Therapists in Ann Arbor, MI

Photo of Elizabeth Nesbitt, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Elizabeth Nesbitt
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Empathy and compassion are foundational in my practice. I focus on creating a space where clients feel heard, understood, and empowered. I believe that clients should be able to bring their whole selves into their sessions without fearing judgement or a lack of compassion. Together, my hope is that we can build a therapeutic relationship that invites you to take a step back and reflect, knowing you are being supported.
Empathy and compassion are foundational in my practice. I focus on creating a space where clients feel heard, understood, and empowered. I believe that clients should be able to bring their whole selves into their sessions without fearing judgement or a lack of compassion. Together, my hope is that we can build a therapeutic relationship that invites you to take a step back and reflect, knowing you are being supported.
(248) 453-7626 x306 View (248) 453-7626 x306
Photo of Paige Safyer, PhD, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paige Safyer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, LMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48103  (Online Only)
Wanting something different, but struggling, is part of being human. We all find ourselves repeating patterns that are unhealthy or unhelpful. I will work with you to understand how these patterns came to be and how you can create new ways of being in the world. Together, we will work to minimize stress and anxiety, find more effective ways of coping and affect the genuine change you desire.
Wanting something different, but struggling, is part of being human. We all find ourselves repeating patterns that are unhealthy or unhelpful. I will work with you to understand how these patterns came to be and how you can create new ways of being in the world. Together, we will work to minimize stress and anxiety, find more effective ways of coping and affect the genuine change you desire.
(313) 450-9914 View (313) 450-9914
Photo of Stephanie Germain, MA, Licensed Professional Counselor
Stephanie Germain
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
My ideal client is someone who is navigating the challenges and transitions of young adulthood, particularly college students and young professionals. They may be struggling with issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, relationship concerns, identity exploration, and life transitions. They may feel overwhelmed, lost, or unsure about their future path. They are seeking support, understanding, and guidance to navigate these challenges and thrive in all areas of their lives. They want to feel empowered, confident, and capable of overcoming obstacles and reaching their full potential.
My ideal client is someone who is navigating the challenges and transitions of young adulthood, particularly college students and young professionals. They may be struggling with issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, relationship concerns, identity exploration, and life transitions. They may feel overwhelmed, lost, or unsure about their future path. They are seeking support, understanding, and guidance to navigate these challenges and thrive in all areas of their lives. They want to feel empowered, confident, and capable of overcoming obstacles and reaching their full potential.
(734) 999-4007 View (734) 999-4007
Photo of Meghan Sobocienski, LLMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Meghan Sobocienski
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Maybe you're in the middle of a life transition, moving to college, changing jobs, becoming a parent, or losing someone you love. Maybe you wake up in the middle of the night thinking about all the things you haven’t done. Maybe the joys and struggles of parenting feel overwhelming. Maybe you dislike reading these therapist profiles as much as I do. Regardless of what brought you, I’m here for it. I love journeying with people who are sorting through anything from small challenges, to big life struggles, to large system barriers.
Maybe you're in the middle of a life transition, moving to college, changing jobs, becoming a parent, or losing someone you love. Maybe you wake up in the middle of the night thinking about all the things you haven’t done. Maybe the joys and struggles of parenting feel overwhelming. Maybe you dislike reading these therapist profiles as much as I do. Regardless of what brought you, I’m here for it. I love journeying with people who are sorting through anything from small challenges, to big life struggles, to large system barriers.
(734) 526-6384 View (734) 526-6384
Photo of Felicia A Brabec, PsyD, MSW, Psychologist
Felicia A Brabec
Psychologist, PsyD, MSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Thank you for choosing to visit my page. I am a fully licensed psychologist and social worker. I enjoy working with individuals who are open to change and willing to do the difficult emotional work that often needs to be done to effect that change. Most importantly, for therapy to be successful, I believe that you must feel comfortable with me as your therapist. The fit needs to be a good one! Please feel free to contact me to see if you might be interested in us working together.
Thank you for choosing to visit my page. I am a fully licensed psychologist and social worker. I enjoy working with individuals who are open to change and willing to do the difficult emotional work that often needs to be done to effect that change. Most importantly, for therapy to be successful, I believe that you must feel comfortable with me as your therapist. The fit needs to be a good one! Please feel free to contact me to see if you might be interested in us working together.
(734) 606-4919 View (734) 606-4919
Photo of Kaitlyn Moore, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kaitlyn Moore
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104  (Online Only)
Currently have openings-schedule free consult via website. Worrying is exhausting, even frightening. What if things don't go as planned? What if the worst happens? Will I be prepared? What if people judge me? Your mind races and your body reacts. Sleepless nights, racing heartbeat, clenched jaw. You feel the urge to plan out every possible scenario or you feel the need to run away from it all. It becomes difficult to make decisions and you find yourself avoiding or distracting from these feelings. And then, they come back and start all over again. It is uncomfortable and not how you want to live.
Currently have openings-schedule free consult via website. Worrying is exhausting, even frightening. What if things don't go as planned? What if the worst happens? Will I be prepared? What if people judge me? Your mind races and your body reacts. Sleepless nights, racing heartbeat, clenched jaw. You feel the urge to plan out every possible scenario or you feel the need to run away from it all. It becomes difficult to make decisions and you find yourself avoiding or distracting from these feelings. And then, they come back and start all over again. It is uncomfortable and not how you want to live.
(734) 892-1443 View (734) 892-1443
Photo of Alexander M Rigney, PhD, Psychologist
Alexander M Rigney
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48103
My goal as a psychologist is to help individuals (children, adolescents, and adults) reach their full potential and live the life they want to live. By the end of our time together my hope is that you will have the tools and skills to no longer need therapy. I assist individuals in reaching that benchmark through the use of evidence-based approaches. I have expertise in the treatment of depression, ADHD, and trauma.
My goal as a psychologist is to help individuals (children, adolescents, and adults) reach their full potential and live the life they want to live. By the end of our time together my hope is that you will have the tools and skills to no longer need therapy. I assist individuals in reaching that benchmark through the use of evidence-based approaches. I have expertise in the treatment of depression, ADHD, and trauma.
(734) 821-5535 View (734) 821-5535
Photo of Jessica (Jessie) G Katz, LLMSW, JD, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jessica (Jessie) G Katz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW, JD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
I’m so glad you’re here! If you’re anything like me, your path to this space had a lot of twists and turns, a lot of ups and downs, and maybe even a few accidents. You may be wondering how you got to this point and how to get back on a path that has meaning for you. You may be wondering how to decide what to do next. You’re looking for someone who will hear you, meet you where you are, and help you sort through the chaos with no judgment.
I’m so glad you’re here! If you’re anything like me, your path to this space had a lot of twists and turns, a lot of ups and downs, and maybe even a few accidents. You may be wondering how you got to this point and how to get back on a path that has meaning for you. You may be wondering how to decide what to do next. You’re looking for someone who will hear you, meet you where you are, and help you sort through the chaos with no judgment.
(734) 849-4507 View (734) 849-4507
Photo of Kulkiran K Nakai, PsyD, LP, Psychologist
Kulkiran K Nakai
Psychologist, PsyD, LP
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
I take a heartfelt, collaborative, and emboldening approach that is consent-based and feedback-oriented. When holding sacred space, I aim to demonstrate how to slow down and be present, access and anchor to our inner light, befriend our shadow and let go of unnecessary suffering, forgive ourselves for our past, learn how to unapologetically be and love ourselves here and now, believe in our worth and our potential, belong to ourselves, trust our intuitive wisdom, and have faith in the process of healing and transformative growth, personally and collectively. Prioritizing BIPOC, 2SLGBTQ+, fat, 1st gen, and neurodivergent identities.
I take a heartfelt, collaborative, and emboldening approach that is consent-based and feedback-oriented. When holding sacred space, I aim to demonstrate how to slow down and be present, access and anchor to our inner light, befriend our shadow and let go of unnecessary suffering, forgive ourselves for our past, learn how to unapologetically be and love ourselves here and now, believe in our worth and our potential, belong to ourselves, trust our intuitive wisdom, and have faith in the process of healing and transformative growth, personally and collectively. Prioritizing BIPOC, 2SLGBTQ+, fat, 1st gen, and neurodivergent identities.
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Photo of Andrea Buckley, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Andrea Buckley
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104  (Online Only)
Are you ready to heal from the wounds of your past and create deeper, more meaningful connections with yourself and others? Do you often feel weighed down by past relationship pain or struggle to trust and form healthy, intimate bonds? Maybe you find yourself feeling misunderstood, battling self-doubt, or questioning your worth. Imagine what it would feel like to let go of those burdens, to build a loving relationship with yourself, and to find a supportive space where you are truly seen and heard.
Are you ready to heal from the wounds of your past and create deeper, more meaningful connections with yourself and others? Do you often feel weighed down by past relationship pain or struggle to trust and form healthy, intimate bonds? Maybe you find yourself feeling misunderstood, battling self-doubt, or questioning your worth. Imagine what it would feel like to let go of those burdens, to build a loving relationship with yourself, and to find a supportive space where you are truly seen and heard.
(734) 259-7885 View (734) 259-7885
Photo of Lisa Lavan, LLMSW, Pre-Licensed Professional
Lisa Lavan
Pre-Licensed Professional, LLMSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48105  (Online Only)
I believe that therapy can be a deeply transformative experience. I work with adolescents, teenagers adult individuals, and couples. I utilize a person-centered and strengths-based approach to therapeutic care and incorporate trauma-focused dialectical behavioral therapy and mindfulness into therapy sessions.
I believe that therapy can be a deeply transformative experience. I work with adolescents, teenagers adult individuals, and couples. I utilize a person-centered and strengths-based approach to therapeutic care and incorporate trauma-focused dialectical behavioral therapy and mindfulness into therapy sessions.
(734) 396-8406 View (734) 396-8406
Photo of Rani S Dronamraju, MSW, LICSW, LMSW, CCATP, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Rani S Dronamraju
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LICSW, LMSW, CCATP
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
Waitlist for new clients
Life is a journey and there are many ups and downs that confront us. The most optimal way to resolve situations is to seek the strength that is within and bring out its positive energy. I have over 25 years of experience working in the field of mental health. With simple holistic methods I offer solutions to enhance your life by helping you resolve your concerns. Whether it's your children, career, your relationships that is important to you, you will be helped to develop habits and skills to effectively deal with the challenges you may encounter in life.
Life is a journey and there are many ups and downs that confront us. The most optimal way to resolve situations is to seek the strength that is within and bring out its positive energy. I have over 25 years of experience working in the field of mental health. With simple holistic methods I offer solutions to enhance your life by helping you resolve your concerns. Whether it's your children, career, your relationships that is important to you, you will be helped to develop habits and skills to effectively deal with the challenges you may encounter in life.
(734) 823-6940 View (734) 823-6940
Photo of Abby Fisher, LLPC, MA, MAL, Counselor
Abby Fisher
Counselor, LLPC, MA, MAL
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
I am a mental health counselor offering counseling through Irwin Counseling Service at our new Ann Arbor office. I am currently accepting new clients and offer both in person and virtual services. While not all my counseling services surround my background in athletics, I have a Masters of Athletic Leadership from Boise State University, and worked in athletics for eight years before changing careers. I recently attained my Masters of Arts in Mental Health Counseling from Northwestern University.
I am a mental health counselor offering counseling through Irwin Counseling Service at our new Ann Arbor office. I am currently accepting new clients and offer both in person and virtual services. While not all my counseling services surround my background in athletics, I have a Masters of Athletic Leadership from Boise State University, and worked in athletics for eight years before changing careers. I recently attained my Masters of Arts in Mental Health Counseling from Northwestern University.
(517) 997-1213 View (517) 997-1213
Photo of Kristis Cogswell-Boettcher, LLPC, Counselor
Kristis Cogswell-Boettcher
Counselor, LLPC
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104  (Online Only)
I am a graduate of the University of South Carolina and have a Master's in Clinical Psychology from the Citadel. Before I went into private practice, I spent 12 years providing services to victims of domestic and sexual violence in community based agencies.
I am a graduate of the University of South Carolina and have a Master's in Clinical Psychology from the Citadel. Before I went into private practice, I spent 12 years providing services to victims of domestic and sexual violence in community based agencies.
(734) 802-1835 View (734) 802-1835
Photo of Valerie Wood, LMSW, CST, CST-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Valerie Wood
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW, CST, CST-S
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
The decision to start therapy signals an interest and curiosity about becoming more grounded and present in our lives. Each of us has a unique set of strengths and challenges that shape who we are and how we experience relationships. My therapeutic approach is trauma-informed and draws on psychodynamic, sensorimotor, and mindfulness based modalities. I work with clients from a practical, here-and-now perspective while attending to the impact of relational, cultural, and early childhood experiences. I am Level 1 Basic Trained in Somatic and Attachment Focused EMDR. I also work with grief & loss, depression, and body image/acceptance.
The decision to start therapy signals an interest and curiosity about becoming more grounded and present in our lives. Each of us has a unique set of strengths and challenges that shape who we are and how we experience relationships. My therapeutic approach is trauma-informed and draws on psychodynamic, sensorimotor, and mindfulness based modalities. I work with clients from a practical, here-and-now perspective while attending to the impact of relational, cultural, and early childhood experiences. I am Level 1 Basic Trained in Somatic and Attachment Focused EMDR. I also work with grief & loss, depression, and body image/acceptance.
(734) 489-9148 View (734) 489-9148
Photo of Tasha Ball, LLMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tasha Ball
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48105  (Online Only)
Finding a therapist can be overwhelming and taxing! My hope is that I can make that process smooth and comforting for you as you begin on your healing journey. I specialize in working with individuals who identify as LGBTQIA+, people with a history of emotional abuse, anxiety, depression, self-harm, trauma, and relationship/family conflict. I will provide you with the space to learn and grow as well as be vulnerable and have hard conversations. You CAN do hard things and I am here to be a support for you to feel more confident and conquer your fears.
Finding a therapist can be overwhelming and taxing! My hope is that I can make that process smooth and comforting for you as you begin on your healing journey. I specialize in working with individuals who identify as LGBTQIA+, people with a history of emotional abuse, anxiety, depression, self-harm, trauma, and relationship/family conflict. I will provide you with the space to learn and grow as well as be vulnerable and have hard conversations. You CAN do hard things and I am here to be a support for you to feel more confident and conquer your fears.
(734) 849-2131 View (734) 849-2131
Photo of Lucinda Orwoll, PhD, Psychologist
Lucinda Orwoll
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48103  (Online Only)
I combine traditional talk therapy with integrative and holistic approaches that calm the nervous system, access inner knowledge, strengthen the Self, and develop new ways of coping with challenges. These can include breath and relaxation, guided imagery, meditation, and energy psychology. I also teach cognitive behavioral techniques to change harmful thought patterns. Based in current brain science and ancient wisdom teachings, I help people utilize the healthy and mature parts of themselves to become more conscious, integrated, and whole.
I combine traditional talk therapy with integrative and holistic approaches that calm the nervous system, access inner knowledge, strengthen the Self, and develop new ways of coping with challenges. These can include breath and relaxation, guided imagery, meditation, and energy psychology. I also teach cognitive behavioral techniques to change harmful thought patterns. Based in current brain science and ancient wisdom teachings, I help people utilize the healthy and mature parts of themselves to become more conscious, integrated, and whole.
(734) 719-1384 View (734) 719-1384
Photo of Lori Hale, LMSW, ACSW, Marriage & Family Therapist
Lori Hale
Marriage & Family Therapist, LMSW, ACSW
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
FamilyWorks of Ann Arbor, the psychotherapy practice of social worker, Lori Hale, provides services to individuals, couples, and families. Clients include children, adolescents, and adults of all ages. Many people characterize relationships and self-identity as the most important ingredients of their lives. The work I do helps people of all ages address concerns about themselves and their interactions with others in a variety of contexts including marriage, family, school, and workplace.
FamilyWorks of Ann Arbor, the psychotherapy practice of social worker, Lori Hale, provides services to individuals, couples, and families. Clients include children, adolescents, and adults of all ages. Many people characterize relationships and self-identity as the most important ingredients of their lives. The work I do helps people of all ages address concerns about themselves and their interactions with others in a variety of contexts including marriage, family, school, and workplace.
(734) 382-4093 View (734) 382-4093
Photo of Alison Cromer, LLMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Alison Cromer
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LLMSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Ann Arbor, MI 48104
I believe in centering the client's experience and providing a warm, affirming therapeutic environment. I utilize principles of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and mindfulness in my work. I prioritize a holistic approach and value empathy, holding space with my clients and advocating for any needs my clients may have along their healing journey. My focus areas are anxiety, depression, identity, grief, and life transitions. I have extensive experience working with survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence. I am excited to partner with you on your therapeutic journey!
I believe in centering the client's experience and providing a warm, affirming therapeutic environment. I utilize principles of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and mindfulness in my work. I prioritize a holistic approach and value empathy, holding space with my clients and advocating for any needs my clients may have along their healing journey. My focus areas are anxiety, depression, identity, grief, and life transitions. I have extensive experience working with survivors of sexual assault and intimate partner violence. I am excited to partner with you on your therapeutic journey!
(734) 789-4022 View (734) 789-4022
Photo of Amy Paggeot, PhD, LP, Psychologist
Amy Paggeot
Psychologist, PhD, LP
Verified Verified
Ann Arbor, MI 48104  (Online Only)
Waitlist for new clients
I have worked with adults and couples in a variety of settings, including college counseling, hospital emergency room and inpatient floors, forensic inpatient, and veteran's hospitals. I have experience with both acute and long-term trauma, adjustment to life stressors, couple's distress and relationship problems, depression, anxiety, panic, personality disorders, and substance abuse problems. I have also received expert training in many forms of evidence-based psychotherapy, and am particularly well-versed in CBT, DBT, Integrative Behavioral Couple's Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
I have worked with adults and couples in a variety of settings, including college counseling, hospital emergency room and inpatient floors, forensic inpatient, and veteran's hospitals. I have experience with both acute and long-term trauma, adjustment to life stressors, couple's distress and relationship problems, depression, anxiety, panic, personality disorders, and substance abuse problems. I have also received expert training in many forms of evidence-based psychotherapy, and am particularly well-versed in CBT, DBT, Integrative Behavioral Couple's Therapy, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
(734) 345-1356 View (734) 345-1356
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How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Ann Arbor, MI

1,000+

Average cost per session

$150

Therapists in Ann Arbor, MI who prioritize treating:

92% Anxiety
87% Depression
76% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
71% Trauma and PTSD
69% Stress
68% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

11 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

93% BlueCross and BlueShield
54% Blue Care Network
53% Aetna

How Therapists in Ann Arbor, MI see their clients

63% In Person and Online
37% Online Only

Gender breakdown

81% Female
17% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Ann Arbor?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.