Psychodynamic Therapists in 10011

Photo of Alexandra Silverman, PsyD, Psychologist
Alexandra Silverman
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011
I draw on cognitive-behavioral, acceptance-based, and mindfulness-based interventions, with a psychodynamic and relational approach.
The process of beginning therapy can feel overwhelming. In therapy I build a warm, safe, and collaborative space to meet you where you are and help you work through challenges you’re facing. Together, we will explore and make meaning of your past and current experiences, while you are developing useful tools to help you feel more in charge of your life. In addition to therapy, I offer psychological and psychoeducational assessments to support both children and adults interested in learning more about their emotional, academic, and/or career needs.
I draw on cognitive-behavioral, acceptance-based, and mindfulness-based interventions, with a psychodynamic and relational approach.
The process of beginning therapy can feel overwhelming. In therapy I build a warm, safe, and collaborative space to meet you where you are and help you work through challenges you’re facing. Together, we will explore and make meaning of your past and current experiences, while you are developing useful tools to help you feel more in charge of your life. In addition to therapy, I offer psychological and psychoeducational assessments to support both children and adults interested in learning more about their emotional, academic, and/or career needs.
(929) 260-1507 View (929) 260-1507
Photo of Georgio Liasi, LMHC, Counselor
Georgio Liasi
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
Georgio brings a blend of cultural insights and academic expertise to his practice, rooted in his diverse background and education. He incorporates tools and techniques from various disciplines of psychology. Whether it's cognitive-behavioral therapy, traditional psychodynamic , or humanistic approaches, Georgio tailors his method to suit the individual needs of each client.
Georgio brings a blend of cultural insights and academic expertise to his practice, rooted in his diverse background and education. He incorporates tools and techniques from various disciplines of psychology. Whether it's cognitive-behavioral therapy, traditional psychodynamic , or humanistic approaches, Georgio tailors his method to suit the individual needs of each client.
(516) 217-4790 View (516) 217-4790
Photo of Angela Gralian, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Angela Gralian
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
My therapeutic approach is rooted in cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and mindfulness-based techniques, allowing me to tailor our sessions to fit your unique needs and goals.
I'm Angie, a dedicated therapist with a passion for guiding individuals on their journey towards emotional well-being and personal growth. With 10 years of experience in the field of social work, I specialize in anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and trauma and I am committed to providing a supportive and non-judgmental space where you can explore your concerns and discover solutions.
My therapeutic approach is rooted in cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and mindfulness-based techniques, allowing me to tailor our sessions to fit your unique needs and goals.
I'm Angie, a dedicated therapist with a passion for guiding individuals on their journey towards emotional well-being and personal growth. With 10 years of experience in the field of social work, I specialize in anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and trauma and I am committed to providing a supportive and non-judgmental space where you can explore your concerns and discover solutions.
(646) 518-0859 View (646) 518-0859
Photo of Randy P. Nolte, PsyD, Psychologist
Randy P. Nolte
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
My approach integrates the work of psychodynamic psychologists, such as Freud and Klein, and philosophers like Lacan with modern research findings from the fields of psychology and medicine.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist seeing clients at my private practice in Manhattan. For the past 14 years, I have worked with individuals and couples unsatisfied with their current situation and wanting more from life - more happiness, connection, and success. In therapy, I strive to create a trusting, safe environment where all feelings and thoughts can be expressed—particularly those that are difficult to articulate. I believe that every challenge is “figureoutable.” Together, we will work collaboratively to help you voice your concerns and devise new strategies for old problems.
My approach integrates the work of psychodynamic psychologists, such as Freud and Klein, and philosophers like Lacan with modern research findings from the fields of psychology and medicine.
I am a licensed clinical psychologist seeing clients at my private practice in Manhattan. For the past 14 years, I have worked with individuals and couples unsatisfied with their current situation and wanting more from life - more happiness, connection, and success. In therapy, I strive to create a trusting, safe environment where all feelings and thoughts can be expressed—particularly those that are difficult to articulate. I believe that every challenge is “figureoutable.” Together, we will work collaboratively to help you voice your concerns and devise new strategies for old problems.
(212) 256-1659 View (212) 256-1659
Photo of Heather Mayone, MPS, LCAT, ATR-BC
Heather Mayone
Creative Arts Therapist, MPS, LCAT, ATR-BC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
My approach is relational and psychodynamic.
For nearly two decades, I have helped individuals, couples, and families grow and thrive. I partner with people actively and enthusiastically to enact change. My adult patients are creative and savvy but have hit barriers that they are not able to overcome on their own. Living through painful or traumatic circumstances should be celebrated and seen as an expression of resiliency but can lead people to get stuck in patterns that are no longer serving them. In my work with kids and teens, we make room for fun, play and alll of the feelings. We build a closeness where they want my take on things and include me in the hard stuff.
My approach is relational and psychodynamic.
For nearly two decades, I have helped individuals, couples, and families grow and thrive. I partner with people actively and enthusiastically to enact change. My adult patients are creative and savvy but have hit barriers that they are not able to overcome on their own. Living through painful or traumatic circumstances should be celebrated and seen as an expression of resiliency but can lead people to get stuck in patterns that are no longer serving them. In my work with kids and teens, we make room for fun, play and alll of the feelings. We build a closeness where they want my take on things and include me in the hard stuff.
(332) 239-6620 View (332) 239-6620
Photo of Dr. Tania F Coiner, PhD, Psychologist
Dr. Tania F Coiner
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I am trained as a psychodynamic therapist and also often integrate Internal Family Systems (IFS).
Often people enter therapy frustrated and confused about parts of themselves acting in ways they don't understand. Why can’t I stop drinking? Why am I eating when I am not hungry? Why am having trouble ending a relationship? Why am I bored and unfulfilled? I believe that without extending curiosity towards the parts of ourselves seem to stand in our own way, we will remain stuck. Our frustration and confusion is often internal, not external, and learning how to understand oneself through therapy can often lead to increased clarity, presence, and connection with oneself and others.
I am trained as a psychodynamic therapist and also often integrate Internal Family Systems (IFS).
Often people enter therapy frustrated and confused about parts of themselves acting in ways they don't understand. Why can’t I stop drinking? Why am I eating when I am not hungry? Why am having trouble ending a relationship? Why am I bored and unfulfilled? I believe that without extending curiosity towards the parts of ourselves seem to stand in our own way, we will remain stuck. Our frustration and confusion is often internal, not external, and learning how to understand oneself through therapy can often lead to increased clarity, presence, and connection with oneself and others.
(646) 734-6246 View (646) 734-6246
Photo of Barbara Danish, MA, LCAT
Barbara Danish
MA, LCAT
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I am trained in psychodynamic psychotherapy and Creative Arts (Drama) Therapy.
I believe therapy is a way toward a fuller, more satisfying life. Together we will journey past the obstacles to greater self-esteem, more satisfying relationships, work and play. I engage actively with you but am guided by your individual needs and wishes. I can help you to expand the strengths you already have and add new skills, experiences and ways of seeing yourself.
I am trained in psychodynamic psychotherapy and Creative Arts (Drama) Therapy.
I believe therapy is a way toward a fuller, more satisfying life. Together we will journey past the obstacles to greater self-esteem, more satisfying relationships, work and play. I engage actively with you but am guided by your individual needs and wishes. I can help you to expand the strengths you already have and add new skills, experiences and ways of seeing yourself.
(347) 318-2660 View (347) 318-2660
Photo of Tom Meier, MS
Tom Meier
MS
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
With my expertise and a compassionate approach using Solution-Focused Therapy, CBT, and psychodynamic methods, I’ll help you set clear goals and create actionable plans.
Tom Meier, a therapist with over 25 years of experience, specializes in anxiety, LGBTQ+ support, executive functioning/ADHD coaching, and CSE parent advocacy. He integrates Solution-Focused Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and psychodynamic approaches for well-rounded support. Tom empowers clients to overcome challenges and lead fulfilling lives by setting realistic goals and exploring underlying dynamics. His commitment to holistic care helps clients navigate obstacles with confidence and build resilience.
With my expertise and a compassionate approach using Solution-Focused Therapy, CBT, and psychodynamic methods, I’ll help you set clear goals and create actionable plans.
Tom Meier, a therapist with over 25 years of experience, specializes in anxiety, LGBTQ+ support, executive functioning/ADHD coaching, and CSE parent advocacy. He integrates Solution-Focused Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and psychodynamic approaches for well-rounded support. Tom empowers clients to overcome challenges and lead fulfilling lives by setting realistic goals and exploring underlying dynamics. His commitment to holistic care helps clients navigate obstacles with confidence and build resilience.
(332) 263-3697 View (332) 263-3697
Photo of Greg Pagano, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Greg Pagano
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I use a psychodynamic and object relations approach, with a focus upon recovery & healing from trauma, via examination of childhood dynamics and unconscious material.
I am a psychotherapist, who has been practicing in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan for over thirty years. My practice is eclectic. I work with children, families, couples, and individuals, using psychodynamic and object relations theory and techniques.
I use a psychodynamic and object relations approach, with a focus upon recovery & healing from trauma, via examination of childhood dynamics and unconscious material.
I am a psychotherapist, who has been practicing in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan for over thirty years. My practice is eclectic. I work with children, families, couples, and individuals, using psychodynamic and object relations theory and techniques.
(646) 759-2655 View (646) 759-2655
Photo of Jasmin Kwok, PhD, Psychologist
Jasmin Kwok
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
I draw from psychodynamic, relational, cognitive-behavioral and multicultural frameworks.
There are times when we feel blocked and feel unsatisfied with ourselves or with our relationships. I am a licensed clinical psychologist providing individual therapy to young adults and adults. I work with clients with various concerns, including anxiety, depression, life transitions, family conflict, relationship issues, and navigating identity. I aim to create a therapeutic relationship and space that is built on openness, authenticity, and empathy. Together then, we work to bridge the past and present, and we develop intentional choices and behaviors that allow you to be the best version of yourself.
I draw from psychodynamic, relational, cognitive-behavioral and multicultural frameworks.
There are times when we feel blocked and feel unsatisfied with ourselves or with our relationships. I am a licensed clinical psychologist providing individual therapy to young adults and adults. I work with clients with various concerns, including anxiety, depression, life transitions, family conflict, relationship issues, and navigating identity. I aim to create a therapeutic relationship and space that is built on openness, authenticity, and empathy. Together then, we work to bridge the past and present, and we develop intentional choices and behaviors that allow you to be the best version of yourself.
(332) 242-2428 View (332) 242-2428
Photo of Marybeth Dartley, PhD, Psychologist
Marybeth Dartley
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011
Combining psychodynamic approaches with cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, emotion-focused and mindfulness-based treatment, I am flexible and adjust my approach to meet your needs.
Most of us, at some point in our lives, feel stuck or face problems that feel overwhelming. Whether you are struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, relationships, school/career, loss or health issues, I will work to ease you through this difficult period. Learning to live more fully and take better care of ourselves should be positive, fulfilling and empowering. Using your strengths, my aim is to help you build a healthier, more satisfying life. This may involve changing thoughts, habits and emotional patterns that no longer serve you, while cultivating self-compassion and acceptance for those things you cannot change.
Combining psychodynamic approaches with cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, emotion-focused and mindfulness-based treatment, I am flexible and adjust my approach to meet your needs.
Most of us, at some point in our lives, feel stuck or face problems that feel overwhelming. Whether you are struggling with stress, anxiety, depression, relationships, school/career, loss or health issues, I will work to ease you through this difficult period. Learning to live more fully and take better care of ourselves should be positive, fulfilling and empowering. Using your strengths, my aim is to help you build a healthier, more satisfying life. This may involve changing thoughts, habits and emotional patterns that no longer serve you, while cultivating self-compassion and acceptance for those things you cannot change.
(917) 242-4799 View (917) 242-4799
Photo of Kasumi Sonoyama, MA, MTS, LP, Licensed Psychoanalyst
Kasumi Sonoyama
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MA, MTS, LP
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
As a licensed psychoanalyst with a multicultural background in the US, Japan and Europe, I offer psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis tailored to meet your unique needs, paving a path that is truly meaningful to you.
Life brings about a series of transitions, and transitions invariably lead to change. But making changes is not always so easy. Taking charge of your life, even taking action to make changes, can be challenging and even frightening - especially if you are already suffering from depression, anxiety, phobias or addictions, or when any of these symptoms starts affecting your professional life, interpersonal relationships, creative work or your day-to-day existence. I can help you to move forward as we work together in an environment safe from feelings of fear, shame or guilt.
As a licensed psychoanalyst with a multicultural background in the US, Japan and Europe, I offer psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis tailored to meet your unique needs, paving a path that is truly meaningful to you.
Life brings about a series of transitions, and transitions invariably lead to change. But making changes is not always so easy. Taking charge of your life, even taking action to make changes, can be challenging and even frightening - especially if you are already suffering from depression, anxiety, phobias or addictions, or when any of these symptoms starts affecting your professional life, interpersonal relationships, creative work or your day-to-day existence. I can help you to move forward as we work together in an environment safe from feelings of fear, shame or guilt.
(917) 624-9597 View (917) 624-9597
Photo of Karen Campbell-Psychotherapy And Hypnotherapy, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Karen Campbell-Psychotherapy And Hypnotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
I have training in psychodynamic, CBT and hypnotherapy approaches among others.
Are you feeling more anxious than usual, do you have patterns of negative thoughts, feeldepressed, lonely, lacking support or maybe having trouble sleeping? Are you finding that you are repeating the same patterns in relationships and wondering why things don't work out? Having a safe, confidential space to share your concerns, strategize and make successful changes is very important and psychotherapy can help. I provide services including teletherapy and telephone options so you can be in the comfort of your home and receive therapy. Please call for a free 15 minute consultation and let's discuss how I can be helpful to you.
I have training in psychodynamic, CBT and hypnotherapy approaches among others.
Are you feeling more anxious than usual, do you have patterns of negative thoughts, feeldepressed, lonely, lacking support or maybe having trouble sleeping? Are you finding that you are repeating the same patterns in relationships and wondering why things don't work out? Having a safe, confidential space to share your concerns, strategize and make successful changes is very important and psychotherapy can help. I provide services including teletherapy and telephone options so you can be in the comfort of your home and receive therapy. Please call for a free 15 minute consultation and let's discuss how I can be helpful to you.
(646) 583-3448 View (646) 583-3448
Photo of Kai Lin Fu, PsyD, Psychologist
Kai Lin Fu
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
I am here to support you through your stressors and distress around your life experiences. I provide care for various forms of trauma, in particular complex intergenerational and racial wounds and their somatic impacts. Depression, anxiety and family conflict concerns are a few other areas I also specialize in. I integrate psychodynamic interpersonal theory, DBT and CBT techniques in your care.
I am here to support you through your stressors and distress around your life experiences. I provide care for various forms of trauma, in particular complex intergenerational and racial wounds and their somatic impacts. Depression, anxiety and family conflict concerns are a few other areas I also specialize in. I integrate psychodynamic interpersonal theory, DBT and CBT techniques in your care.
(347) 427-5698 View (347) 427-5698
Photo of Chris Haley, LMSW
Chris Haley
LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011
I foster deep, meaningful connections in my practice, and my therapeutic approach is grounded in psychodynamic psychotherapy.
As a therapist, my ultimate goal is to help you achieve greater happiness and satisfaction by better understanding yourself and your relationships with others. I have experience working with adults of all ages struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, substance use, addiction, sexuality, and gender issues. I also work with individuals facing life transitions, career challenges, health problems, and other stressful issues. I engage with people from diverse personal and professional backgrounds, including artists and entertainers, and I am proudly LGBTQ+ affirming.
I foster deep, meaningful connections in my practice, and my therapeutic approach is grounded in psychodynamic psychotherapy.
As a therapist, my ultimate goal is to help you achieve greater happiness and satisfaction by better understanding yourself and your relationships with others. I have experience working with adults of all ages struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationships, substance use, addiction, sexuality, and gender issues. I also work with individuals facing life transitions, career challenges, health problems, and other stressful issues. I engage with people from diverse personal and professional backgrounds, including artists and entertainers, and I am proudly LGBTQ+ affirming.
(646) 759-2436 View (646) 759-2436
Photo of Sarah Heller, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Sarah Heller
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
After graduating from Columbia's School of Social Work, I completed a post-graduate program in psychodynamic psychotherapy from the American Institute for Psychoanalysis.
The most important thing in a therapeutic relationship is the match. Everyone wants to find a therapist who 'gets' them. I believe that therapy really works, and that finding the right person can be life-changing. As a therapist, I believe it is important to respect the choices that people make in their lives, and to listen openly and non-judgmentally. We all make choices that may not make sense to our friends and family. Therapy is useful for helping us to understand the reasoning behind the decisions we've made, and for facilitating change in our lives.
After graduating from Columbia's School of Social Work, I completed a post-graduate program in psychodynamic psychotherapy from the American Institute for Psychoanalysis.
The most important thing in a therapeutic relationship is the match. Everyone wants to find a therapist who 'gets' them. I believe that therapy really works, and that finding the right person can be life-changing. As a therapist, I believe it is important to respect the choices that people make in their lives, and to listen openly and non-judgmentally. We all make choices that may not make sense to our friends and family. Therapy is useful for helping us to understand the reasoning behind the decisions we've made, and for facilitating change in our lives.
(917) 924-5524 View (917) 924-5524
Photo of Torian Yancey-Stembridge, LMHC, Counselor
Torian Yancey-Stembridge
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
Torian uses a mixture of psychodynamic, CBT, and solution focused modalities in sessions to assist clients to explore and process their emotions.
Torian is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in New York. She received her Masters and Advanced Certificate of Study from Alfred University. Torian has worked with children, adolescents, and adults in school based, private practice, and community mental health settings. She has experience supporting her clients with various concerns, including depression, anxiety, stress management, life transitions, and improving interpersonal relationships.
Torian uses a mixture of psychodynamic, CBT, and solution focused modalities in sessions to assist clients to explore and process their emotions.
Torian is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in New York. She received her Masters and Advanced Certificate of Study from Alfred University. Torian has worked with children, adolescents, and adults in school based, private practice, and community mental health settings. She has experience supporting her clients with various concerns, including depression, anxiety, stress management, life transitions, and improving interpersonal relationships.
(347) 851-8996 View (347) 851-8996
Photo of Kelly Woolf, LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Kelly Woolf
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
New York, NY 10011  (Online Only)
I believe therapy is a place where I can help facilitate your growth, where together, we can build a toolbox that you can take with you into your life. I have a psychodynamic approach to treatment, mixing various interventions and modalities. I use an eclectic and integrative set of techniques to address the multiple ways we live in the world and experience our lives.
I believe therapy is a place where I can help facilitate your growth, where together, we can build a toolbox that you can take with you into your life. I have a psychodynamic approach to treatment, mixing various interventions and modalities. I use an eclectic and integrative set of techniques to address the multiple ways we live in the world and experience our lives.
(516) 260-4572 View (516) 260-4572
Photo of Elaine Sedelnikova, MSPsy, LP, NCPsyA, Licensed Psychoanalyst
Elaine Sedelnikova
Licensed Psychoanalyst, MSPsy, LP, NCPsyA
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I use a multi-disciplinary approach to treatment, applying psychodynamic and attachment-based therapy combined with contemporary research on trauma and neuropsychology.
I am a certified Jungian analyst, and I bring my knowledge of psychodynamic therapy to help people deal with depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. My goal is to empower my patients on the road to self-insight and self-discovery while giving voice to their everyday needs and concerns. My area of expertise includes careful observation of thoughts, feelings, and unconscious motives so that you can become aware and mindful of your reality and any repeating patterns that keep bringing you pain and suffering.
I use a multi-disciplinary approach to treatment, applying psychodynamic and attachment-based therapy combined with contemporary research on trauma and neuropsychology.
I am a certified Jungian analyst, and I bring my knowledge of psychodynamic therapy to help people deal with depression, anxiety, and relationship issues. My goal is to empower my patients on the road to self-insight and self-discovery while giving voice to their everyday needs and concerns. My area of expertise includes careful observation of thoughts, feelings, and unconscious motives so that you can become aware and mindful of your reality and any repeating patterns that keep bringing you pain and suffering.
(347) 289-7330 View (347) 289-7330
Photo of Jason Holloway, PsyD, Psychologist
Jason Holloway
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
New York, NY 10011
I use a psychodynamic approach, which means I pay close attention to your life history, your emotions, your words, themes and patterns, and your experience of the present moment.
I am a psychologist practicing individual and group therapy with adults across the lifespan, from college aged people to older adults. In my practice I treat depression, anxiety, substance use, trauma, out of control sexual behavior, thinking problems and feelings of inadequacy. I have worked extensively with LGBT+ people, individuals with chronic medical conditions including HIV, and with older adults.
I use a psychodynamic approach, which means I pay close attention to your life history, your emotions, your words, themes and patterns, and your experience of the present moment.
I am a psychologist practicing individual and group therapy with adults across the lifespan, from college aged people to older adults. In my practice I treat depression, anxiety, substance use, trauma, out of control sexual behavior, thinking problems and feelings of inadequacy. I have worked extensively with LGBT+ people, individuals with chronic medical conditions including HIV, and with older adults.
(646) 692-0350 View (646) 692-0350
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Psychodynamic Therapists

Is psychodynamic therapy evidence-based?

Studies have found psychodynamic therapy to be effective in treating conditions like social anxiety, eating disorders, chronic pain, some personality disorders, and depression; indeed, some studies have found it to be just as effective as CBT or medication. What’s more, several studies have found that the benefits of psychodynamic therapy tend to endure—even grow—long after treatment has ended.

How long does psychodynamic therapy last?

Unlike CBT and other more structured forms of therapy, psychodynamic therapy tends to be open-ended and may not be limited to a set number of sessions. It is common for clients to be in therapy for a year or longer and to see their therapist one to three times a week, though the exact schedule and timeline may vary depending on a client’s challenges and progress. However, brief psychodynamic therapy is available, which tends to be more goal-oriented and typically unfolds over 16 to 30 sessions.

Does psychodynamic therapy work?

Research finds that psychodynamic therapy can help someone manage or reduce symptoms of diagnosable mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. The modality may also offer a range of benefits that are harder to measure but just as valuable—such as increased self-worth or healthier relationships. While no therapy type will work for everyone, research and anecdotal evidence suggest that psychodynamic therapy can be highly effective.

What are the limitations of psychodynamic therapy?

Some meta-analyses have concluded that there is little evidence to suggest that psychodynamic therapy can effectively treat certain mental health conditions such as PTSD, OCD, or psychosis, though it is sometimes used to do so. More broadly, the open-ended, free-association structure of psychodynamic therapy may be frustrating for clients who prefer a more structured, time-limited, or goal-oriented approach.