Therapists in Huntsville, AL

Photo of Ariel Armstrong - Armstrong Therapeutic Services LLC, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Armstrong Therapeutic Services LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
Are you having issues connecting with your partner? Do you feel like "roommates"? Lets talk about it. Life transition and acceptance of change within a relationship can cause uneasiness, provoking anxiety, and feelings of being lost within relationship. Unspoken expectations, resentment and lack of communication can cause conflict not only within relationship but also self. This can lead to self disappointment, which can cause more unmet goals and lead to long-term problems.
Are you having issues connecting with your partner? Do you feel like "roommates"? Lets talk about it. Life transition and acceptance of change within a relationship can cause uneasiness, provoking anxiety, and feelings of being lost within relationship. Unspoken expectations, resentment and lack of communication can cause conflict not only within relationship but also self. This can lead to self disappointment, which can cause more unmet goals and lead to long-term problems.
(205) 850-4651 View (205) 850-4651
Photo of Jeffrey McClendon, MS, LPC, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Jeffrey McClendon
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801  (Online Only)
Are you grieving, troubled, or searching for purpose? I am here to help you. Therapy asks us to dig deeper, to find ourselves, to learn more about who we are so we can be at peace with ourselves. I am here to listen to you, to share my energy with you, and to work together with you. If you are grieving a loss, struggling to find your way, or working through a specific issue, you are not alone, and I am here to listen and help.
Are you grieving, troubled, or searching for purpose? I am here to help you. Therapy asks us to dig deeper, to find ourselves, to learn more about who we are so we can be at peace with ourselves. I am here to listen to you, to share my energy with you, and to work together with you. If you are grieving a loss, struggling to find your way, or working through a specific issue, you are not alone, and I am here to listen and help.
(938) 888-0676 View (938) 888-0676
Photo of Ashley Rosson, MS, ALC, CAD, Counselor
Ashley Rosson
Counselor, MS, ALC, CAD
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35805
As a therapist practicing humanistic therapy with a focus on holistic well-being, my ideal client is someone who is seeking a supportive and empowering space to explore their inner self and navigate life's challenges. They may be struggling with issues such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, or existential questions. My ideal client is motivated to embark on a journey of self-discovery, growth, and transformation. They are open to exploring their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in a non-judgmental and compassionate therapeutic environment.
As a therapist practicing humanistic therapy with a focus on holistic well-being, my ideal client is someone who is seeking a supportive and empowering space to explore their inner self and navigate life's challenges. They may be struggling with issues such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, relationship difficulties, or existential questions. My ideal client is motivated to embark on a journey of self-discovery, growth, and transformation. They are open to exploring their emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in a non-judgmental and compassionate therapeutic environment.
(256) 780-5637 View (256) 780-5637
Photo of Bridget K Jones, MA, ALC, NCC, Counselor
Bridget K Jones
Counselor, MA, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35806
Let's face it, life is hard. It is draining juggling school, career, relationships, family, pets, etc. You get so caught up in the day to day that you've put the health of your mind, body, and spirit on the backburner. You may be here because you are struggling to get over past hurts that you've never told a soul. You want better relationships but don't know how. Maybe you are able to treat others with extraordinary kindness but have difficulty thinking nice things about yourself. Perhaps, what feels like loss after loss has you feeling numb and detached and has left you struggling to know who you are and how to move forward.
Let's face it, life is hard. It is draining juggling school, career, relationships, family, pets, etc. You get so caught up in the day to day that you've put the health of your mind, body, and spirit on the backburner. You may be here because you are struggling to get over past hurts that you've never told a soul. You want better relationships but don't know how. Maybe you are able to treat others with extraordinary kindness but have difficulty thinking nice things about yourself. Perhaps, what feels like loss after loss has you feeling numb and detached and has left you struggling to know who you are and how to move forward.
(256) 664-8544 View (256) 664-8544
Photo of Tonya M Woods, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Tonya M Woods
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801  (Online Only)
I am currently accepting new clients through A Beautiful Mindset LLP telehealth therapy only. My hours are 4 p.m. - 7 p.m. Monday-Thursday. If you are new to telehealth therapy I am here to assist you with the process. I look forward to assisting you with achieving your goals and meeting your needs.
I am currently accepting new clients through A Beautiful Mindset LLP telehealth therapy only. My hours are 4 p.m. - 7 p.m. Monday-Thursday. If you are new to telehealth therapy I am here to assist you with the process. I look forward to assisting you with achieving your goals and meeting your needs.
(938) 444-4787 View (938) 444-4787
Photo of Lindsay Harrison Burleson, LPC-S, MEd, MTS, NCC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Lindsay Harrison Burleson
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S, MEd, MTS, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
I am a practicing LPC-S in the Huntsville, AL area specializing in helping adolescents and adults struggling with OCD, substance abuse/addiction issues, behavioral problems, anxiety, depression, and ADD/ADHD. I have additional experience with marriage and family counseling. I am a licensing supervisor (SC-03282), currently accepting individuals working toward their LPC.
I am a practicing LPC-S in the Huntsville, AL area specializing in helping adolescents and adults struggling with OCD, substance abuse/addiction issues, behavioral problems, anxiety, depression, and ADD/ADHD. I have additional experience with marriage and family counseling. I am a licensing supervisor (SC-03282), currently accepting individuals working toward their LPC.
(256) 258-8531 View (256) 258-8531
Photo of Christy Elzer, MA, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Christy Elzer
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35806
Schedule online at counselinghuntsville.com/contact Thank you for taking the time to explore my profile. I understand how challenging it can be to choose the right support when facing difficult life issues. My hope is that I can play a small role in guiding you towards a path of healing. In my practice, I believe in going beyond traditional talk therapy. Each session is a chance for us to explore your history, unraveling every facet of your symptoms and challenges. This understanding is not just empowering for you but also paves the way for us to work together in setting meaningful goals for your journey towards healing and growth.
Schedule online at counselinghuntsville.com/contact Thank you for taking the time to explore my profile. I understand how challenging it can be to choose the right support when facing difficult life issues. My hope is that I can play a small role in guiding you towards a path of healing. In my practice, I believe in going beyond traditional talk therapy. Each session is a chance for us to explore your history, unraveling every facet of your symptoms and challenges. This understanding is not just empowering for you but also paves the way for us to work together in setting meaningful goals for your journey towards healing and growth.
(256) 542-1415 View (256) 542-1415
Photo of Caleb Dykes, MA, ALC, Counselor
Caleb Dykes
Counselor, MA, ALC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35805
Caleb has interests and training in career counseling and lifestyle development, behavioral therapies, addictive behaviors counseling, and trauma-focused treatment. He has also served on Church staff for two churches and has an understanding for some of the common mental health problems faced in the Church and amongst Church leadership. He believes that God has given the gift of psychology as a tool for healing, and therefore people do well to utilize it to work together for healing as an act of love. While he is a Christian, he also has interest and experience in cross-cultural and interreligious approaches to counseling.
Caleb has interests and training in career counseling and lifestyle development, behavioral therapies, addictive behaviors counseling, and trauma-focused treatment. He has also served on Church staff for two churches and has an understanding for some of the common mental health problems faced in the Church and amongst Church leadership. He believes that God has given the gift of psychology as a tool for healing, and therefore people do well to utilize it to work together for healing as an act of love. While he is a Christian, he also has interest and experience in cross-cultural and interreligious approaches to counseling.
(256) 884-3425 x7 View (256) 884-3425 x7
Photo of Sally Lewis-Myler, LICSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sally Lewis-Myler
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
With over 20 years as a therapist, one common theme has been evident: people want to know they are safe to disclose. Safe to know that they will not be judged as less than others or shamed for whatever they are experiencing or may have experienced. For this reason, one of my foremost goals has been to create a safe space. A space that will allow individuals to begin a journey that will enable them to identify, explore and become equipped with the tools that will allow them to experience the life they deserve.
With over 20 years as a therapist, one common theme has been evident: people want to know they are safe to disclose. Safe to know that they will not be judged as less than others or shamed for whatever they are experiencing or may have experienced. For this reason, one of my foremost goals has been to create a safe space. A space that will allow individuals to begin a journey that will enable them to identify, explore and become equipped with the tools that will allow them to experience the life they deserve.
(256) 371-4944 x6 View (256) 371-4944 x6
Photo of Ashley Bates, MEd, ALC, NCC, Counselor
Ashley Bates
Counselor, MEd, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
In my counseling practice, I create a comfortable space where you can share your story openly and without judgment. Your experiences matter, and I approach each session with empathy and respect. Using a holistic wellness approach, I focus on the connection between mind, body, and overall well-being. Together, we’ll explore strategies tailored to your needs, incorporating evidence-based approaches to help you navigate challenges and achieve your personal goals.
In my counseling practice, I create a comfortable space where you can share your story openly and without judgment. Your experiences matter, and I approach each session with empathy and respect. Using a holistic wellness approach, I focus on the connection between mind, body, and overall well-being. Together, we’ll explore strategies tailored to your needs, incorporating evidence-based approaches to help you navigate challenges and achieve your personal goals.
(256) 901-8457 View (256) 901-8457
Photo of Julie Creel Stephens, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Julie Creel Stephens
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35805
I am passionate about empathetic connection and empowering others toward their restorative goals. My therapeutic approach is trauma-informed, person-centered, and provides a non-judgmental space for healing and encouragement as you are not alone.
I am passionate about empathetic connection and empowering others toward their restorative goals. My therapeutic approach is trauma-informed, person-centered, and provides a non-judgmental space for healing and encouragement as you are not alone.
(256) 356-6062 View (256) 356-6062
Photo of Chelsea Roberts, MA, ALC, Counselor
Chelsea Roberts
Counselor, MA, ALC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
The first step toward addressing your mental health is always the hardest one. Whether you have a long history of struggles, or you're having a sudden change and don't know how to handle it, no challenge is too small or too large to seek treatment! I have 2 years of clinical mental health experience along with a lifetime of being a good listener, friend, supporter, and empath. Some of my primary foundations in counseling are self-care, focusing on the individual and their future, and utilizing coping skills. Take this step for yourself and “Take the Reins” on your own happiness!
The first step toward addressing your mental health is always the hardest one. Whether you have a long history of struggles, or you're having a sudden change and don't know how to handle it, no challenge is too small or too large to seek treatment! I have 2 years of clinical mental health experience along with a lifetime of being a good listener, friend, supporter, and empath. Some of my primary foundations in counseling are self-care, focusing on the individual and their future, and utilizing coping skills. Take this step for yourself and “Take the Reins” on your own happiness!
(256) 380-4476 View (256) 380-4476
Photo of Danette M Garces-Webb, PhD, Psychologist
Danette M Garces-Webb
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
Not accepting new clients
Negative experiences can sometimes leave us feeling overwhelmed and desperately grasping for answers despite having had positive experiences. Sometimes, we can feel quite stuck or as if everything is out of control. However, there is opportunity for hope and change fueled in part by acceptance, resolve, action and faith. The experiences of our lives do not have to dictate who we are or who we are to become; rather, we can allow them to inform who we choose to be as we move forward in our journeys. My goal is to serve alongside you in the most helpful way possible as you journey towards your destination.
Negative experiences can sometimes leave us feeling overwhelmed and desperately grasping for answers despite having had positive experiences. Sometimes, we can feel quite stuck or as if everything is out of control. However, there is opportunity for hope and change fueled in part by acceptance, resolve, action and faith. The experiences of our lives do not have to dictate who we are or who we are to become; rather, we can allow them to inform who we choose to be as we move forward in our journeys. My goal is to serve alongside you in the most helpful way possible as you journey towards your destination.
(256) 242-5693 View (256) 242-5693
Photo of Eagle E Online Counseling - Eagle TeleMental Health Counseling, LPC, LICSW, LMFT, ALC, Counselor
Eagle TeleMental Health Counseling
Counselor, LPC, LICSW, LMFT, ALC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35806
Are you ready to see your counselor from the privacy of your own home or office? Do you want to save time, travel, or hassle? Are you ready to start investing in your life with no excuses? We have exceptional counselors that now offer TeleMental Health Counseling which is the delivery of psychotherapy services through the use of internet-based videoconferencing. This is the same service you would receive in a face to face session with your counselor, we are just talking to one another through a video screen.
Are you ready to see your counselor from the privacy of your own home or office? Do you want to save time, travel, or hassle? Are you ready to start investing in your life with no excuses? We have exceptional counselors that now offer TeleMental Health Counseling which is the delivery of psychotherapy services through the use of internet-based videoconferencing. This is the same service you would receive in a face to face session with your counselor, we are just talking to one another through a video screen.
(938) 444-8546 View (938) 444-8546
Photo of Colby C Esposito, ALC, MA
Colby C Esposito
ALC, MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
Associate Sex Addiction Therapist (ASAT) Candidate. Currently taking new clients in Alabama. Please call & leave a detailed message to set up an appointment 256-469-0757. 3C Counseling strives to help clients see their maximum potential and to reach the goals set in therapy. We offer a comfortable space where you can come and vent about life's issues and gain insight and clarity. Our current areas of focus include issues of sex and pornography addiction, anxiety, depression, ADHD testing, as well as a safe place where we can talk about anything.
Associate Sex Addiction Therapist (ASAT) Candidate. Currently taking new clients in Alabama. Please call & leave a detailed message to set up an appointment 256-469-0757. 3C Counseling strives to help clients see their maximum potential and to reach the goals set in therapy. We offer a comfortable space where you can come and vent about life's issues and gain insight and clarity. Our current areas of focus include issues of sex and pornography addiction, anxiety, depression, ADHD testing, as well as a safe place where we can talk about anything.
(256) 432-7636 View (256) 432-7636
Photo of James H Payne, EdD, LPC AL, LMHC FL, BC-TMHP, CH, Licensed Professional Counselor
James H Payne
Licensed Professional Counselor, EdD, LPC AL, LMHC FL, BC-TMHP, CH
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801
We all face struggles and challenges in life. When you are facing these you do not have to do this alone. If you are you stressed, sad, angry, or overwhelmed or if a particular life event left you struggling then you are at a place that specializes in helping you. You will be a part of a collaborative effort to bring about resolution of these challenges/struggles. Working together we will set Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-framed Goals.
We all face struggles and challenges in life. When you are facing these you do not have to do this alone. If you are you stressed, sad, angry, or overwhelmed or if a particular life event left you struggling then you are at a place that specializes in helping you. You will be a part of a collaborative effort to bring about resolution of these challenges/struggles. Working together we will set Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-framed Goals.
(256) 666-2780 View (256) 666-2780
Photo of Celia H McKechnie, MS, LPC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Celia H McKechnie
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
Waitlist for new clients
Do you feel like a Black Sheep? Like you’re misunderstood? Like nobody “gets you?” Then you’re in the right place! Black Sheep Counseling Services is committed to providing nonjudgmental and affirming treatment to everyone. I see both individuals 14 years and older as well as couples and polycules/multiple partners for relationship counseling. I accept Private Pay, BCBS, Behavioral Health Systems, United Healthcare, Aetna and Cigna insurance. Please Note: I am currently at capacity in my practice. I do keep a waitlist, however.
Do you feel like a Black Sheep? Like you’re misunderstood? Like nobody “gets you?” Then you’re in the right place! Black Sheep Counseling Services is committed to providing nonjudgmental and affirming treatment to everyone. I see both individuals 14 years and older as well as couples and polycules/multiple partners for relationship counseling. I accept Private Pay, BCBS, Behavioral Health Systems, United Healthcare, Aetna and Cigna insurance. Please Note: I am currently at capacity in my practice. I do keep a waitlist, however.
(256) 400-1111 x5 View (256) 400-1111 x5
Photo of Michelle Jennings, LICSW, PIP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Jennings
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW, PIP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35801
Do you ever feel like your emotions are running the show? Do you ignore or "stuff" your emotions? You are not alone! Many people have trouble effectively managing their emotions, which often creates a significant amount of stress. Excessive stress negatively impacts our well being, harms our relationships, and can cause/trigger many other mental health problems. Emotions influence our choices and actions, therefore creating the life that we experience. So, how can you achieve more control over your emotions? By learning to listen, identify, and understand them!
Do you ever feel like your emotions are running the show? Do you ignore or "stuff" your emotions? You are not alone! Many people have trouble effectively managing their emotions, which often creates a significant amount of stress. Excessive stress negatively impacts our well being, harms our relationships, and can cause/trigger many other mental health problems. Emotions influence our choices and actions, therefore creating the life that we experience. So, how can you achieve more control over your emotions? By learning to listen, identify, and understand them!
(256) 803-1682 View (256) 803-1682
Photo of Joshua Howell - Luminous Counseling & Consulting LLC, Licensed Professional Counselor
Luminous Counseling & Consulting LLC
Licensed Professional Counselor
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35805
Luminous is a mental health counseling center. Our staff is dedicated to helping you with life's problems. We want to help children, adolescents, adults and families work through life's issues. We provide counseling to people who are working through life's struggles such as but not limited to autism, PTSD, depression, addiction, and Co-occurring disorders. We strive to help you find the light that you have lost, There can be light...Again
Luminous is a mental health counseling center. Our staff is dedicated to helping you with life's problems. We want to help children, adolescents, adults and families work through life's issues. We provide counseling to people who are working through life's struggles such as but not limited to autism, PTSD, depression, addiction, and Co-occurring disorders. We strive to help you find the light that you have lost, There can be light...Again
(256) 686-9195 View (256) 686-9195
Photo of Stephanie Bolton, MA, MT-BC, FAMI
Stephanie Bolton
MA, MT-BC, FAMI
Verified Verified
5 Endorsed
Huntsville, AL 35802
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Do you put your needs at the bottom of the to-do list? Do you wonder if life should feel somehow better? Happier? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious, overwhelmed and uncertain about how they are supposed to manage their relationships, careers and their lives. Pushing away your needs and not taking time for yourself can lead to long-term issues for your mind and body. I believe it shouldnʼt be so hard to live a better life. I am a master's level, board certified music therapist with 27 years experience- here to help!
Do you struggle with feeling disconnected from yourself and others? Do you put your needs at the bottom of the to-do list? Do you wonder if life should feel somehow better? Happier? Now more than ever, people are feeling anxious, overwhelmed and uncertain about how they are supposed to manage their relationships, careers and their lives. Pushing away your needs and not taking time for yourself can lead to long-term issues for your mind and body. I believe it shouldnʼt be so hard to live a better life. I am a master's level, board certified music therapist with 27 years experience- here to help!
(256) 887-2350 View (256) 887-2350
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Huntsville, AL

400+

Average cost per session

$137

Therapists in Huntsville, AL who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
88% Depression
75% Self Esteem
74% Coping Skills
73% Relationship Issues
70% Stress
63% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% BlueCross and BlueShield
48% Cigna and Evernorth
41% UnitedHealthcare UHC | UBH

How Therapists in Huntsville, AL see their clients

76% In Person and Online
24% Online Only

Gender breakdown

82% Female
17% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Huntsville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.