-life crisis, let me help you restore the peace of mind you deserve.
I specialize in individual, family, and couples/relationship therapy across all populations, marriage/relationship concerns, sexual issues, relationship, Domestic Violence, body image, adoption, LGBTQ+, and infidelity just to name a few. My goal is to utilize my knowledge and experience to assist in breaking down multicultural barriers; along with advocating against the stigma of mental health while promoting mental health awareness for all parties involved.
I specialize in individual, family, and couples/relationship therapy across all populations, marriage/relationship concerns, sexual issues, relationship, Domestic Violence, body image, adoption, LGBTQ+, and infidelity just to name a few. My goal is to utilize my knowledge and experience to assist in breaking down multicultural barriers; along with advocating against the stigma of mental health while promoting mental health awareness for all parties involved.
See more therapy options for Kearny
Nearby Adoption Therapists Searches for Kearny
- Bloomfield
- East Orange
- Glen Ridge
- Hoboken
- Irvington
- Montclair
- Newark
- Nutley
- Rutherford
- South Orange
- Union City
- Upper Montclair
Adoption Therapists
Does my adopted child need therapy?
Not every adopted child needs therapy. However, many can benefit from seeing an adoption-informed therapist, especially if they were victims of abuse or neglect, appear withdrawn or disconnected, have behavioral or developmental issues (which may or may not be related to their adoption), are struggling with feelings of grief or loss surrounding their birth parents, or find it difficult to establish an identity, a challenge that often becomes most apparent during adolescence.
When should adoptive parents seek therapy?
Prospective parents can benefit from therapy even before an adoption—for example, to voice worries and fears; to reconcile infertility struggles, if relevant; or simply to prepare themselves for parenthood. After the adoption, parents who are struggling to bond with their child; are unsure how to talk about adoption or related issues, such as race; or whose child is dealing with developmental, behavioral, or psychiatric concerns can address these and other issues with the help of an adoption-competent therapist.
Is family therapy appropriate for adoptive families?
Family therapy can be invaluable for strengthening the bond between adoptive parents and children, helping the latter feel more secure in their place in the family. Family therapy can also help adoptive families navigate complex communication issues—for example, parents who feel uncomfortable discussing race with their child, who in turn feels invalidated by their silence, or a child who has questions about his birth parents but avoids asking them out of fear of hurting his adoptive parents’ feelings.
What therapy is not appropriate for adoption issues?
A discredited therapy known as “attachment therapy” (sometimes called “holding therapy” or “rebirthing therapy”) should not be used to treat adopted and foster children, though it was largely designed for this population. Attachment therapy involves restraining, coercing, and punishing the child in order for them to “release” negative emotions and attach to their new caregivers—techniques that are abusive and dangerous and have even proven fatal in some cases.