Psychoanalytic Therapists in 10019

Photo of Margaret Schiliro, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Margaret Schiliro
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019  (Online Only)
I have a Master's degree in Clinical Social Work and a certification in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.
I am easy to talk to, caring, and non-judgmental. I am an experienced therapist, former Clinical Supervisor at Columbia University, and adjunct faculty at the City University of New York. I work with most issues, but specialize in relationships, anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
I have a Master's degree in Clinical Social Work and a certification in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.
I am easy to talk to, caring, and non-judgmental. I am an experienced therapist, former Clinical Supervisor at Columbia University, and adjunct faculty at the City University of New York. I work with most issues, but specialize in relationships, anxiety, depression, panic attacks, and adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
(646) 793-4395 View (646) 793-4395
Photo of Andrea Gastman - Andrea Gastman, L.C.S.W., LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrea Gastman, L.C.S.W.
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I am a licensed Clinical Social Worker with post-graduate psychoanalytic training. I treat people struggling with a range of difficulties, including interpersonal relationship issues, familial issues, childhood and adult trauma, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, as well as academic and career inhibitions. I often work with patients who have tried therapy in the past without obtaining the relief they'd hoped for.
I am a licensed Clinical Social Worker with post-graduate psychoanalytic training. I treat people struggling with a range of difficulties, including interpersonal relationship issues, familial issues, childhood and adult trauma, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, as well as academic and career inhibitions. I often work with patients who have tried therapy in the past without obtaining the relief they'd hoped for.
(212) 582-3241 View (212) 582-3241
Photo of Susan Whedbee, LCSW, NCPsyA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan Whedbee
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
Drawing on my education/experience in the public/private sectors, the treatment I provide is comprehensive, extending from psychoanalytic psychotherapy to cognitive-behavioral therapy depending on the person's needs.
I am committed to helping my patients understand and correct patterns that interfere with the realization of their personal and/or professional goals and living their life more fully. I treat individuals and couples and specialize in relationship issues, depression, anxiety, grief/loss, addictions, life transitions, health concerns, unresolved trauma and parenting/step-parenting challenges. I also treat people who feel relatively sturdy and successful but are going through a period of notable stress when stretched beyond their capacity. I have a graduate degree from Columbia University and a four year postgraduate certification in psychoanalysis and comprehensive psychotherapy from the National Institute for the Psychotherapies.
Drawing on my education/experience in the public/private sectors, the treatment I provide is comprehensive, extending from psychoanalytic psychotherapy to cognitive-behavioral therapy depending on the person's needs.
I am committed to helping my patients understand and correct patterns that interfere with the realization of their personal and/or professional goals and living their life more fully. I treat individuals and couples and specialize in relationship issues, depression, anxiety, grief/loss, addictions, life transitions, health concerns, unresolved trauma and parenting/step-parenting challenges. I also treat people who feel relatively sturdy and successful but are going through a period of notable stress when stretched beyond their capacity. I have a graduate degree from Columbia University and a four year postgraduate certification in psychoanalysis and comprehensive psychotherapy from the National Institute for the Psychotherapies.
(646) 681-7429 View (646) 681-7429
Photo of Jennifer L Naddell, PhD, Psychologist
Jennifer L Naddell
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I draw on psychoanalytic and trauma-focused theories.
People often feel alone with their problems. Your inner world can feel very different from how others see you. Privately you may feel sad, anxious or overwhelmed with life's challenges. You may be unhappy with how your life is going generally or with specific things about yourself or your relationships. Perhaps painful/traumatic experiences from your past are continuing to trouble you. Your feelings may lead to difficulty with intimacy, work, self-image, sleep, drugs/alcohol, eating, sex, or motivation. These are the kinds of problems I hear about often from people I see for psychotherapy. Together we can work to improve your life.
I draw on psychoanalytic and trauma-focused theories.
People often feel alone with their problems. Your inner world can feel very different from how others see you. Privately you may feel sad, anxious or overwhelmed with life's challenges. You may be unhappy with how your life is going generally or with specific things about yourself or your relationships. Perhaps painful/traumatic experiences from your past are continuing to trouble you. Your feelings may lead to difficulty with intimacy, work, self-image, sleep, drugs/alcohol, eating, sex, or motivation. These are the kinds of problems I hear about often from people I see for psychotherapy. Together we can work to improve your life.
(646) 395-1149 View (646) 395-1149
Photo of Allison Katz, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Allison Katz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I also serve as an Associate Editor for the nationally-recognized journal, Psychoanalytic Perspectives, as well as a Board Member of the Professional Association for NIP.
I believe psychotherapy is a life-changing process that can expand one's capacity for self-reflection and self-awareness, thereby paving the way for more meaningful relationships and a more fulfilling life. I endeavor to help my patients find the tools they need to feel the most productive and the most alive. My approach is psychodynamically-oriented; however, my years of practicing have taught me that there is no one-size-fits-all model. I believe each person has different needs, and I bring both my experience and collaborative skills to each treatment. I have been described as empathic, relatable, and warm.
I also serve as an Associate Editor for the nationally-recognized journal, Psychoanalytic Perspectives, as well as a Board Member of the Professional Association for NIP.
I believe psychotherapy is a life-changing process that can expand one's capacity for self-reflection and self-awareness, thereby paving the way for more meaningful relationships and a more fulfilling life. I endeavor to help my patients find the tools they need to feel the most productive and the most alive. My approach is psychodynamically-oriented; however, my years of practicing have taught me that there is no one-size-fits-all model. I believe each person has different needs, and I bring both my experience and collaborative skills to each treatment. I have been described as empathic, relatable, and warm.
(646) 600-5154 View (646) 600-5154
Photo of Rebekah Small, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rebekah Small
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I am a psychotherapist in private practice in Manhattan. After finishing a Masters of Social Work at the University of Pennsylvania, I completed a four year post-graduate program at the William Alanson White Institute, a psychoanalytic institute in New York City.
I am a psychotherapist in private practice in Manhattan. After finishing a Masters of Social Work at the University of Pennsylvania, I completed a four year post-graduate program at the William Alanson White Institute, a psychoanalytic institute in New York City.
(646) 906-9140 View (646) 906-9140
Photo of Janice Michaelson, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Janice Michaelson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I have presented workshops at schools, community groups and psychotherapy and psychoanalytic organizations.
We each want the best life we can make for ourselves. Everyone has potential that has not been developed or utilized enough. Whether one has symptoms of depression, anxiety, problematic relationships or anger difficulties, each one of us can progress to remove symptoms and develop our unique personalities more. That is what keeps me excited about my work after so many years of practice as a psychotherapist. I help people to accomplish their goals and improve their abilities to get more out of life, including their relationships. We are complex beings, filled with so much untapped potential.
I have presented workshops at schools, community groups and psychotherapy and psychoanalytic organizations.
We each want the best life we can make for ourselves. Everyone has potential that has not been developed or utilized enough. Whether one has symptoms of depression, anxiety, problematic relationships or anger difficulties, each one of us can progress to remove symptoms and develop our unique personalities more. That is what keeps me excited about my work after so many years of practice as a psychotherapist. I help people to accomplish their goals and improve their abilities to get more out of life, including their relationships. We are complex beings, filled with so much untapped potential.
(646) 863-9416 View (646) 863-9416
Photo of Lisa Sabath - Lisa Sabath, LCSW-R, MSW, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Lisa Sabath, LCSW-R
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I completed my Master's Degree in Social Work from New York University, am a New York City based, State Licensed Clinical Social Worker (NYS, NJ), and have a certificate in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy from the NYFS/CFS Institute.
Anxieties, insecurity, depression, difficult patterns in relationships or work, and problems focusing can be understood and changed, so you have more energy and confidence to devote to living. Become more connected to yourself and others through a specialized process of exploration with a trained professional, and see a difference in your life. A therapist's expertise and experience are very important, but the key ingredient of effective therapy is a "good fit" between you and your therapist. If you'd like to see how it would be to work together, I would be pleased to hear from you.
I completed my Master's Degree in Social Work from New York University, am a New York City based, State Licensed Clinical Social Worker (NYS, NJ), and have a certificate in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy from the NYFS/CFS Institute.
Anxieties, insecurity, depression, difficult patterns in relationships or work, and problems focusing can be understood and changed, so you have more energy and confidence to devote to living. Become more connected to yourself and others through a specialized process of exploration with a trained professional, and see a difference in your life. A therapist's expertise and experience are very important, but the key ingredient of effective therapy is a "good fit" between you and your therapist. If you'd like to see how it would be to work together, I would be pleased to hear from you.
(917) 746-5655 View (917) 746-5655
Photo of Susan A. Klett, LCSW-R, MSSW, BCD, PhD,, PsyD,, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Susan A. Klett
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, MSSW, BCD, PhD,, PsyD,
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
After receiving my MSSW from Columbia University, I continued with four years of intensive training at the Postgraduate Center for Mental Health where I have received a Certificate in Adult Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.
A person seeks professional help when they feel unfulfilled and stuck, during a time of great loss/crisis or when they are experiencing relationship difficulties. Despite all efforts to handle this alone, they continue to experience a painful awareness that something significant is missing. I provide a empathic, non-judgmental and confidential environment in which we work together, at a comfortable pace, to identify/explore thoughts, feelings and behaviors which interfere with your reaching your maximum potential for happiness in your career and relationships. Through our work together, you will move toward healing and improving the quality of your life.
After receiving my MSSW from Columbia University, I continued with four years of intensive training at the Postgraduate Center for Mental Health where I have received a Certificate in Adult Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.
A person seeks professional help when they feel unfulfilled and stuck, during a time of great loss/crisis or when they are experiencing relationship difficulties. Despite all efforts to handle this alone, they continue to experience a painful awareness that something significant is missing. I provide a empathic, non-judgmental and confidential environment in which we work together, at a comfortable pace, to identify/explore thoughts, feelings and behaviors which interfere with your reaching your maximum potential for happiness in your career and relationships. Through our work together, you will move toward healing and improving the quality of your life.
(212) 755-4765 View (212) 755-4765
Photo of Alan Dolber Psychoanalyst, PhD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alan Dolber Psychoanalyst
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I have 40 years experience, and am deeply committed to, treating adults between 25 and 65 years old. Men and women suffering from confusion, anxiety and depression as they struggle to realize their potential – in their professional, sexual and love life. The goal of my work with patients is to understand their personal complexity so that new and constructive patterns of living can be obtained. Most importantly, the working through process of psychoanalytic treatment leads to the development of a strong, creative self and a freeing up of one’s potential and direction going forward.
I have 40 years experience, and am deeply committed to, treating adults between 25 and 65 years old. Men and women suffering from confusion, anxiety and depression as they struggle to realize their potential – in their professional, sexual and love life. The goal of my work with patients is to understand their personal complexity so that new and constructive patterns of living can be obtained. Most importantly, the working through process of psychoanalytic treatment leads to the development of a strong, creative self and a freeing up of one’s potential and direction going forward.
(347) 579-0647 View (347) 579-0647
Photo of Toni Andrews, PhD, Psychologist
Toni Andrews
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10019
I have been a practicing psychotherapist for twenty years treating adults and adolescents. I graduated with a BS in psychology from Harvard and received my doctorate in clinical psychology from Columbia University. I also received psychoanalytic training at The William Alanson White Institute.
I have been a practicing psychotherapist for twenty years treating adults and adolescents. I graduated with a BS in psychology from Harvard and received my doctorate in clinical psychology from Columbia University. I also received psychoanalytic training at The William Alanson White Institute.
(646) 651-4238 View (646) 651-4238
Photo of Christopher Nardozzi, JD, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Christopher Nardozzi
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, JD, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I work with individuals and couples experiencing anxiety, depression, interpersonal problems, and major life transitions. I draw from my psychodynamic training at NYU, postgraduate psychoanalytic certification, and two decades of experience to help you relieve distress, increase resilience, and improve your quality of life.
I work with individuals and couples experiencing anxiety, depression, interpersonal problems, and major life transitions. I draw from my psychodynamic training at NYU, postgraduate psychoanalytic certification, and two decades of experience to help you relieve distress, increase resilience, and improve your quality of life.
(914) 830-9171 View (914) 830-9171
Photo of Anita Gulati - Anita Gulati, LCSW, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anita Gulati, LCSW
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
With individuals, I use complementary therapy approaches and techniques as well as my psychoanalytic training to unearth and heal long-standing behavioral patterns and negative perceptions that are holding you back from achieving your life goals.
I am an accomplished Psychoanalyst, Pre-Marital Counselor and EFT Couples Therapist, and strive to help individuals and couples find their harmony and achieve their life goals. If you are struggling with low self-esteem, anxiety or depression, I look forward to helping you regain your sense of self. If you are a pre-marital couple looking for guidance in achieving marital harmony and success, I look forward to helping you. If you are a couple or family in conflict, I will help you to understand why your relationship has broken down, and how to rebuild safety, trust and healthy communication patterns.
With individuals, I use complementary therapy approaches and techniques as well as my psychoanalytic training to unearth and heal long-standing behavioral patterns and negative perceptions that are holding you back from achieving your life goals.
I am an accomplished Psychoanalyst, Pre-Marital Counselor and EFT Couples Therapist, and strive to help individuals and couples find their harmony and achieve their life goals. If you are struggling with low self-esteem, anxiety or depression, I look forward to helping you regain your sense of self. If you are a pre-marital couple looking for guidance in achieving marital harmony and success, I look forward to helping you. If you are a couple or family in conflict, I will help you to understand why your relationship has broken down, and how to rebuild safety, trust and healthy communication patterns.
(212) 247-3631 View (212) 247-3631
Photo of Bonnie Zindel, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bonnie Zindel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
She is on the Editorial Board of Psychoanalytic Perspectives, presents papers internationally, and her articles are published in professional journals.
I am a caring psychoanalyst with 20+ years of experience. Starting therapy may feel overwhelming but the experience can transform your life. Are there things you're doing to sabotage yourself? Do you get caught in the same patterns? How can you get the most out of your relationships? I believe therapy is a dynamic, two person process which takes place in an environment of safety and honesty. With insight, humor and warmth, I create a safe space for you to explore your feelings, relationships, ambitions, memories, and dreams. With awareness, acceptance and compassion, I believe that change is possible.
She is on the Editorial Board of Psychoanalytic Perspectives, presents papers internationally, and her articles are published in professional journals.
I am a caring psychoanalyst with 20+ years of experience. Starting therapy may feel overwhelming but the experience can transform your life. Are there things you're doing to sabotage yourself? Do you get caught in the same patterns? How can you get the most out of your relationships? I believe therapy is a dynamic, two person process which takes place in an environment of safety and honesty. With insight, humor and warmth, I create a safe space for you to explore your feelings, relationships, ambitions, memories, and dreams. With awareness, acceptance and compassion, I believe that change is possible.
(917) 674-8331 View (917) 674-8331
Photo of R. McNulty - R. Stephen McNulty, MA, LCSW, BCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
R. Stephen McNulty
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
My name is Stephen McNulty. I'm a Licenced Clinical Social Worker and a psychoanalytically trained psychotherapist. I'm a graduate of New York University and hold an advanced Certificate in Clinical Social Work. I'm also a graduate of the Washington Square Institute for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.
My name is Stephen McNulty. I'm a Licenced Clinical Social Worker and a psychoanalytically trained psychotherapist. I'm a graduate of New York University and hold an advanced Certificate in Clinical Social Work. I'm also a graduate of the Washington Square Institute for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy.
(646) 600-9120 View (646) 600-9120
Photo of Esther Etty Cikvasvili, LCSW, NCPsyA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Esther Etty Cikvasvili
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
I offer adults and couples a collaborative approach to therapy that promotes healing changes. You'll find me to be a nonjudgemental, understanding & empathetic listener committed to helping you improve your relationships and life ambitions. In the course of our treatment learning to recognize the triggers that bring up your painful feelings which have created barriers to your goals, enables you to reevaluate them & opt for making more productive and beneficial choices. For thirty years I have integrated my psychoanalytic understandings with newer evidence based treatments to better suit your particular needs.
I offer adults and couples a collaborative approach to therapy that promotes healing changes. You'll find me to be a nonjudgemental, understanding & empathetic listener committed to helping you improve your relationships and life ambitions. In the course of our treatment learning to recognize the triggers that bring up your painful feelings which have created barriers to your goals, enables you to reevaluate them & opt for making more productive and beneficial choices. For thirty years I have integrated my psychoanalytic understandings with newer evidence based treatments to better suit your particular needs.
(646) 681-2671 View (646) 681-2671
Photo of Eric J. Dammann, PhD, Psychologist
Eric J. Dammann
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
in clinical psychology from Michigan State University, and completed psychoanalytic training at the William Alanson White Institute.
I have trained in a number of therapy modalities (interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, coaching), and use an eclectic and flexible approach which takes into account the particular client and their goals. I am the co-director of the Artist Program at the William Alanson White Institute, where I also serve as director of referrals for their Sexual Abuse Service. Other areas of specialization are financial therapy and executive coaching and leadership development. I do consulting work with financial firms and planners, as well as executives and other professionals going through career transitions, or looking to improve their work performance.
in clinical psychology from Michigan State University, and completed psychoanalytic training at the William Alanson White Institute.
I have trained in a number of therapy modalities (interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, coaching), and use an eclectic and flexible approach which takes into account the particular client and their goals. I am the co-director of the Artist Program at the William Alanson White Institute, where I also serve as director of referrals for their Sexual Abuse Service. Other areas of specialization are financial therapy and executive coaching and leadership development. I do consulting work with financial firms and planners, as well as executives and other professionals going through career transitions, or looking to improve their work performance.
(212) 223-8085 View (212) 223-8085
Photo of Natasha Black, PhD, Psychologist
Natasha Black
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
White Institute and ongoing psychoanalytic training at NYU.
I help individuals who are interested in working at a deep level and who seek transformation and abiding change. I aim to help people find more than just relief from the immediate concerns that lead them to enter psychotherapy, whether they be depression, anxiety, relationship problems, occupational/academic concerns, or other difficulties. I thus actively work from the ground up to help my clients develop more self-understanding, greater tolerance for distress, and a newfound security in their capacity to confront life's innumerable challenges.
White Institute and ongoing psychoanalytic training at NYU.
I help individuals who are interested in working at a deep level and who seek transformation and abiding change. I aim to help people find more than just relief from the immediate concerns that lead them to enter psychotherapy, whether they be depression, anxiety, relationship problems, occupational/academic concerns, or other difficulties. I thus actively work from the ground up to help my clients develop more self-understanding, greater tolerance for distress, and a newfound security in their capacity to confront life's innumerable challenges.
(347) 673-0687 View (347) 673-0687
Photo of Ileana Corbelle, LCSW, BCD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Ileana Corbelle
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, BCD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
My psychoanalytic training aids me in the careful listening that is critical to understanding a person's complex emotional life.
Therapeutic change requires a trusting relationship within which thoughts and feelings can be expressed and explored freely. As a seasoned therapist, I believe that the crises that bring us to the first therapy appointment can be the beginning of a process of self-exploration that leads to greater self-understanding and more effective problem solving. As we sit together, I help you reflect on what is going on in the present and how you got there. I pay close attention to patterns and themes that emerge and help you organize these so you can develop a narrative of your life that makes sense to you.
My psychoanalytic training aids me in the careful listening that is critical to understanding a person's complex emotional life.
Therapeutic change requires a trusting relationship within which thoughts and feelings can be expressed and explored freely. As a seasoned therapist, I believe that the crises that bring us to the first therapy appointment can be the beginning of a process of self-exploration that leads to greater self-understanding and more effective problem solving. As we sit together, I help you reflect on what is going on in the present and how you got there. I pay close attention to patterns and themes that emerge and help you organize these so you can develop a narrative of your life that makes sense to you.
(646) 759-0797 View (646) 759-0797
Photo of Stanley Kramer, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Stanley Kramer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10019
My philosophy has evolved over two decades of hands-on clinical work, extensive psychoanalytic training and analysis. These experiences have taught me that if I listen carefully enough to anyone's story, they and their struggles make sense. I try to help people stop seeing themselves as an extension of their problem and see the problems as an attempt to cope with something unseen and overwhelming that has gone awry. Every person's choices in life, whether in relationships, work, and play make sense, even if they are self-destructive. I work primarily with adults and adolescents, and with couples.
My philosophy has evolved over two decades of hands-on clinical work, extensive psychoanalytic training and analysis. These experiences have taught me that if I listen carefully enough to anyone's story, they and their struggles make sense. I try to help people stop seeing themselves as an extension of their problem and see the problems as an attempt to cope with something unseen and overwhelming that has gone awry. Every person's choices in life, whether in relationships, work, and play make sense, even if they are self-destructive. I work primarily with adults and adolescents, and with couples.
(973) 310-2256 View (973) 310-2256
Psychoanalytic Therapists

Does psychoanalytic therapy work?

Psychoanalytic therapy derives from the work of Sigmund Freud. In this type of therapy, discovering buried thoughts and emotions from the unconscious will help a person work through their difficulties and negative behaviors. Research shows that psychoanalytic therapy can be highly effective, with patients reporting improvement in mood, quality of life, and overall well-being.

How long are people typically in psychoanalytic therapy?

Traditional psychoanalysis is in-depth and is conducted in five sessions every week. Today, modern psychoanalytic therapy is less intense and normally incorporates as few as one or two sessions a week. In some cases, positive change can occur quickly. However, if the condition, difficulty, or behavior is deep-seated, improvement may require many months or years of therapy.

Is psychoanalytic therapy suitable for young people?

Children and adolescents can benefit from this type of therapy. Many kids and teens are often unable to form and communicate their thoughts and emotions. Psychoanalytic therapy uses specific techniques such as dream analysis, symbolism, and free association or word association; all of which can be useful tools for less-communicative young people. Through this therapy, a patient will hopefully make connections between what they feel inside and how the world works outside.

Can psychoanalytic therapy be done online?

Modern-day psychoanalytic therapy is very different from traditional psychoanalysis. While an individual can sit face-to-face with the psychoanalyst for multiple sessions a week, they do not have to. Today, psychoanalytic therapy can be effectively conducted online or by phone. The key is that the individual confronts what is repressed and avoided, and this can be done whether in person or over online video.