Photo of Sheyan Gunapala, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Sheyan Gunapala
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
In my therapeutic practice, I support individuals navigating various challenges, including OCD, trauma, body image concerns, depression, anxiety, addiction, and relationship issues—whether stemming from bereavement or separation. While I enjoy working with people of all genders, cultures, and neurotypes, I have a special interest in supporting South Asians, men, and neurodivergent individuals, drawing from my own experience as a Sri Lankan ADHDer.
In my therapeutic practice, I support individuals navigating various challenges, including OCD, trauma, body image concerns, depression, anxiety, addiction, and relationship issues—whether stemming from bereavement or separation. While I enjoy working with people of all genders, cultures, and neurotypes, I have a special interest in supporting South Asians, men, and neurodivergent individuals, drawing from my own experience as a Sri Lankan ADHDer.
View
Photo of Sheyan Gunapala, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Sheyan Gunapala
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
I provide diagnostic assessments to children 6yr+ & Counselling services to individuals aged 15yrs+. I have a keen interest in working with Men, Sri Lankan/South Asians and Neurodiverse Individuals. Some of the presentations I can support you with are depression, anxiety (generalised and social), anger, addictive behaviours, excessive gaming and perinatal anxiety and depression. I also have an interest in supporting clients through life transitions, grief and relationship difficulties.
I provide diagnostic assessments to children 6yr+ & Counselling services to individuals aged 15yrs+. I have a keen interest in working with Men, Sri Lankan/South Asians and Neurodiverse Individuals. Some of the presentations I can support you with are depression, anxiety (generalised and social), anger, addictive behaviours, excessive gaming and perinatal anxiety and depression. I also have an interest in supporting clients through life transitions, grief and relationship difficulties.
(03) 9071 2428 View (03) 9071 2428
Photo of Julijana Chochovski - Pre-Emptive Healthcare  , MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Pre-Emptive Healthcare
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
The psychologists at Pre-Emptive Healthcare have extensive experience in psychological treatment of children, adolescents and adults that have depression, anxiety and many other conditions. Unlike other psychologists who are just out of university these clinicians been working in this field over many years. Treatment is not in a ‘home/office’ but located within its own clinic. Conveniently located close to the Eastern fwy; with ample street parking, tram stop 46 on the 48 tram route and a few minutes walk from the Burke Road, Kew intersection.
The psychologists at Pre-Emptive Healthcare have extensive experience in psychological treatment of children, adolescents and adults that have depression, anxiety and many other conditions. Unlike other psychologists who are just out of university these clinicians been working in this field over many years. Treatment is not in a ‘home/office’ but located within its own clinic. Conveniently located close to the Eastern fwy; with ample street parking, tram stop 46 on the 48 tram route and a few minutes walk from the Burke Road, Kew intersection.
(03) 7003 2901 View (03) 7003 2901
Photo of Prue Lewis - Clinical Psychologist, PsyBA Endorsed, Psychologist
Prue Lewis - Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PsyBA Endorsed
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Currently accepting new clients. Whether you’re struggling with anxiety, panic, depression, health issues, or diagnosed or suspected ADHD, we are here to help. Living with mental health concerns is difficult, but we want you to know you’re not alone. At our practice, we provide an accepting, safe and supportive environment for you to explore your challenges, and help you develop practical skills and strategies to improve your wellbeing.
Currently accepting new clients. Whether you’re struggling with anxiety, panic, depression, health issues, or diagnosed or suspected ADHD, we are here to help. Living with mental health concerns is difficult, but we want you to know you’re not alone. At our practice, we provide an accepting, safe and supportive environment for you to explore your challenges, and help you develop practical skills and strategies to improve your wellbeing.
(03) 8594 4040 View (03) 8594 4040
Photo of Stefanie Hagger, MA, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Stefanie Hagger
Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Stress Therapy Australia currently provides counselling services for children, adolescents, and adults throughout the Boroondara and Yarra Ranges. I help you to set goals for therapy, safely explore, navigate and transition through overwhelming thoughts, feelings and behaviours, provide self regulation strategies and help with identifying and building healthier habits so you can begin to move towards the life you want to live.
Stress Therapy Australia currently provides counselling services for children, adolescents, and adults throughout the Boroondara and Yarra Ranges. I help you to set goals for therapy, safely explore, navigate and transition through overwhelming thoughts, feelings and behaviours, provide self regulation strategies and help with identifying and building healthier habits so you can begin to move towards the life you want to live.
(03) 7003 2921 View (03) 7003 2921
Photo of Christina Du Toit, PhD
Christina Du Toit
PhD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
My ideal client is someone navigating challenging times, feeling overwhelmed and uncertain about their path forward. They may struggle with feelings of isolation and confusion, longing for clarity and direction. Their primary need is support—someone to listen and provide guidance as they work through their difficulties. Ultimately, they seek empowerment to take charge of their lives and achieve personal growth. Their goal is to develop resilience, cultivate a sense of purpose, and create a meaningful legacy. They want to transform their struggles into strengths and embrace a fulfilling future.
My ideal client is someone navigating challenging times, feeling overwhelmed and uncertain about their path forward. They may struggle with feelings of isolation and confusion, longing for clarity and direction. Their primary need is support—someone to listen and provide guidance as they work through their difficulties. Ultimately, they seek empowerment to take charge of their lives and achieve personal growth. Their goal is to develop resilience, cultivate a sense of purpose, and create a meaningful legacy. They want to transform their struggles into strengths and embrace a fulfilling future.
(03) 8400 0492 View (03) 8400 0492
Photo of Bruce Alexander, PhD
Bruce Alexander
PhD
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Dr Bruce Alexander has devoted his life to the improvement of physical and psychological health. With over 20 years experience, Melbourne Hypnotherapist, Bruce offers private hypnotherapy consultations at his clinic in Kew. After working for 10 years as a medical researcher, Bruce was seeking a new career where he could support people more directly to improve their own lives. He was inspired to train as a hypnotherapist based on his own successful experience using hypnotherapy to gain control over exam anxiety while he was at university.
Dr Bruce Alexander has devoted his life to the improvement of physical and psychological health. With over 20 years experience, Melbourne Hypnotherapist, Bruce offers private hypnotherapy consultations at his clinic in Kew. After working for 10 years as a medical researcher, Bruce was seeking a new career where he could support people more directly to improve their own lives. He was inspired to train as a hypnotherapist based on his own successful experience using hypnotherapy to gain control over exam anxiety while he was at university.
(03) 9034 6071 View (03) 9034 6071
Photo of Dr Sandra Porter, PhD, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Dr Sandra Porter
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Sandra is currently taking on new clients. Sandra is a Psychologist and Board-approved Supervisor who is passionate about helping individuals maintain their mental health and well-being. Whilst specialising in trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Sandra also assists clients with grief, anxiety, depression and stress as well as relational and interpersonal challenges they may be experiencing. Call Tuesday-Friday to make a booking or organise a call back. Secure Telehealth sessions available, flexible times available.
Sandra is currently taking on new clients. Sandra is a Psychologist and Board-approved Supervisor who is passionate about helping individuals maintain their mental health and well-being. Whilst specialising in trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Sandra also assists clients with grief, anxiety, depression and stress as well as relational and interpersonal challenges they may be experiencing. Call Tuesday-Friday to make a booking or organise a call back. Secure Telehealth sessions available, flexible times available.
(03) 9034 6027 View (03) 9034 6027
Photo of Mercia Wessels, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Mercia Wessels
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
I work with adults and adolescents who want to stop repeating old patterns in their life and relationships. You're the one who is always there for others, but find it difficult to accept help in return. Your friends and loved ones reassure you, but you're plagued with a feeling that you don't really have much to offer. Self-doubt holds you back, and a constant battle with your inner critic leaves you exhausted. You've already worked really hard to try and make changes in your life, but frustratingly, your problems return and you keep struggling with feelings of emptiness and unfulfillment.
I work with adults and adolescents who want to stop repeating old patterns in their life and relationships. You're the one who is always there for others, but find it difficult to accept help in return. Your friends and loved ones reassure you, but you're plagued with a feeling that you don't really have much to offer. Self-doubt holds you back, and a constant battle with your inner critic leaves you exhausted. You've already worked really hard to try and make changes in your life, but frustratingly, your problems return and you keep struggling with feelings of emptiness and unfulfillment.
(03) 7003 2545 View (03) 7003 2545
Photo of Toula Simos - Global Care Counselling, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Global Care Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Hello, I'm Toula, with 11 years experience, counselling. My passion lies in nurturing relationships, families and individuals. I offer a unique perspective to understand your world and challenges better. I specialize in individual sessions, as well as working with families and couples. While group sessions may present challenges, they often yield significant benefits. With expertise in Grief Counseling, Relationship Counseling, Crisis Counseling, Coaching, and Case Management, I am equipped to guide you through various life situations.
Hello, I'm Toula, with 11 years experience, counselling. My passion lies in nurturing relationships, families and individuals. I offer a unique perspective to understand your world and challenges better. I specialize in individual sessions, as well as working with families and couples. While group sessions may present challenges, they often yield significant benefits. With expertise in Grief Counseling, Relationship Counseling, Crisis Counseling, Coaching, and Case Management, I am equipped to guide you through various life situations.
(03) 8400 0297 View (03) 8400 0297
Photo of Catherine Frater Clinical Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Catherine Frater Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Catherine is a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years experience working the psychology field. She currently provides therapy for adults 18+ for a variety of concerns. Some of her niche areas include the treatment of anxiety and relational dynamics with the self and others. She also commonly works with workplace stress, low self esteem, depression, excessive self criticism, reduced confidence, childhood impacts. She also provides therapy for personal growth and greater life fulfilment. She commonly provides therapy to other helping professionals, particularly therapists. She is a passionate and committed therapist.
Catherine is a Clinical Psychologist with over 20 years experience working the psychology field. She currently provides therapy for adults 18+ for a variety of concerns. Some of her niche areas include the treatment of anxiety and relational dynamics with the self and others. She also commonly works with workplace stress, low self esteem, depression, excessive self criticism, reduced confidence, childhood impacts. She also provides therapy for personal growth and greater life fulfilment. She commonly provides therapy to other helping professionals, particularly therapists. She is a passionate and committed therapist.
(03) 7003 2131 View (03) 7003 2131
Photo of Andrea Murray, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Andrea Murray
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
I am a registered counsellor specialising in addictions treatment, couples counselling including betrayal trauma, and pre-marriage counselling. My specialisation is sex and love addiction. I have worked overseas in Asia for a number of years and understand adjustment struggles.
I am a registered counsellor specialising in addictions treatment, couples counselling including betrayal trauma, and pre-marriage counselling. My specialisation is sex and love addiction. I have worked overseas in Asia for a number of years and understand adjustment struggles.
View
Photo of Belinda Tune, MAPS, Psychologist
Belinda Tune
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Waitlist for new clients
I have been a practising Psychologist since 1991, working in the community sector (NGOs) and running my own practice - providing counselling and psychotherapy to individuals and couples.
I have been a practising Psychologist since 1991, working in the community sector (NGOs) and running my own practice - providing counselling and psychotherapy to individuals and couples.
(03) 9070 3515 View (03) 9070 3515
Photo of Claudia Moratto, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Claudia Moratto
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Claudia offers a specialist counselling service for clients experiencing mental health concerns due to challenging life circumstances, including grief and loss, bereavement and other life changes. Services include counselling and support for individuals, carers and families living with a serious and life threating illness, grief and bereavement counselling including support for traumatic loss, counselling for people experiencing mood and adjustment disorders and major life transitions.
Claudia offers a specialist counselling service for clients experiencing mental health concerns due to challenging life circumstances, including grief and loss, bereavement and other life changes. Services include counselling and support for individuals, carers and families living with a serious and life threating illness, grief and bereavement counselling including support for traumatic loss, counselling for people experiencing mood and adjustment disorders and major life transitions.
(03) 7003 2230 View (03) 7003 2230
Photo of Hoda Lagha Barazandeh, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Hoda Lagha Barazandeh
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
I am a registered clinical psychologist in Melbourne. I speak Persian/Farsi and English. I understand Dari as well. I am registered with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) and the Australian Psychological Society (APS). I was also a registered psychologist in Iran with over 8 years of experience in clinical settings. I received my Ph.D. degree in Psychology from Monash University. As part of my Ph.D. research, I assessed and wrote case studies for patients with DSM-5 personality disorder criteria in Monash Health to formulate their cognitive and behavioral problems.
I am a registered clinical psychologist in Melbourne. I speak Persian/Farsi and English. I understand Dari as well. I am registered with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) and the Australian Psychological Society (APS). I was also a registered psychologist in Iran with over 8 years of experience in clinical settings. I received my Ph.D. degree in Psychology from Monash University. As part of my Ph.D. research, I assessed and wrote case studies for patients with DSM-5 personality disorder criteria in Monash Health to formulate their cognitive and behavioral problems.
(03) 8850 5300 View (03) 8850 5300
Photo of Chantal Santacaterina, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Chantal Santacaterina
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I am a warm, empathic and open-minded Psychologist who has worked with clients from a variety of cultures, particularly in European and Middle Eastern cultures. My strength is my ability to engage with people in a non-judgemental manner, and to create a safe environment that will foster a collaborative and integrative relationship with my clients. I assists clients in identifying and exploring issues that are contributing to their presenting symptomatology.
I am a warm, empathic and open-minded Psychologist who has worked with clients from a variety of cultures, particularly in European and Middle Eastern cultures. My strength is my ability to engage with people in a non-judgemental manner, and to create a safe environment that will foster a collaborative and integrative relationship with my clients. I assists clients in identifying and exploring issues that are contributing to their presenting symptomatology.
(03) 7303 3730 View (03) 7303 3730
Photo of Owen Weatherley, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Owen Weatherley
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Balwyn North, VIC 3104
Owen enjoys working with a range of psychological issues including anxiety, depression, anger, borderline personality/traits, trauma and relationship difficulties. Owen has experience working with older adolescents and adults of all ages. Owen has a particular interest in working with young people struggling with personality, mood or anxiety related difficulties. Owen’s therapeutic approach has an interpersonal and psychodynamic emphasis, helping clients gain deeper insight into themselves and their difficulties, develop self-acceptance and confidence, and resolve obstacles to emotional growth.
Owen enjoys working with a range of psychological issues including anxiety, depression, anger, borderline personality/traits, trauma and relationship difficulties. Owen has experience working with older adolescents and adults of all ages. Owen has a particular interest in working with young people struggling with personality, mood or anxiety related difficulties. Owen’s therapeutic approach has an interpersonal and psychodynamic emphasis, helping clients gain deeper insight into themselves and their difficulties, develop self-acceptance and confidence, and resolve obstacles to emotional growth.
(03) 7003 2704 View (03) 7003 2704

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Agnieszka Mazus - Moc Msc, MSc, PACFA, Counsellor
Agnieszka Mazus - Moc Msc
Counsellor, MSc, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Richmond, VIC 3121
Empathetic, ethical, client-centric, well-qualified counsellor registered with PACFA. Gottman (L2). In run private practice (Atenta Counselling) helping couples and individuals, in-person or online. My goal is to make every client feel heard, understood, and professionally supported. I understand how the demands of modern life put pressure on relationships and I help couples improve communication and connection and recover from crisis and infidelity. I support individuals after break-up and going through life transitions and changes. I respect culture, diversity, and mental health conditions and honour client's autonomy.
Empathetic, ethical, client-centric, well-qualified counsellor registered with PACFA. Gottman (L2). In run private practice (Atenta Counselling) helping couples and individuals, in-person or online. My goal is to make every client feel heard, understood, and professionally supported. I understand how the demands of modern life put pressure on relationships and I help couples improve communication and connection and recover from crisis and infidelity. I support individuals after break-up and going through life transitions and changes. I respect culture, diversity, and mental health conditions and honour client's autonomy.
(03) 7003 2961 View (03) 7003 2961
Photo of Kanling Juric - Cerulean Space Art Therapy, AThR, Psychotherapist
Cerulean Space Art Therapy
Psychotherapist, AThR
Verified Verified
I work with children and young people who are struggling with emotional regulation, anxiety, social interaction, or have difficulties maintaining focus. I also work with adults who are experiencing low mood, anxiety, stress and burnout, or going through situational crisis. Art therapy enables individuals to unpack and express their feelings through creativity and interaction with art materials. Benefits of art therapy include improving mood, reducing stress, enabling self-expression, facilitating identity exploration, increasing self-esteem and developing self-awareness and insights.
I work with children and young people who are struggling with emotional regulation, anxiety, social interaction, or have difficulties maintaining focus. I also work with adults who are experiencing low mood, anxiety, stress and burnout, or going through situational crisis. Art therapy enables individuals to unpack and express their feelings through creativity and interaction with art materials. Benefits of art therapy include improving mood, reducing stress, enabling self-expression, facilitating identity exploration, increasing self-esteem and developing self-awareness and insights.
(03) 7303 3900 View (03) 7303 3900
Photo of Amy Della-Torre, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Amy Della-Torre
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Hello! My name is Amy, nice to meet you :) I am a Gestalt Psychotherapist and my priority when working together is making sure our relationship is based in trust and supporting you to feel heard and understood. In my practice, I emphasize the importance of reclaiming bodily awareness and exploring personal meaning making as a path towards healing and empowerment. By developing a deeper understanding of how our stories have been shaped by our contexts, we can begin to unravel and challenge old patterns of engagement with the environment, and experiment with new ways of being.
Hello! My name is Amy, nice to meet you :) I am a Gestalt Psychotherapist and my priority when working together is making sure our relationship is based in trust and supporting you to feel heard and understood. In my practice, I emphasize the importance of reclaiming bodily awareness and exploring personal meaning making as a path towards healing and empowerment. By developing a deeper understanding of how our stories have been shaped by our contexts, we can begin to unravel and challenge old patterns of engagement with the environment, and experiment with new ways of being.
(07) 2100 4671 View (07) 2100 4671

See more therapy options for 3104

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3104

10+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in 3104 who prioritize treating:

100% Stress
94% Depression
94% Anxiety
76% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
71% Life Transitions
65% Bereavement

Average years in practice

17 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Bupa
64% Medicare Rebates
55% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in 3104 see their clients

95% In Person and Online
5% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
23% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3104?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.