Therapists in Haleyville, AL

Photo of Melissa Sue Sutton, Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Melissa Sue Sutton
Counselor, MA, LPC
Verified Verified
Haleyville, AL 35565  (Online Only)
Have you ever felt like getting out of bed or taking care of even the most basic of things just feels like too much work? Do you toss and turn all night, your brain constantly bouncing from one terrible thing to the next? Do you feel like you don't have the energy to breathe? If the answer to these questions is yes - then I invite you to contact me. You can find the motivation to do the things you used to enjoy. It is possible to quiet your brain enough so you can get enough rest. I have spent my career helping people to combat issues just like these. Call or email me today and let me help you get back to being who you want to be.
Have you ever felt like getting out of bed or taking care of even the most basic of things just feels like too much work? Do you toss and turn all night, your brain constantly bouncing from one terrible thing to the next? Do you feel like you don't have the energy to breathe? If the answer to these questions is yes - then I invite you to contact me. You can find the motivation to do the things you used to enjoy. It is possible to quiet your brain enough so you can get enough rest. I have spent my career helping people to combat issues just like these. Call or email me today and let me help you get back to being who you want to be.
(205) 206-7538 View (205) 206-7538
Photo of Michelle Bolton, Licensed Professional Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Michelle Bolton
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC-S
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Haleyville, AL 35565
It's time... Congratulations on taking this first step on your recovery journey. It's time to focus on you.
It's time... Congratulations on taking this first step on your recovery journey. It's time to focus on you.
(256) 674-4773 View (256) 674-4773
Photo of Kyla Holly Vines, Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Kyla Holly Vines
Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
Haleyville, AL 35565
My name is Kyla Holly Vines. I am an Licensed Professional Counselor in Alabama. I am also an Army National Guard combat medic. I earned my bachelors and masters degrees at prestigious Faulkner University out of Montgomery, Alabama. I enjoy spending time with my sons.I enjoy traveling, both abroad and domestic. I place focus on family and enjoy helping others to improve their lives and the lives of their families. There is a lot of stigma surrounding mental health and I would like to lessen that by normalizing psychotherapy and helping each person be their very best! I am here to help you! Call me today!
My name is Kyla Holly Vines. I am an Licensed Professional Counselor in Alabama. I am also an Army National Guard combat medic. I earned my bachelors and masters degrees at prestigious Faulkner University out of Montgomery, Alabama. I enjoy spending time with my sons.I enjoy traveling, both abroad and domestic. I place focus on family and enjoy helping others to improve their lives and the lives of their families. There is a lot of stigma surrounding mental health and I would like to lessen that by normalizing psychotherapy and helping each person be their very best! I am here to help you! Call me today!
(205) 858-9111 View (205) 858-9111

Online Therapists

Photo of Birmingham Anxiety and Trauma Therapy, Psychologist in Haleyville, AL
Birmingham Anxiety and Trauma Therapy
Psychologist, PhD, LICSW, LPC, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Vestavia Hills, AL 35216
Do you struggle with anxiety and excessive worry? Have you been through a traumatic event that was difficult to resolve? We help individuals, couples, children, and families overcome anxiety, depression, worry, recent or past trauma, stress, PTSD, child behavioral problems, couples challenges, and family conflict issues. We identify ways to get you un-stuck and back to wellness. Our Psychologists and Therapists have many years of combined training and experience. We use state of the art techniques to help you overcome your challenges. We'll help you practice new ways of looking at things and handling problems more effectively.
Do you struggle with anxiety and excessive worry? Have you been through a traumatic event that was difficult to resolve? We help individuals, couples, children, and families overcome anxiety, depression, worry, recent or past trauma, stress, PTSD, child behavioral problems, couples challenges, and family conflict issues. We identify ways to get you un-stuck and back to wellness. Our Psychologists and Therapists have many years of combined training and experience. We use state of the art techniques to help you overcome your challenges. We'll help you practice new ways of looking at things and handling problems more effectively.
(205) 272-5676 View (205) 272-5676
Photo of Chardonney Washington, Licensed Professional Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Chardonney Washington
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Madison, AL 35758
My name is Chardonney Washington, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Gadsden, Alabama, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with individuals 14-99 and specialize in grief, stress, and mood disorders, using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and Person-Centered Therapy to help my clients make progress toward their healing journey. I have found that being my true authentic self helps others to be able to do the same. I consider myself a people's person. I don't believe we have to fit into a "textbook" image in order to thrive.
My name is Chardonney Washington, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Gadsden, Alabama, and working with clients statewide via telehealth. I work with individuals 14-99 and specialize in grief, stress, and mood disorders, using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Solution Focused Therapy, and Person-Centered Therapy to help my clients make progress toward their healing journey. I have found that being my true authentic self helps others to be able to do the same. I consider myself a people's person. I don't believe we have to fit into a "textbook" image in order to thrive.
(334) 471-3706 View (334) 471-3706
Photo of Maria Stansbury, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Haleyville, AL
Maria Stansbury
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35805
Si estas en Alabama y buscas evaluacion y tratamiento profesional de psicologia, en Espanol, en mi encontras una profesional capacitada pero que ayuda desde su corazon. Necesitas tratamiento contra la ansiedad, depresion, problemas de conducta de ninos y jovenes, vicios, divorcio, o adulterio? Sospechas o tienes un diagnostico nuevo de Esquizofrenia, Bipolar, Personalidad de Limited, Autismo o Deficiencia de Atencion e Hiperactividad? Necesitas evaluaciones y tratamiento psicologico para corte de immigracion? Yo ofrezco todos esos servicios a precios razonables. Tengo horarios de manana, tarde y noche, en persona y virtual. Llamame
Si estas en Alabama y buscas evaluacion y tratamiento profesional de psicologia, en Espanol, en mi encontras una profesional capacitada pero que ayuda desde su corazon. Necesitas tratamiento contra la ansiedad, depresion, problemas de conducta de ninos y jovenes, vicios, divorcio, o adulterio? Sospechas o tienes un diagnostico nuevo de Esquizofrenia, Bipolar, Personalidad de Limited, Autismo o Deficiencia de Atencion e Hiperactividad? Necesitas evaluaciones y tratamiento psicologico para corte de immigracion? Yo ofrezco todos esos servicios a precios razonables. Tengo horarios de manana, tarde y noche, en persona y virtual. Llamame
(256) 649-6665 x6 View (256) 649-6665 x6
Photo of Deanna Hatcher, Licensed Professional Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Deanna Hatcher
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC, CEAP, MBA
Verified Verified
Adamsville, AL 35005  (Online Only)
“Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears.” – Les Brown. Which are YOU living? Are you stressed out? Stuck? Overwhelmed? Frustrated? Fearful? Hopeless? If you said yes to any of these, then you’re probably not living your dreams. Therefore, it will be my mission to help you identify areas in your life that are challenging to you and help you find perspective, resolution and peace. Now, ask yourself, “Why suffer another day?” You can be well on your way to living your dreams, feeling and being your best self ever!
“Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears.” – Les Brown. Which are YOU living? Are you stressed out? Stuck? Overwhelmed? Frustrated? Fearful? Hopeless? If you said yes to any of these, then you’re probably not living your dreams. Therefore, it will be my mission to help you identify areas in your life that are challenging to you and help you find perspective, resolution and peace. Now, ask yourself, “Why suffer another day?” You can be well on your way to living your dreams, feeling and being your best self ever!
(205) 341-8813 View (205) 341-8813
Photo of Katie O'Donnell Pietri, Pre-Licensed Professional in Haleyville, AL
Katie O'Donnell Pietri
Pre-Licensed Professional, MEd, ALC, NCC
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Birmingham, AL 35226
Reaching out for help is hard. As your therapist, my goal is to help you walk through what comes after asking for help. One of the most important parts of being a therapist is creating a safe space for you to share your story. I honor the courage it takes to share with others and make every effort to create a space where you can feel encouraged to share.
Reaching out for help is hard. As your therapist, my goal is to help you walk through what comes after asking for help. One of the most important parts of being a therapist is creating a safe space for you to share your story. I honor the courage it takes to share with others and make every effort to create a space where you can feel encouraged to share.
(205) 851-8596 View (205) 851-8596
Photo of Represent Wellness, LLC, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Haleyville, AL
Represent Wellness, LLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
Birmingham, AL 35203  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with finding a sense of peace or balance in your everyday life? Are you finding that life is difficult to cope with right now with all of the demands that you have placed in your lap? Do you feel unheard, unseen, and just wish you had a place to sort through everything you have swimming around in your mind right now? Well, Represent Wellness is here to help.
Are you struggling with finding a sense of peace or balance in your everyday life? Are you finding that life is difficult to cope with right now with all of the demands that you have placed in your lap? Do you feel unheard, unseen, and just wish you had a place to sort through everything you have swimming around in your mind right now? Well, Represent Wellness is here to help.
(205) 273-0182 View (205) 273-0182
Photo of Jazmine Passley-Jones, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haleyville, AL
Jazmine Passley-Jones
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS, LMFT
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Hoover, AL 35244
Life is full of challenges, but being happy shouldn't be one of them! Whether your unhappiness is defined as an adolescent suffering from bullying, a spouse in a marriage that's lost its passion, a parent concerned with dysfunction in your family, or an individual struggling with grief, depression, or anxiety, I am here to help. I believe therapy is a place to help uncover your truths, not create them. We all have the tools necessary to be our best selves, sometimes we just a little guidance. While children are my main clientele, I have a heart for anyone who is ready to challenge their potential and unlock true happiness.
Life is full of challenges, but being happy shouldn't be one of them! Whether your unhappiness is defined as an adolescent suffering from bullying, a spouse in a marriage that's lost its passion, a parent concerned with dysfunction in your family, or an individual struggling with grief, depression, or anxiety, I am here to help. I believe therapy is a place to help uncover your truths, not create them. We all have the tools necessary to be our best selves, sometimes we just a little guidance. While children are my main clientele, I have a heart for anyone who is ready to challenge their potential and unlock true happiness.
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Photo of Caroline Veazey, Licensed Professional Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Caroline Veazey
Licensed Professional Counselor, MA, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Vestavia, AL 35243  (Online Only)
Do anxiety and depression rule your life? Do you believe you’ll always have days where getting out of bed seems impossible? Does living authentically in your sexual identity seem terrifying? Are your relationships sometimes fueled by misunderstandings? Living free of these fears and frustrations is actually possible. Having someone understand is possible. I can help you get there.
Do anxiety and depression rule your life? Do you believe you’ll always have days where getting out of bed seems impossible? Does living authentically in your sexual identity seem terrifying? Are your relationships sometimes fueled by misunderstandings? Living free of these fears and frustrations is actually possible. Having someone understand is possible. I can help you get there.
(205) 273-5605 View (205) 273-5605
Photo of Lori Holth, Psychologist in Haleyville, AL
Lori Holth
Psychologist, Psy D
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801  (Online Only)
Dr. Holth is a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Alabama with over 10 years of experience providing counseling. She has a wide variety of knowledge and experience from working in different clinical settings including; residential treatment, outpatient community mental health, and inpatient hospitals.
Dr. Holth is a licensed Clinical Psychologist in Alabama with over 10 years of experience providing counseling. She has a wide variety of knowledge and experience from working in different clinical settings including; residential treatment, outpatient community mental health, and inpatient hospitals.
(256) 216-4140 View (256) 216-4140
Photo of McKinley Landen, Clinical Social Work/Therapist in Haleyville, AL
McKinley Landen
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LICSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Birmingham, AL 35223
I enjoy working from a client centered and strengths based approach to help individuals and couples on their healing journey. I specialize in working with individuals, teens, and couples with attachment disruptions or complex developmental trauma.
I enjoy working from a client centered and strengths based approach to help individuals and couples on their healing journey. I specialize in working with individuals, teens, and couples with attachment disruptions or complex developmental trauma.
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Photo of Celena Kemp, Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Celena Kemp
Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Birmingham, AL 35209
With everything going on in the world many children, adolescents, and adults have problems that affect how they feel, act, or learn. With counseling, children, adolescents, and adults will learn how to cope in situations they may face. Counseling builds helpful thinking patterns and healthy behavioral habits.
With everything going on in the world many children, adolescents, and adults have problems that affect how they feel, act, or learn. With counseling, children, adolescents, and adults will learn how to cope in situations they may face. Counseling builds helpful thinking patterns and healthy behavioral habits.
(205) 551-0896 View (205) 551-0896
Photo of Barbara Bernstein, Marriage & Family Therapist in Haleyville, AL
Barbara Bernstein
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Birmingham, AL 35205
Waitlist for new clients
Though I have specific training in relationship issues (such as marriage, pre-marriage, same-sex unions, parenting, infidelity, and in-law issues), I also work a great deal with individuals. I offer specific forgiveness training that has proven extremely helpful in healing grievances and resentments; and am trained in the use of EMDR. When motivated, there is no limit to the potential for improved relationships, personal fulfillment, and peace. In work with couples, I see great improvement when there is deep motivation. And it is part of my job to foster, and nurture that motivation in each partner.
Though I have specific training in relationship issues (such as marriage, pre-marriage, same-sex unions, parenting, infidelity, and in-law issues), I also work a great deal with individuals. I offer specific forgiveness training that has proven extremely helpful in healing grievances and resentments; and am trained in the use of EMDR. When motivated, there is no limit to the potential for improved relationships, personal fulfillment, and peace. In work with couples, I see great improvement when there is deep motivation. And it is part of my job to foster, and nurture that motivation in each partner.
(205) 322-1818 View (205) 322-1818
Photo of Marcy J. Watkins, Licensed Professional Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Marcy J. Watkins
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, MSCE, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Decatur, AL 35601  (Online Only)
Life can be a roller coaster ride with extreme highs and lows. Finding the right therapist to help you bring that ride to a happy ending can be challenging. I am someone who is committed to taking this journey with you in making every day your best day. I am caring, compassionate and energetic while getting to the root of the matter. You hold the keys to your overall happiness, I want to help you unlock the doors. Together we will develop your "Blue Print 2 Success" in your marriage, parenting skills, career goals, business or overall mental wellness! You can achieve the optimal success in every part of your life, everyday! Join me!
Life can be a roller coaster ride with extreme highs and lows. Finding the right therapist to help you bring that ride to a happy ending can be challenging. I am someone who is committed to taking this journey with you in making every day your best day. I am caring, compassionate and energetic while getting to the root of the matter. You hold the keys to your overall happiness, I want to help you unlock the doors. Together we will develop your "Blue Print 2 Success" in your marriage, parenting skills, career goals, business or overall mental wellness! You can achieve the optimal success in every part of your life, everyday! Join me!
(256) 371-4719 View (256) 371-4719
Photo of Carrie Allen, Licensed Professional Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Carrie Allen
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC, NCC
Verified Verified
Huntsville, AL 35801  (Online Only)
My name is Carrie Allen (she/her), and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). I graduated with a Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling in 2016. Being a therapist is my first career, and I cannot see myself doing anything else. "Trauma is personal. It does not disappear if it is not validated. When it is ignored or invalidated, the silent screams continue internally," by Danielle Bernock. Trauma creates feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, of shame and guilt, and of being so lost in the darkness that it feels like there is no end and no way out. I work with you to find hope and self-compassion.
My name is Carrie Allen (she/her), and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC). I graduated with a Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling in 2016. Being a therapist is my first career, and I cannot see myself doing anything else. "Trauma is personal. It does not disappear if it is not validated. When it is ignored or invalidated, the silent screams continue internally," by Danielle Bernock. Trauma creates feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, of shame and guilt, and of being so lost in the darkness that it feels like there is no end and no way out. I work with you to find hope and self-compassion.
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Photo of Sherika Thomas-Miller, Licensed Professional Counselor in Haleyville, AL
Sherika Thomas-Miller
Licensed Professional Counselor, LPC
Verified Verified
Birmingham, AL 35242
My name is Sherika Thomas-Miller, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Montgomery, AL, and working with clients statewide via telehealth or in-office. I work with adolescents to Geriatric and specialize in stress, depression, and anxiety using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to help my clients make progress throughout their therapeutic journey.
My name is Sherika Thomas-Miller, and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Montgomery, AL, and working with clients statewide via telehealth or in-office. I work with adolescents to Geriatric and specialize in stress, depression, and anxiety using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to help my clients make progress throughout their therapeutic journey.
(334) 258-8080 View (334) 258-8080
Photo of A Touch of Peace Counseling Services , Licensed Professional Counselor in Haleyville, AL
A Touch of Peace Counseling Services
Licensed Professional Counselor, MS, LPC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Madison, AL 35758
John Paul Ruffin has a passion for families and the home. He believes that anyone seeking help can find it, they just need someone to help them gain insight and perspective while providing tools that will assist those individual in achieving mental health. He believes a well-trained counselor doesn't give advice but challenges his client to see the full picture and range of choices. They also give tools that will assist the client in reaching their goals and full potential.
John Paul Ruffin has a passion for families and the home. He believes that anyone seeking help can find it, they just need someone to help them gain insight and perspective while providing tools that will assist those individual in achieving mental health. He believes a well-trained counselor doesn't give advice but challenges his client to see the full picture and range of choices. They also give tools that will assist the client in reaching their goals and full potential.
(256) 251-2831 View (256) 251-2831
Photo of Integrative Health Services, LLC in Haleyville, AL
Integrative Health Services, LLC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Pelham, AL 35124
SATURDAY OPENINGS AVAILABLE and ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. Integrative Health Services, LLC focuses on treating the mind, body, and spirit. Everyone is not the same and therefore, treatment is tailored to fit the individual needs of each person. Overall health and well-being are strongly encouraged while receiving mental health treatment. This is why Integrative Health Services keeps a unique referral list of highly qualified primary care doctors, massage therapists, holistic doctors/herbalists, yoga therapy instructors, psychiatrists, rheumatologists, personal trainers and many others that promote overall health and well-being.
SATURDAY OPENINGS AVAILABLE and ACCEPTING NEW CLIENTS. Integrative Health Services, LLC focuses on treating the mind, body, and spirit. Everyone is not the same and therefore, treatment is tailored to fit the individual needs of each person. Overall health and well-being are strongly encouraged while receiving mental health treatment. This is why Integrative Health Services keeps a unique referral list of highly qualified primary care doctors, massage therapists, holistic doctors/herbalists, yoga therapy instructors, psychiatrists, rheumatologists, personal trainers and many others that promote overall health and well-being.
(833) 567-3538 View (833) 567-3538

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in Haleyville, AL

< 10

Therapists in Haleyville, AL who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% ADHD
100% Anger Management
100% Bipolar Disorder
100% Suicidal Ideation

Average years in practice

7 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% BlueCross and BlueShield
100% New Directions | Lucet
67% BHS | Behavioral Health Systems

How Therapists in Haleyville, AL see their clients

67% In Person and Online
33% Online Only

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in Haleyville?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.