Therapists in 19067

Photo of Jeffery J. Robbins, Psychologist, EdD
Jeffery J. Robbins
Psychologist, EdD
Online Only
I am a Licensed Psychologist based in Pennsylvania. I received my Doctorate from Rutgers University in Counseling Psychology and have been practicing for over 40 years. I help individuals, couples and families dealing with anxiety and depression as well as communication, conflict resolution and anger management issues. I enjoy working with children, adolescents and adults either individually, or with significant others (e.g., marriages/couples, and other family members). Overall, I help all of my clients find the best ways to deal with and resolve the difficulties preventing them from living a full, satisfying and happy life.
I am a Licensed Psychologist based in Pennsylvania. I received my Doctorate from Rutgers University in Counseling Psychology and have been practicing for over 40 years. I help individuals, couples and families dealing with anxiety and depression as well as communication, conflict resolution and anger management issues. I enjoy working with children, adolescents and adults either individually, or with significant others (e.g., marriages/couples, and other family members). Overall, I help all of my clients find the best ways to deal with and resolve the difficulties preventing them from living a full, satisfying and happy life.
(267) 245-0774 View (267) 245-0774
Photo of Michael 'Moshe' Raskind - Serenity Psychotherapy , Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Serenity Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Getting to the root of your pain: learning to deal with it, building upon your strengths then learning to act versus react to people and events, takes a mindfulness that I will help you develop. I have a long history of working with diverse populations, who have developed varied problems: Mental Health, Substance Abuse, Marital, Parenting, Academic. My approach is to work with my client's strengths; help them develop new views and skills and then organize them into a plan that works for them in obtaining their goals. I also have associates through my group Serenity Psychotherapy LLC to provide the best match for you.
Getting to the root of your pain: learning to deal with it, building upon your strengths then learning to act versus react to people and events, takes a mindfulness that I will help you develop. I have a long history of working with diverse populations, who have developed varied problems: Mental Health, Substance Abuse, Marital, Parenting, Academic. My approach is to work with my client's strengths; help them develop new views and skills and then organize them into a plan that works for them in obtaining their goals. I also have associates through my group Serenity Psychotherapy LLC to provide the best match for you.
(484) 282-3047 View (484) 282-3047
Photo of Leilany Davila, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Leilany Davila
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LSW
Yardley, PA 19067
I treat Anxiety, depression, lack of self-acceptance, and grief problems. I help with the management of anxiety symptoms and depression, helping you to develop coping skills to manage your every day. I help clients identify and challenge cognitive distortions and replace them with positive affirmations. I will teach some mindfulness meditation to help you when anxious & help you obtain a better understanding of your mental health to cope with your emotions.
I treat Anxiety, depression, lack of self-acceptance, and grief problems. I help with the management of anxiety symptoms and depression, helping you to develop coping skills to manage your every day. I help clients identify and challenge cognitive distortions and replace them with positive affirmations. I will teach some mindfulness meditation to help you when anxious & help you obtain a better understanding of your mental health to cope with your emotions.
(267) 710-9372 View (267) 710-9372
Photo of Daniella Muller - DLM Counseling, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
DLM Counseling
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Yardley, PA 19067
Sometimes all it takes is talking to someone outside of your circle. If you are an empathetic person who struggles with anxiety, you tend to avoid sharing your concerns with people you care about. You don’t want to feel like a burden and are looking for help from someone who gets it. In my years of experience as a therapist, I have found that much can be healed through a therapeutic relationship and using evidenced-based treatment approaches. Common issues explored in therapy include, understanding your unique strengths, learning steps to calm and soothe your body, improving your relationships and learning how to care for yourself.
Sometimes all it takes is talking to someone outside of your circle. If you are an empathetic person who struggles with anxiety, you tend to avoid sharing your concerns with people you care about. You don’t want to feel like a burden and are looking for help from someone who gets it. In my years of experience as a therapist, I have found that much can be healed through a therapeutic relationship and using evidenced-based treatment approaches. Common issues explored in therapy include, understanding your unique strengths, learning steps to calm and soothe your body, improving your relationships and learning how to care for yourself.
(267) 849-1340 View (267) 849-1340
Photo of Meredith Luther - Meredith Luther Counseling LLC, Counselor, LPC, MS
Meredith Luther Counseling LLC
Counselor, LPC, MS
2 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
I'm experienced and passionate about helping adolescents and young and middle-aged adults navigate relationship concerns. I'm eager to help each client grow a deeper sense of self and experience healing and freedom that can come from sorting through attachment wounds, learning how to identify and communicate their needs and demystifying and establishing healthy boundaries. I believe learning how to regulate your nervous system can be an essential part of therapy. I will help you develop healthy coping skills, while also helping you recognize the unhealthy coping mechanisms you may have and understand why you may have developed them.
I'm experienced and passionate about helping adolescents and young and middle-aged adults navigate relationship concerns. I'm eager to help each client grow a deeper sense of self and experience healing and freedom that can come from sorting through attachment wounds, learning how to identify and communicate their needs and demystifying and establishing healthy boundaries. I believe learning how to regulate your nervous system can be an essential part of therapy. I will help you develop healthy coping skills, while also helping you recognize the unhealthy coping mechanisms you may have and understand why you may have developed them.
(215) 995-0013 View (215) 995-0013
Photo of Omarpreet Kaur - Family Matters Behavioral Health Services (FMBHS), Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCATP, CCTP, CCTH
Family Matters Behavioral Health Services (FMBHS)
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, CCATP, CCTP, CCTH
2 Endorsed
Online Only
My clients bring a wide range of concerns, including cultural-specific relational challenges, marital infidelity, coping with psychological disorders, and codependency. Together, we focus on building resilience and overcoming obstacles by applying the skills they learn throughout our work together. As they progress in therapy, my clients gain the empowerment and tools needed to navigate life's challenges. In our work, we can focus on creating healthier boundaries, achieving a better work-life balance, overcoming parenting challenges, and fostering a more integrated approach to mental health.
My clients bring a wide range of concerns, including cultural-specific relational challenges, marital infidelity, coping with psychological disorders, and codependency. Together, we focus on building resilience and overcoming obstacles by applying the skills they learn throughout our work together. As they progress in therapy, my clients gain the empowerment and tools needed to navigate life's challenges. In our work, we can focus on creating healthier boundaries, achieving a better work-life balance, overcoming parenting challenges, and fostering a more integrated approach to mental health.
(267) 727-2959 View (267) 727-2959
Photo of Meredith Luther - Jones & Luther Counseling and Training Center, Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, MS, NCC
Jones & Luther Counseling and Training Center
Licensed Professional Counselor, PhD, LPC, MS, NCC
1 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
Jones & Luther Counseling and Training Center has a team of qualified counselors who are equipped to skillfully navigate what brings you to counseling in effort of producing lasting change. We consider it a privilege to be a part of your counseling journey! You can head to our website to learn more about our counselors, services and to schedule a session.
Jones & Luther Counseling and Training Center has a team of qualified counselors who are equipped to skillfully navigate what brings you to counseling in effort of producing lasting change. We consider it a privilege to be a part of your counseling journey! You can head to our website to learn more about our counselors, services and to schedule a session.
(267) 682-7967 View (267) 682-7967
Photo of Wayne Fox, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Wayne Fox
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Yardley, PA 19067
I believe that my approach best serves adults who are ready to change and heal but may not necessarily know how to begin that process on their own.
I believe that my approach best serves adults who are ready to change and heal but may not necessarily know how to begin that process on their own.
(267) 341-1345 View (267) 341-1345
Photo of Rachel Schwartz, Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Rachel Schwartz
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMFT
Yardley, PA 19067
My ideal client often begins therapy knowing something is off, uncomfortable, or painful but unsure where to go next. Sometimes, they aren't sure what is causing their distress and are looking for help to understand what happened that led them here. Other times, they are aware of what's causing their pain but are looking for an additional perspective as they begin to make changes. Their goals, on some level, are to find relief, understanding, or peace.
My ideal client often begins therapy knowing something is off, uncomfortable, or painful but unsure where to go next. Sometimes, they aren't sure what is causing their distress and are looking for help to understand what happened that led them here. Other times, they are aware of what's causing their pain but are looking for an additional perspective as they begin to make changes. Their goals, on some level, are to find relief, understanding, or peace.
(215) 267-7784 View (215) 267-7784
Photo of Kathleen Martinez, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Kathleen Martinez
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Yardley, PA 19067
My ideal client struggles with Anxiety, Depression, Eating Disorders, Trauma, and/or related conditions. They are motivated for change or at least open to the possibility of change. They are open to feedback and willing to lean into the therapeutic process. They do not need to have clear goals for the therapeutic process right away but are willing to work to identify these goals in the treatment process. They would want to improve their life in some way, or even just their relationship with themselves.
My ideal client struggles with Anxiety, Depression, Eating Disorders, Trauma, and/or related conditions. They are motivated for change or at least open to the possibility of change. They are open to feedback and willing to lean into the therapeutic process. They do not need to have clear goals for the therapeutic process right away but are willing to work to identify these goals in the treatment process. They would want to improve their life in some way, or even just their relationship with themselves.
(267) 699-2654 View (267) 699-2654
Photo of Beth D Kaminsky, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSS
Beth D Kaminsky
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, MSS
Online Only
I use a holistic approach that emphasizes active listening, empathy, and mindfulness. I want my clients to feel safe and heard. Using an attachment-focused framework, I help clients recognize how early experiences influence their relationships. Together, we identify patterns in their emotions and behaviors to foster new ways of engagement.
I use a holistic approach that emphasizes active listening, empathy, and mindfulness. I want my clients to feel safe and heard. Using an attachment-focused framework, I help clients recognize how early experiences influence their relationships. Together, we identify patterns in their emotions and behaviors to foster new ways of engagement.
(267) 699-2169 View (267) 699-2169
Photo of Julie Solomon - Julie Solomon, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LCSW
Julie Solomon, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSS, LCSW
5 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
Do you struggle with trusting others or with feelings of not being "enough"? Do you experience negative, unhelpful thought loops? Therapy is an invaluable space where you can begin to investigate all the parts of yourself and begin to heal and thrive. I specialize in treating adults with anxiety, depression, and symptoms of PTSD, particularly resulting from interpersonal trauma, through attachment focused EMDR. I will hold space for your pain and help you connect to the best version of self. I can help you to increase your sense of calm, decrease anxious and depressive symptoms and change unhelpful beliefs and thought patterns.
Do you struggle with trusting others or with feelings of not being "enough"? Do you experience negative, unhelpful thought loops? Therapy is an invaluable space where you can begin to investigate all the parts of yourself and begin to heal and thrive. I specialize in treating adults with anxiety, depression, and symptoms of PTSD, particularly resulting from interpersonal trauma, through attachment focused EMDR. I will hold space for your pain and help you connect to the best version of self. I can help you to increase your sense of calm, decrease anxious and depressive symptoms and change unhelpful beliefs and thought patterns.
(267) 536-4954 View (267) 536-4954
Photo of Erin Eckman, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Erin Eckman
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LSW
Yardley, PA 19067
Are you dealing with anxiety, depression, and ADHD symptoms that are exacerbated by external life circumstances? Do you want to understand your emotions and learn how to cope with them? My ideal client is seeking support and wants to begin the journey of improving their mental health. The client may have short-term or long-term goals but needs support to achieve them. The client might also want to improve their self-esteem through therapeutic work. Working with a strengths-based, trauma-informed, person-centered eclectic approach can help clients feel supported, develop coping skills, and improve self-esteem.
Are you dealing with anxiety, depression, and ADHD symptoms that are exacerbated by external life circumstances? Do you want to understand your emotions and learn how to cope with them? My ideal client is seeking support and wants to begin the journey of improving their mental health. The client may have short-term or long-term goals but needs support to achieve them. The client might also want to improve their self-esteem through therapeutic work. Working with a strengths-based, trauma-informed, person-centered eclectic approach can help clients feel supported, develop coping skills, and improve self-esteem.
(267) 310-1961 View (267) 310-1961
Photo of Liz Micciulla, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC, CAADC, Gottman
Liz Micciulla
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, ATR-BC, CAADC, Gottman
1 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
Are you feeling disconnected? Missing the connection, intimacy, or happiness that was there not so long ago? I work with individuals and couples who are ready to explore their feelings and create and open and honest relationship. I believe that everyone has the potential for growth, and sometimes all we need is a little space to express ourselves (preferably with some art supplies involved!). Whether you’re here to work through life transitions, strengthen a relationship, or explore some creative outlets, I’m here to support you every step of the way.
Are you feeling disconnected? Missing the connection, intimacy, or happiness that was there not so long ago? I work with individuals and couples who are ready to explore their feelings and create and open and honest relationship. I believe that everyone has the potential for growth, and sometimes all we need is a little space to express ourselves (preferably with some art supplies involved!). Whether you’re here to work through life transitions, strengthen a relationship, or explore some creative outlets, I’m here to support you every step of the way.
(617) 752-2630 View (617) 752-2630
Photo of Gina Marie Murphy, Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Gina Marie Murphy
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
2 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
My ideal client is someone who is willing to actively work toward changing their quality of life. "Nothing changes if nothing changes." My therapeutic style is person-centered, collaborative, and empathetic. I am trained in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness based cognitive therapy, as well as well versed in perinatal mood disorders. I strive to continue to increase my knowledge and skill-set to ensure the best quality of care for my clients through evidence-based approaches.
My ideal client is someone who is willing to actively work toward changing their quality of life. "Nothing changes if nothing changes." My therapeutic style is person-centered, collaborative, and empathetic. I am trained in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness based cognitive therapy, as well as well versed in perinatal mood disorders. I strive to continue to increase my knowledge and skill-set to ensure the best quality of care for my clients through evidence-based approaches.
(267) 833-2818 View (267) 833-2818
Photo of Melanie Greenberg, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
Melanie Greenberg
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MEd
2 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
I am an AASECT certified sex therapist with a focus on communication, intimacy, and the deconstruction of patriarchal systems. Much of the work I do is helping people understand the systems they exist within and how to live authentically. Many of us have been taught that pleasure is not for us, that our needs don't matter. I aim to help people understand their worth, learn to communicate needs, and explore parts of themselves they might have silenced long ago. I am Poly/ENM-affirming, kink-inclusive, trauma-informed, fat-positive, anti-racist, anti-capitalist & feminist.
I am an AASECT certified sex therapist with a focus on communication, intimacy, and the deconstruction of patriarchal systems. Much of the work I do is helping people understand the systems they exist within and how to live authentically. Many of us have been taught that pleasure is not for us, that our needs don't matter. I aim to help people understand their worth, learn to communicate needs, and explore parts of themselves they might have silenced long ago. I am Poly/ENM-affirming, kink-inclusive, trauma-informed, fat-positive, anti-racist, anti-capitalist & feminist.
(267) 762-1385 View (267) 762-1385
Photo of Nancy Schongalla, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MDiv, LMFT
Nancy Schongalla
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, MDiv, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
It is easy to feel overwhelmed and lose one's sense of True North. Issues and experiences from the past may require healing and integration. Current challenges may require more inner wisdom and resourcefulness than we can access on our own. Many people need support to resolve conflicts, deepen connections and expand their lives. Relationships require a solid sense of self, good boundaries, and compassion toward oneself and others, which all can be learned. Even without a religious affiliation, spiritual practices such as gratitude are often enriching. I value new insights, suggest homework and teach practical skills.
It is easy to feel overwhelmed and lose one's sense of True North. Issues and experiences from the past may require healing and integration. Current challenges may require more inner wisdom and resourcefulness than we can access on our own. Many people need support to resolve conflicts, deepen connections and expand their lives. Relationships require a solid sense of self, good boundaries, and compassion toward oneself and others, which all can be learned. Even without a religious affiliation, spiritual practices such as gratitude are often enriching. I value new insights, suggest homework and teach practical skills.
(609) 917-9254 View (609) 917-9254
Photo of Dr. Ashlyn Jones, Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
Dr. Ashlyn Jones
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, NCC
6 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
Welcome to a critically important step. If you are here you are a person who wants to use the tool of therapy to help enable change. You want to not just glean insight but use insight driven action to move you forward. My experience and focus in my practice and education are trauma informed care using both EMDR and traditional talk therapy techniques, couples therapy and grief and loss, divorce issues, and faith/spirituality issues. I have enjoyed helping a number of clients reach their goals and commit to change.
Welcome to a critically important step. If you are here you are a person who wants to use the tool of therapy to help enable change. You want to not just glean insight but use insight driven action to move you forward. My experience and focus in my practice and education are trauma informed care using both EMDR and traditional talk therapy techniques, couples therapy and grief and loss, divorce issues, and faith/spirituality issues. I have enjoyed helping a number of clients reach their goals and commit to change.
(215) 593-2308 View (215) 593-2308
Photo of Nicole J Ricchetti, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Nicole J Ricchetti
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
Yardley, PA 19067
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 19 years experience with clients. I consider it a privilege to work with clients seeking individual, couples, and or family therapy. I assist couples primarily in improving their communication and understanding of each other. Negative interaction patterns are assessed to get to the root of the issues, and attentiveness towards each other in ways they feel loved is increased. Clients present with depression, anxiety, life transition issues, grief, low self esteem, stress, & parenting issues. I've worked with women on improving self care/love, confidence, & setting healthy boundaries
I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 19 years experience with clients. I consider it a privilege to work with clients seeking individual, couples, and or family therapy. I assist couples primarily in improving their communication and understanding of each other. Negative interaction patterns are assessed to get to the root of the issues, and attentiveness towards each other in ways they feel loved is increased. Clients present with depression, anxiety, life transition issues, grief, low self esteem, stress, & parenting issues. I've worked with women on improving self care/love, confidence, & setting healthy boundaries
(215) 642-8246 View (215) 642-8246
Photo of Justin Rubenstein - Solutions for Education, LLC, by Justin Rubenstein, EdS, NCSP
Welcome! I provide therapy for kids with ADHD, anxiety, and concussions. As a team, I work with parents and kids to begin to understand some of the negative messages your child may be internalizing based on their challenges. ADHD: Once we explore some of the identity and self-esteem challenges, we begin the practical skills work such as examining how they learn, learning skills, executive functioning skills, when and how to study, and when to take breaks. We also create structure by creating a calendar for their homework and assignments a week ahead.
Welcome! I provide therapy for kids with ADHD, anxiety, and concussions. As a team, I work with parents and kids to begin to understand some of the negative messages your child may be internalizing based on their challenges. ADHD: Once we explore some of the identity and self-esteem challenges, we begin the practical skills work such as examining how they learn, learning skills, executive functioning skills, when and how to study, and when to take breaks. We also create structure by creating a calendar for their homework and assignments a week ahead.
(267) 291-4694 View (267) 291-4694

See more therapy options for 19067

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in 19067

200+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in 19067 who prioritize treating:

95% Anxiety
88% Depression
79% Relationship Issues
78% Self Esteem
69% Coping Skills
65% Stress
61% Grief

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

78% Aetna
61% BlueCross and BlueShield
57% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in 19067 see their clients

78% In Person and Online
22% Online Only

Gender breakdown

80% Female
20% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in 19067?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.