Psychologists and Therapists in Pretoria

Photo of Shaminah Shaai - Sanare Counselling, General Counsellor, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
Sanare Counselling
General Counsellor, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
Online Only
I provide a safe, respectful, and non-judgmental space where you can speak openly about what you are going through. Many people come to counselling feeling overwhelmed, unsure, or emotionally exhausted. My role is to listen to you, support you, slow things down, make sense of your experiences, and find practical ways to cope and move forward. My approach is grounded in evidence-based counselling techniques and informed by an understanding of how life experiences impact mental wellbeing. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, stress, personal transitions, or emotional distress, I am here for you and with you.
I provide a safe, respectful, and non-judgmental space where you can speak openly about what you are going through. Many people come to counselling feeling overwhelmed, unsure, or emotionally exhausted. My role is to listen to you, support you, slow things down, make sense of your experiences, and find practical ways to cope and move forward. My approach is grounded in evidence-based counselling techniques and informed by an understanding of how life experiences impact mental wellbeing. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, stress, personal transitions, or emotional distress, I am here for you and with you.
087 250 2910 x80 View 087 250 2910 x80
Photo of Nicole Stevens-King, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Nicole Stevens-King
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Pretoria 0002
As a Clinical Psychologist, I work with adolescents and adults navigating a broad range of life’s challenges from - anxiety, trauma, and burnout to relationship difficulties, grief, and feelings of emotional overwhelm. By exploring your unique emotional and relational landscape, we work together to uncover insights that foster self-awareness and lasting psychological wellbeing. While I provide practical coping strategies for immediate relief, I value the deeper therapeutic work that enables you to connect more authentically with yourself and others.
As a Clinical Psychologist, I work with adolescents and adults navigating a broad range of life’s challenges from - anxiety, trauma, and burnout to relationship difficulties, grief, and feelings of emotional overwhelm. By exploring your unique emotional and relational landscape, we work together to uncover insights that foster self-awareness and lasting psychological wellbeing. While I provide practical coping strategies for immediate relief, I value the deeper therapeutic work that enables you to connect more authentically with yourself and others.
079 338 1197 View 079 338 1197
Photo of Suzaan Lourens - Suzaan Lourens Registered Counsellor, Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, HPCSA - Counsellor
Suzaan Lourens Registered Counsellor
Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons, HPCSA - Counsellor
Pretoria 0081
My areas of specialty include marriage/couple's counselling, counselling children using play therapeutic techniques, psychometric assessments to assist with career counselling and subject choice, suicidality, mood and behavioural changes, sexual identity concerns, transitions, family counselling, trauma, bereavement/grief/loss and anger management.
My areas of specialty include marriage/couple's counselling, counselling children using play therapeutic techniques, psychometric assessments to assist with career counselling and subject choice, suicidality, mood and behavioural changes, sexual identity concerns, transitions, family counselling, trauma, bereavement/grief/loss and anger management.
087 250 0513 x53 View 087 250 0513 x53
Photo of Vuyani Muleya, Psychologist, HPCSA - Ind. Psych.
Vuyani Muleya
Psychologist, HPCSA - Ind. Psych.
Pretoria 0002
My mission is to promote mental health and financial freedom, grounded in the belief that wellness is the foundation of true wealth. I work primarily with working professionals, executives, athletes, creatives, entrepreneurs, and individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds who are navigating black tax dynamics. I guide individuals from historically disadvantaged backgrounds towards genuine financial freedom by helping them heal deep financial wounds and personal trauma that shape their relationship with money. I journey with clients to transform scarcity mindsets into abundance consciousness.
My mission is to promote mental health and financial freedom, grounded in the belief that wellness is the foundation of true wealth. I work primarily with working professionals, executives, athletes, creatives, entrepreneurs, and individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds who are navigating black tax dynamics. I guide individuals from historically disadvantaged backgrounds towards genuine financial freedom by helping them heal deep financial wounds and personal trauma that shape their relationship with money. I journey with clients to transform scarcity mindsets into abundance consciousness.
087 250 0719 x20 View 087 250 0719 x20
Photo of Tshikani Machethe - Machethe Consulting, Registered Counsellor
Machethe Consulting
Registered Counsellor
3 Endorsed
Pretoria 0002
Individual, couple and family counselling.
Individual, couple and family counselling.
087 250 0616 x99 View 087 250 0616 x99
Hello There, My name is Ntshadi Raphala. I offer wellness counselling to both individuals and couples in a relationship. I am based in Pretoria, Central, Gauteng province. I am passionate about the work I do, and a well-being of others is my priority. I offer support to both adolescents and young adults, aged 14 and 35+ years (Individuals and Couples). I also assist Employees with mental health issues through Employee Assistance Program (EAP) Qualifications: BA.Hons (Psych) UL, Trauma Cert (UNISA), Adv EAP Cert (UP), PGD- Business Admin (UNISA) Approach & Methodology CBT, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy & Person-Centered Therapy
Hello There, My name is Ntshadi Raphala. I offer wellness counselling to both individuals and couples in a relationship. I am based in Pretoria, Central, Gauteng province. I am passionate about the work I do, and a well-being of others is my priority. I offer support to both adolescents and young adults, aged 14 and 35+ years (Individuals and Couples). I also assist Employees with mental health issues through Employee Assistance Program (EAP) Qualifications: BA.Hons (Psych) UL, Trauma Cert (UNISA), Adv EAP Cert (UP), PGD- Business Admin (UNISA) Approach & Methodology CBT, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy & Person-Centered Therapy
087 250 0160 x53 View 087 250 0160 x53
Photo of Joachim Fana Lance Mureriwa, Psychologist, PhD
Joachim Fana Lance Mureriwa
Psychologist, PhD
Pretoria 0002
Do you have an addiction or Addictions? Starting in 2024, the priority of this practice is the assessment and treatment of addictions. There are two categories of addiction. The first is addiction to drugs, such as alcohol, dagga, others. The second is behavioral addictions, such as shopping, gambling, sex, and others. The guiding treatment philosophy is that addictions are neurological disorders and not moral failings. Treatment is in hospital or as outpatients, and compliments treatment at Rehab centers. Methods of treatment include, counselling, behavior therapy, EEG biofeedback, and collaboration with other health practitioners.
Do you have an addiction or Addictions? Starting in 2024, the priority of this practice is the assessment and treatment of addictions. There are two categories of addiction. The first is addiction to drugs, such as alcohol, dagga, others. The second is behavioral addictions, such as shopping, gambling, sex, and others. The guiding treatment philosophy is that addictions are neurological disorders and not moral failings. Treatment is in hospital or as outpatients, and compliments treatment at Rehab centers. Methods of treatment include, counselling, behavior therapy, EEG biofeedback, and collaboration with other health practitioners.
087 250 0914 x23 View 087 250 0914 x23
Photo of Calista Ann Du Preez - CK Wellness, General Counsellor
CK Wellness
General Counsellor
Pretoria 0002
My ideal clients are individuals facing stress, anxiety, grief, relationship challenges, life transitions, or emotional difficulties. Many seek support when they feel overwhelmed, stuck, or in need of a safe space to talk. At CK Wellness, we provide compassionate, client-centred online counselling tailored to each person’s needs. We help clients develop practical coping skills, improve emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and gain greater self-awareness. Our goal is to support clients in navigating life’s challenges and moving toward a healthier, more balanced life.
My ideal clients are individuals facing stress, anxiety, grief, relationship challenges, life transitions, or emotional difficulties. Many seek support when they feel overwhelmed, stuck, or in need of a safe space to talk. At CK Wellness, we provide compassionate, client-centred online counselling tailored to each person’s needs. We help clients develop practical coping skills, improve emotional wellbeing, build resilience, and gain greater self-awareness. Our goal is to support clients in navigating life’s challenges and moving toward a healthier, more balanced life.
087 250 0409 x93 View 087 250 0409 x93
Photo of Hannah Kettles, General Counsellor
Hannah Kettles
General Counsellor
Online Only
I support adolescents and young adults who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to navigate life’s challenges. Many come with stress, relationship difficulties, life transitions, negative thinking patterns, or a desire for personal growth. Through a faith-based, supportive approach, I offer a safe space to explore what you’re going through, process emotions, and develop practical ways to cope. Together, I help you move from a life of merely surviving, to one of thriving and abundance.
I support adolescents and young adults who feel overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure how to navigate life’s challenges. Many come with stress, relationship difficulties, life transitions, negative thinking patterns, or a desire for personal growth. Through a faith-based, supportive approach, I offer a safe space to explore what you’re going through, process emotions, and develop practical ways to cope. Together, I help you move from a life of merely surviving, to one of thriving and abundance.
087 250 0442 x44 View 087 250 0442 x44
Photo of Rutendo Olivia Chipo Mazaika - Ollyroc counselling clinic, General Counsellor, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
Ollyroc counselling clinic
General Counsellor, ASCHP Specialist Wellness Counsellor
1 Endorsed
Pretoria 0002
Meet Olivia Mazaika, a Specialist Wellness counsellor who’s passionate about being a good listener without being judgmental to an individual’s struggles/problems/issues and deeply empathetic too. “I love to see the broken being made whole and being restored and replenished. I might not have the solutions but together we can have constructive sessions, aimed at striving to reach attainable and measurable goals.” Sessions are available for both in-person (face to face) and online counselling.
Meet Olivia Mazaika, a Specialist Wellness counsellor who’s passionate about being a good listener without being judgmental to an individual’s struggles/problems/issues and deeply empathetic too. “I love to see the broken being made whole and being restored and replenished. I might not have the solutions but together we can have constructive sessions, aimed at striving to reach attainable and measurable goals.” Sessions are available for both in-person (face to face) and online counselling.
087 250 2293 x58 View 087 250 2293 x58
Photo of Wienkie Holtzhausen, Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Wienkie Holtzhausen
Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Pretoria 0184
I am a qualified Social Worker, Counsellor (SACSSP-registered), and certified teacher with extensive experience supporting children, teens, families, and individuals facing emotional, mental health, addiction, and relationship challenges. I create a safe, confidential space for healing and growth. My collaborative approach addresses anxiety, depression, stress, grief, life transitions, grief support, single parenting, family conflict, parenting, and substance abuse. I am also trained in Transformation Prayer Ministry (TPM). I offer services in English/Afrikaans, both online and in-person.
I am a qualified Social Worker, Counsellor (SACSSP-registered), and certified teacher with extensive experience supporting children, teens, families, and individuals facing emotional, mental health, addiction, and relationship challenges. I create a safe, confidential space for healing and growth. My collaborative approach addresses anxiety, depression, stress, grief, life transitions, grief support, single parenting, family conflict, parenting, and substance abuse. I am also trained in Transformation Prayer Ministry (TPM). I offer services in English/Afrikaans, both online and in-person.
087 250 2748 x49 View 087 250 2748 x49
Photo of Charmaine Keitumetse Mojapelo, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Charmaine Keitumetse Mojapelo
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Pretoria 0184
I work predominantly from a systemic approach. This approach considers people in relationships, dealing with interactions, interactional patterns and the context in which this occurs in. I take special care in forming a genuine connection with my clients and place importance on creating a warm, empathetic environment in order for optimum personal growth and healing to occur. My approach also considers each individual’s unique cultural and spiritual background.
I work predominantly from a systemic approach. This approach considers people in relationships, dealing with interactions, interactional patterns and the context in which this occurs in. I take special care in forming a genuine connection with my clients and place importance on creating a warm, empathetic environment in order for optimum personal growth and healing to occur. My approach also considers each individual’s unique cultural and spiritual background.
087 250 0160 x11 View 087 250 0160 x11
Photo of Gugu Mahlangu - Social Work Services with Mrs.M, Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Social Work Services with Mrs.M
Social Worker, BSocSci Hons, SACSSP
Pretoria 0002
Social Work Services With Mrs.M 's purpose is to promote Social Wellness, to improve the care for individuals, Families and communities. To facilitate the dissemination of information regarding Social challenges. Social Work Services with Mrs.M also specializes in training programs such as Parenting skills & Plans, Marriage guidance, Girl child and women programs and many others.
Social Work Services With Mrs.M 's purpose is to promote Social Wellness, to improve the care for individuals, Families and communities. To facilitate the dissemination of information regarding Social challenges. Social Work Services with Mrs.M also specializes in training programs such as Parenting skills & Plans, Marriage guidance, Girl child and women programs and many others.
087 250 0513 x23 View 087 250 0513 x23
Photo of Keegan Pillay, Registered Counsellor
Keegan Pillay
Registered Counsellor
Pretoria 0184
I'm Keegan, a dedicated HPCSA Registered Counsellor. My expertise includes substance abuse, relationship counseling, stress, anxiety management, grief, trauma, and work-related stress. I provide a safe space to explore emotions, develop coping strategies, and find solutions. With specialized training, I help individuals and couples build healthier connections. I offer practical tools for stress and anxiety, compassionate support for grief and trauma, and guidance for workplace challenges. I'm committed to empowering you for positive change.
I'm Keegan, a dedicated HPCSA Registered Counsellor. My expertise includes substance abuse, relationship counseling, stress, anxiety management, grief, trauma, and work-related stress. I provide a safe space to explore emotions, develop coping strategies, and find solutions. With specialized training, I help individuals and couples build healthier connections. I offer practical tools for stress and anxiety, compassionate support for grief and trauma, and guidance for workplace challenges. I'm committed to empowering you for positive change.
087 250 2464 x73 View 087 250 2464 x73
Photo of Dzivhuluwani Nwashe, Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Dzivhuluwani Nwashe
Psychologist, MA, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Pretoria 0002
I am a Clinical Psychologist, I am here to support you in owning your mental health. As an integrative therapist, I work with children, adolescents, teenagers, adults, couples, and groups, tailoring my approach to each individual’s unique background and needs. I utilize a variety of modalities, such as psychodynamic, DBT, CBT, schema therapy, family systems, and person centered approach to address different challenges, helping clients understand and change maladaptive patterns that impact their daily lives. These diverse approaches allow me to provide culturally sensitive, personalized interventions that promote healing and growth
I am a Clinical Psychologist, I am here to support you in owning your mental health. As an integrative therapist, I work with children, adolescents, teenagers, adults, couples, and groups, tailoring my approach to each individual’s unique background and needs. I utilize a variety of modalities, such as psychodynamic, DBT, CBT, schema therapy, family systems, and person centered approach to address different challenges, helping clients understand and change maladaptive patterns that impact their daily lives. These diverse approaches allow me to provide culturally sensitive, personalized interventions that promote healing and growth
087 250 0409 x35 View 087 250 0409 x35
Photo of Chandré Trytsman - Kokoro Counselling and Play Intervention, General Counsellor, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor
Kokoro Counselling and Play Intervention
General Counsellor, ASCHP Wellness Counsellor
Online Only
Welcome to Kokoro Counselling & Play Intervention! We support children, teens, adults and parents through counselling, play-based intervention and support. Kokoro is a partner practice of Neuro-Ed Learning & Wellness Group, so families can access both emotional support, educational guidance and coaching in one ecosystem. Our approach is neurodiversity-affirming, relationship-focused and designed to help individuals thrive emotionally and socially. We take a wellness and holistic approach to counseling. We believe that true healing comes from addressing all aspects of an individual's life—emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual.
Welcome to Kokoro Counselling & Play Intervention! We support children, teens, adults and parents through counselling, play-based intervention and support. Kokoro is a partner practice of Neuro-Ed Learning & Wellness Group, so families can access both emotional support, educational guidance and coaching in one ecosystem. Our approach is neurodiversity-affirming, relationship-focused and designed to help individuals thrive emotionally and socially. We take a wellness and holistic approach to counseling. We believe that true healing comes from addressing all aspects of an individual's life—emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual.
087 250 2464 x55 View 087 250 2464 x55
Photo of Euneze Rademan, General Counsellor
Euneze Rademan
General Counsellor
Online Only
My ideal clients are adolescents and young adults navigating life’s transitions and challenges. They may face relationship struggles, questions of identity and purpose, or faith-related concerns. Some seek pre-marital guidance to build a strong, Christ-centred foundation. They long for clarity, direction, and emotional healing. I provide a safe, compassionate space where they can explore their stories, grow in self-awareness, strengthen relationships, and move toward lasting wholeness and peace.
My ideal clients are adolescents and young adults navigating life’s transitions and challenges. They may face relationship struggles, questions of identity and purpose, or faith-related concerns. Some seek pre-marital guidance to build a strong, Christ-centred foundation. They long for clarity, direction, and emotional healing. I provide a safe, compassionate space where they can explore their stories, grow in self-awareness, strengthen relationships, and move toward lasting wholeness and peace.
087 250 2161 x15 View 087 250 2161 x15
Photo of Naldo Kent, Registered Counsellor, MA
Naldo Kent
Registered Counsellor, MA
Pretoria 0002
The main focus is to help clients grow in their spiritual life. There are many aspects that we focus on to ensure proper growth. We specialize in trauma, depression, anxiety, and spiritual degradation. We treat our clients with much love and respect. We guide our clients to find the answer for themselves rather than give the solution to their problem. We teach them how to analize there situation and how to approach the negative things in life.
The main focus is to help clients grow in their spiritual life. There are many aspects that we focus on to ensure proper growth. We specialize in trauma, depression, anxiety, and spiritual degradation. We treat our clients with much love and respect. We guide our clients to find the answer for themselves rather than give the solution to their problem. We teach them how to analize there situation and how to approach the negative things in life.
087 250 0409 x70 View 087 250 0409 x70
Photo of Arnau Reinecke, Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons
Arnau Reinecke
Registered Counsellor, BSocSci Hons
1 Endorsed
Pretoria 0002
I support individuals navigating emotional challenges, life transitions, and relational difficulties. Many clients come to me feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure of their next steps. I offer a safe, supportive space where you are heard and understood, while also guiding you toward practical solutions. Through a client-centred, solution-focused approach, I help you gain clarity, build resilience, and take meaningful steps forward toward lasting change.
I support individuals navigating emotional challenges, life transitions, and relational difficulties. Many clients come to me feeling overwhelmed, stuck, or unsure of their next steps. I offer a safe, supportive space where you are heard and understood, while also guiding you toward practical solutions. Through a client-centred, solution-focused approach, I help you gain clarity, build resilience, and take meaningful steps forward toward lasting change.
087 250 0409 x83 View 087 250 0409 x83
Photo of Themba Fotrick Mavasa - Mavasa Themba Clinical Psychologist, Psychologist, MSocSci, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
Mavasa Themba Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, MSocSci, HPCSA - Clin. Psych.
1 Endorsed
Pretoria 0002
I am Mavasa Themba, a registered Clinical Psychologist with a private practice in Pretoria Central and Montana. My private practice offers face-to-face consultations, virtual consultations, short and long-term therapies, and child/play therapy. I offer psychotherapy to children, adolescents, and adults who are experiencing a range of psychological difficulties.
I am Mavasa Themba, a registered Clinical Psychologist with a private practice in Pretoria Central and Montana. My private practice offers face-to-face consultations, virtual consultations, short and long-term therapies, and child/play therapy. I offer psychotherapy to children, adolescents, and adults who are experiencing a range of psychological difficulties.
087 250 0616 x30 View 087 250 0616 x30

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Psychologists and Therapists in Pretoria

200+

Average cost per session

R650

Psychologists and Therapists in Pretoria who prioritize treating:

75% Anxiety
72% Marriage Counselling
70% Relationship Issues
68% Grief
67% Stress
63% Self Esteem
62% Depression

Average years in practice

8 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

95% Discovery Health
93% Bonitas
88% Fedhealth

How Psychologists and Therapists in Pretoria see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
22% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Pretoria?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Psychologists listed in the directory are registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). The majority of General Counsellors featured in the directory align themselves with reputable professional bodies, particularly the Association for Supportive Counsellors and Holistic Practitioners. All Registered Counsellors listed must be registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Social Workers listed in the directory must be registered with the South African Council for Social Service Professionals.

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for general counsellors in South Africa, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Psychologists, counsellors and social workers can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and supervised, practical experience that enable them to do so in South Africa.

Psychologists have five years training in psychology, have completed an internship over 12 months, and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. They must be registered with Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA). Registered Counsellors must have at least four years of study at a university or college, such as the Bachelor of Psychology and have completed the National Examination of the Professional Board for Psychology. General counsellors, such as Supportive Counsellors, Holistic Counsellors, and Wellness Counsellors, registered with the ASCHP must possess at least an NQF Level 4 qualification. Social Workers must possess a Bachelor of Social Work and must have completed an approved internship in the social service sector.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in South Africa could be between R600 and R1,500. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are registered with the HPCSA and professional organisations such as PsySSA or the ASCHP are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client, or as required by law, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.