Biofeedback Therapists in Roslyn Heights, NY

Photo of Charles Brody, MEd, MA, LMHC, Counselor
Charles Brody
Counselor, MEd, MA, LMHC
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Roslyn Heights, NY 11577
My practice specializes in empowering the individual to regain the perceived loss of control over their life. The main avenue is through the use of state of the art Biofeedback, Neurofeedback, Hypnosis, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness Techniques. The conditions treated include anxiety disorders, depression, phobias, insomnia and various neurological issues including ADHD and Tourette's Syndrome. I also specialize in various stress related conditions including headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic pain, TMJ and cardiovascular problems.
My practice specializes in empowering the individual to regain the perceived loss of control over their life. The main avenue is through the use of state of the art Biofeedback, Neurofeedback, Hypnosis, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness Techniques. The conditions treated include anxiety disorders, depression, phobias, insomnia and various neurological issues including ADHD and Tourette's Syndrome. I also specialize in various stress related conditions including headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic pain, TMJ and cardiovascular problems.
(516) 342-3429 View (516) 342-3429
Photo of Stephen Michael Kearney, PhD, Psychologist
Stephen Michael Kearney
Psychologist, PhD
Verified Verified
Roslyn Heights, NY 11577
I am a Child and Adolescent Psychologist with years of experience working with children and adolescents and their families to help resolve emotional, behavioral and school related problems. I am Certified as both a School and a Clinical Psychologist. I have extensive experience in psycho-educational evaluation, Committe on Special Education issues, and work with adolescents with learning problems and ADHD. Using Cognitive/Behavioral techniques I work with the young person to help them to change maladaptive ideas, perceptions and behaviors. In addition I work with the parents to help them to devise and implement techniques.
I am a Child and Adolescent Psychologist with years of experience working with children and adolescents and their families to help resolve emotional, behavioral and school related problems. I am Certified as both a School and a Clinical Psychologist. I have extensive experience in psycho-educational evaluation, Committe on Special Education issues, and work with adolescents with learning problems and ADHD. Using Cognitive/Behavioral techniques I work with the young person to help them to change maladaptive ideas, perceptions and behaviors. In addition I work with the parents to help them to devise and implement techniques.
(516) 260-4144 View (516) 260-4144

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Anderson S Yoon, DSW, LCSW-R, MSt, RPT-S, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Anderson S Yoon
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, DSW, LCSW-R, MSt, RPT-S
Verified Verified
Flushing, NY 11354  (Online Only)
I will assist you in protecting your emotional and behavioral health with a variety of professional and scientific interventions including psychosocial assessment, dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, MBCT, Gottman couples therapy, play therapy, biofeedback/ neurofeedback, alcoholism, and substance abuse treatment, nutritional therapy,.
Every human being has the right to pursue happiness without being inundated with emotional and behavioral problems. Happiness is not optional but mandatory. Everyone deserves a fulfilling life. To achieve optimal success and happiness, we must maintain emotional health as well as physical health. If we lose this emotional component, physical health is not achievable, and vice versa.
I will assist you in protecting your emotional and behavioral health with a variety of professional and scientific interventions including psychosocial assessment, dialectical behavior therapy, cognitive-behavior therapy, MBCT, Gottman couples therapy, play therapy, biofeedback/ neurofeedback, alcoholism, and substance abuse treatment, nutritional therapy,.
Every human being has the right to pursue happiness without being inundated with emotional and behavioral problems. Happiness is not optional but mandatory. Everyone deserves a fulfilling life. To achieve optimal success and happiness, we must maintain emotional health as well as physical health. If we lose this emotional component, physical health is not achievable, and vice versa.
(917) 905-2917 View (917) 905-2917
Photo of Karen Kieser, MS, LMHC, NCC, Counselor
Karen Kieser
Counselor, MS, LMHC, NCC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hicksville, NY 11801
CBT, DBT, Mindfulness Training, and Biofeedback have been proven to lower stress and anxiety while increasing our ability to function optimally.
Anxiety and worry, feelings of panic and lack of control can affect us at different times in our lives, but when these feelings become overwhelming, or are interfering with leading a happy, productive life, we search for help and answers. I commend you on taking the first step toward wholeness. Together we will work on building the necessary tools and skills utilizing evidence-based theraputic approaches. The goal is to empower you to work through your current issue and any future ones. We will start from where you are now and work towards where you are determined to go.
CBT, DBT, Mindfulness Training, and Biofeedback have been proven to lower stress and anxiety while increasing our ability to function optimally.
Anxiety and worry, feelings of panic and lack of control can affect us at different times in our lives, but when these feelings become overwhelming, or are interfering with leading a happy, productive life, we search for help and answers. I commend you on taking the first step toward wholeness. Together we will work on building the necessary tools and skills utilizing evidence-based theraputic approaches. The goal is to empower you to work through your current issue and any future ones. We will start from where you are now and work towards where you are determined to go.
(631) 405-4748 View (631) 405-4748
Photo of Chi-Kit Ho, MSW,  LCSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Chi-Kit Ho
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW
Verified Verified
New Hyde Park, NY 11042
He employs a variety of advanced techniques, including EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) and biofeedback, to help clients overcome the effects of acute and complex trauma.
Kit Ho, LCSW, has been providing expert therapy services to both adolescents and adults dealing with a range of mental health issues for over two decades. His work focuses on helping clients manage conditions such as bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Kit's approach is tailored to address the specific needs of each client, offering individual and family therapy to foster healing and growth. Kit's particular passion lies in traumafocused therapy.
He employs a variety of advanced techniques, including EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) and biofeedback, to help clients overcome the effects of acute and complex trauma.
Kit Ho, LCSW, has been providing expert therapy services to both adolescents and adults dealing with a range of mental health issues for over two decades. His work focuses on helping clients manage conditions such as bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Kit's approach is tailored to address the specific needs of each client, offering individual and family therapy to foster healing and growth. Kit's particular passion lies in traumafocused therapy.
(855) 688-1397 View (855) 688-1397
Photo of Susan E. Antelis - Biofeedback Cnslng & Creative Arts Therapy PLLC, MPS, BCIAC, ATR-BC, LMHC, LCAT
Biofeedback Cnslng & Creative Arts Therapy PLLC
Licensed Mental Health Counselor, MPS, BCIAC, ATR-BC, LMHC, LCAT
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Merrick, NY 11566  (Online Only)
My education and training in Biofeedback, Psychophysiology, Creative Arts Therapy and Counseling inform how I work with each client, based on their unique needs.
I believe that everyone has the right to feel healthy and energetic. Stress often interferes with this; it doesn't have to be that way. A warm, professional approach and a variety of bio-behavioral techniques can provide just the support necessary to help people be the very best they can be. I am personally in recovery from a 13 year Migraine headache and anxiety condition; biofeedback, creative arts and counseling helped me to put this debilitating set of symptoms into remission without the use of medications. I am living testimonial to the effectivenss of the complementary therapeutic approach to health.
My education and training in Biofeedback, Psychophysiology, Creative Arts Therapy and Counseling inform how I work with each client, based on their unique needs.
I believe that everyone has the right to feel healthy and energetic. Stress often interferes with this; it doesn't have to be that way. A warm, professional approach and a variety of bio-behavioral techniques can provide just the support necessary to help people be the very best they can be. I am personally in recovery from a 13 year Migraine headache and anxiety condition; biofeedback, creative arts and counseling helped me to put this debilitating set of symptoms into remission without the use of medications. I am living testimonial to the effectivenss of the complementary therapeutic approach to health.
(516) 360-2651 View (516) 360-2651
Photo of Christina DiBernardo - Expressive Connections Mental Health Counseling, LMHC, BCB, MSEd, Counselor
Expressive Connections Mental Health Counseling
Counselor, LMHC, BCB, MSEd
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lynbrook, NY 11563
At Expressive Connections, we offer individual counseling to young children, adolescents and adults, couples counseling, therapeutic parent coaching, biofeedback, neurofeedback, groups and workshops.
There is nothing wrong with you for feeling afraid, anxious, depressed, angry, depleted of energy, numb, lost, and confused. In fact, your courage and your willingness to be vulnerable are what make you resilient. Your body is responding to its environment, and that’s normal. It is sending you messages and we are going to decipher those messages together. Be so kind to yourself as you are about to embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing.
At Expressive Connections, we offer individual counseling to young children, adolescents and adults, couples counseling, therapeutic parent coaching, biofeedback, neurofeedback, groups and workshops.
There is nothing wrong with you for feeling afraid, anxious, depressed, angry, depleted of energy, numb, lost, and confused. In fact, your courage and your willingness to be vulnerable are what make you resilient. Your body is responding to its environment, and that’s normal. It is sending you messages and we are going to decipher those messages together. Be so kind to yourself as you are about to embark on a journey of self-discovery and healing.
(516) 363-1040 View (516) 363-1040
Photo of Isaac Zur, PhD, LMHC, CMPC
Isaac Zur
Mental Health Counselor, PhD, LMHC, CMPC
Verified Verified
Roslyn, NY 11576
We’ll use CBT and a client-centered approach to restore your well-being, incorporating biofeedback as needed.
I work with individuals who feel overwhelmed by stress—personal, work-related, or due to life’s challenges—helping them regain a healthy mindset and overall well-being. If you're struggling to manage anxious thoughts or feel out of balance, I provide a space to help you reset, find motivation, and regain control of your life. I also work with couples looking to strengthen their connection and navigate relationship challenges. Using psychotherapy approaches such as CBT, client-centered therapy, motivational interviewing, and biofeedback, we’ll work together to address your unique needs and help you feel more grounded.
We’ll use CBT and a client-centered approach to restore your well-being, incorporating biofeedback as needed.
I work with individuals who feel overwhelmed by stress—personal, work-related, or due to life’s challenges—helping them regain a healthy mindset and overall well-being. If you're struggling to manage anxious thoughts or feel out of balance, I provide a space to help you reset, find motivation, and regain control of your life. I also work with couples looking to strengthen their connection and navigate relationship challenges. Using psychotherapy approaches such as CBT, client-centered therapy, motivational interviewing, and biofeedback, we’ll work together to address your unique needs and help you feel more grounded.
(718) 400-6946 View (718) 400-6946
Photo of Sahra Robinson - Serenity Zone, LCSW-R, SMC-C, CAMS, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Serenity Zone
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW-R, SMC-C, CAMS
Verified Verified
Oceanside, NY 11572  (Online Only)
We offer a variety of innovative and evidence-based modalities including Tele-Play and Biofeedback, to meet the clinical goals of client.
One of the many reasons why people cannot move forward is because they keep applying an old formula to a new level in their life. Change the formula to get a different result! We help people move from a life of pain, to a life of purpose. We strive to provide a holistic mind-body approach that makes an impact on our client’s lives, their family systems, and future generations to come.
We offer a variety of innovative and evidence-based modalities including Tele-Play and Biofeedback, to meet the clinical goals of client.
One of the many reasons why people cannot move forward is because they keep applying an old formula to a new level in their life. Change the formula to get a different result! We help people move from a life of pain, to a life of purpose. We strive to provide a holistic mind-body approach that makes an impact on our client’s lives, their family systems, and future generations to come.
(516) 686-9881 View (516) 686-9881
Photo of Deirdre Holland -  First Step Directory, MSW, LCSW-R, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
First Step Directory
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSW, LCSW-R
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Hicksville, NY 11801
Deirdre built First Step Therapy & Wellness Group from the ground up and has been hands on every step of the way. Her work ethic is indisputable and she is completely invested in creating a cohesive work environment adhering to values such as mutual respect and equality. She believes healthy doses of restraint combined with self discipline are key components to her success both personally and professionally. Deirdre is highly regarded by her peers and is a long-standing staple within the community where she is committed to creating a safe secure environment for her clients and colleagues. Ms. Holland currently maintains an established private practice
Deirdre built First Step Therapy & Wellness Group from the ground up and has been hands on every step of the way. Her work ethic is indisputable and she is completely invested in creating a cohesive work environment adhering to values such as mutual respect and equality. She believes healthy doses of restraint combined with self discipline are key components to her success both personally and professionally. Deirdre is highly regarded by her peers and is a long-standing staple within the community where she is committed to creating a safe secure environment for her clients and colleagues. Ms. Holland currently maintains an established private practice
(516) 324-3167 View (516) 324-3167
Photo of Melanie Guardado, MS, MHC-LP, Pre-Licensed Professional
Melanie Guardado
Pre-Licensed Professional, MS, MHC-LP
Verified Verified
Merrick, NY 11566
I know it can be hard to reach out and ask for help. But I'm here to tell you that it's a brave thing to do, and it shows how much you care about yourself and your well-being. You're taking a step towards healing and growth, and I know that's no small feat. I get how tough it can be to feel lost, confused, or uneasy. Life can throw us curveballs and it can feel overwhelming. But don't worry, I'm here to help you find your way through those emotions and come out on the other side stronger. I'll create a warm and welcoming space where you can be yourself.
I know it can be hard to reach out and ask for help. But I'm here to tell you that it's a brave thing to do, and it shows how much you care about yourself and your well-being. You're taking a step towards healing and growth, and I know that's no small feat. I get how tough it can be to feel lost, confused, or uneasy. Life can throw us curveballs and it can feel overwhelming. But don't worry, I'm here to help you find your way through those emotions and come out on the other side stronger. I'll create a warm and welcoming space where you can be yourself.
(516) 407-7783 View (516) 407-7783
Photo of Dina Derilas, LMHC
Dina Derilas
LMHC
Verified Verified
Williston Park, NY 11596  (Online Only)
I am a licensed Mental Health Counselor and a certified school counselor with many years of experience working with children, adolescents, parents, and young adults using an evidence-based approach. Areas of expertise include anxiety and mood disorders, chronic illness adjustment, pain management, and medical non-adherence. My practice includes individual therapy and group therapy. I work with individuals and couples struggling with anxiety, stress from daily life, depression, and difficulties within relationships. My approach is warm, compassionate, respectful, and culturally sensitive.
I am a licensed Mental Health Counselor and a certified school counselor with many years of experience working with children, adolescents, parents, and young adults using an evidence-based approach. Areas of expertise include anxiety and mood disorders, chronic illness adjustment, pain management, and medical non-adherence. My practice includes individual therapy and group therapy. I work with individuals and couples struggling with anxiety, stress from daily life, depression, and difficulties within relationships. My approach is warm, compassionate, respectful, and culturally sensitive.
(718) 550-2422 View (718) 550-2422
Photo of Dana Reeves, LMHC, Counselor
Dana Reeves
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Garden City, NY 11530
Dana Reeves is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in New York who has been practicing since 2020. She graduated from Hofstra University with a Master's degree in Mental Health Counseling. Dana follows a person-centered and strengths-based approach to working with clients. She focuses on empowering clients to face and work through their challenges with the use of unconditional positive regard, boundless optimism, empathy, hope and insight into one's emotions and life experiences that are impacting behaviors.
Dana Reeves is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in New York who has been practicing since 2020. She graduated from Hofstra University with a Master's degree in Mental Health Counseling. Dana follows a person-centered and strengths-based approach to working with clients. She focuses on empowering clients to face and work through their challenges with the use of unconditional positive regard, boundless optimism, empathy, hope and insight into one's emotions and life experiences that are impacting behaviors.
(516) 591-3748 View (516) 591-3748
Photo of Christiana Roberts, MHC-LP
Christiana Roberts
MHC-LP
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Great Neck Plaza, NY 11021  (Online Only)
I am passionate about creating a warm, safe, and inclusive atmosphere for all persons. I empower individuals to feel seen and freely express themselves throughout our work together. In my clinical work, I collaborate with clients to identify their personal goals and strengths, deepen insight, and navigate various life experiences. With all clients, I aim to cultivate acceptance and self-compassion. My hope is for all clients, including those who have endured trauma, to feel safe in their body and supported in their experience. I am patient, humble, and continuously inspired by the opportunity to sit with others on their journey.
I am passionate about creating a warm, safe, and inclusive atmosphere for all persons. I empower individuals to feel seen and freely express themselves throughout our work together. In my clinical work, I collaborate with clients to identify their personal goals and strengths, deepen insight, and navigate various life experiences. With all clients, I aim to cultivate acceptance and self-compassion. My hope is for all clients, including those who have endured trauma, to feel safe in their body and supported in their experience. I am patient, humble, and continuously inspired by the opportunity to sit with others on their journey.
(646) 450-3064 View (646) 450-3064
Photo of Dr. Regina Louise Cofrin - Dr. Regina Louise Cofrin. Gestalt & Hypnotherapy, PhD, EdD, LMHC, PROF, HYPNOTH, Counselor
Dr. Regina Louise Cofrin. Gestalt & Hypnotherapy
Counselor, PhD, EdD, LMHC, PROF, HYPNOTH
Verified Verified
Roslyn, NY 11576
I am committed with consistent care to help you center yourself to discover who you really are underneath the many layers/masks that keep you from feeling 'whole and complete.' Cofrin Care Counseling connects congruently and sees the unique individual that you are! I am compassionate; my creed is that true 'connection' and communication' cure. I make authentic contact through Higher Consciousness to help you to create change through choices. Herein lies your freedom! Cofrin Counseling caters to all ages and diagnosis. I specialize in Adolescents, Family therapy and Couples Counseling utilizing a Gestalt approach to Psychotherapy.
I am committed with consistent care to help you center yourself to discover who you really are underneath the many layers/masks that keep you from feeling 'whole and complete.' Cofrin Care Counseling connects congruently and sees the unique individual that you are! I am compassionate; my creed is that true 'connection' and communication' cure. I make authentic contact through Higher Consciousness to help you to create change through choices. Herein lies your freedom! Cofrin Counseling caters to all ages and diagnosis. I specialize in Adolescents, Family therapy and Couples Counseling utilizing a Gestalt approach to Psychotherapy.
(516) 318-1535 View (516) 318-1535
Photo of Michelle Ilyayev - Michelle Silver Lining Mental Health Counseling , LMHC, Counselor
Michelle Silver Lining Mental Health Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Great Neck, NY 11023
Our clinical areas of expertise include anxiety, depression, martial issues, codependency, self-esteem, women’s issues, substance abuse, harm reduction, grief, and transitional concerns. Through evidenced based approaches, we aim to tailor our treatment approach specific to the needs of each individual. We believe in helping individuals build on their strengths, gain insight, and develop effective coping skills.
Our clinical areas of expertise include anxiety, depression, martial issues, codependency, self-esteem, women’s issues, substance abuse, harm reduction, grief, and transitional concerns. Through evidenced based approaches, we aim to tailor our treatment approach specific to the needs of each individual. We believe in helping individuals build on their strengths, gain insight, and develop effective coping skills.
(929) 348-2707 View (929) 348-2707
Photo of Robert Meyers - NY Psychological Wellness, P.C., PsyD, Psychologist
NY Psychological Wellness, P.C.
Psychologist, PsyD
Verified Verified
Bayside, NY 11361
STOP SUFFERING! NY Psychological Wellness, PC offers specialized and innovative programs for those suffering from Chronic Pain, Insomnia and the many difficulties that sometimes accompany these problems such as anxiety and depression.
STOP SUFFERING! NY Psychological Wellness, PC offers specialized and innovative programs for those suffering from Chronic Pain, Insomnia and the many difficulties that sometimes accompany these problems such as anxiety and depression.
(347) 796-4579 View (347) 796-4579
Photo of Michelle Ilyayev - Michelle Silver Lining Mental Health Counseling, LMHC, Counselor
Michelle Silver Lining Mental Health Counseling
Counselor, LMHC
Verified Verified
Great Neck, NY 11023
Our clinical areas of expertise include anxiety, depression, martial issues, codependency, self-esteem, women’s issues, substance abuse, harm reduction, grief, and transitional concerns. Through evidenced based approaches, we aim to tailor our treatment approach specific to the needs of each individual. We believe in helping individuals build on their strengths, gain insight, and develop effective coping skills.
Our clinical areas of expertise include anxiety, depression, martial issues, codependency, self-esteem, women’s issues, substance abuse, harm reduction, grief, and transitional concerns. Through evidenced based approaches, we aim to tailor our treatment approach specific to the needs of each individual. We believe in helping individuals build on their strengths, gain insight, and develop effective coping skills.
(929) 329-3983 View (929) 329-3983
Photo of Melissa Eckstein, LMSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Melissa Eckstein
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LMSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Rockville Centre, NY 11570
If you’re feeling alone you don’t have to be. If you're in pain or stuck somewhere in your life, this may be the time to move forward. I can take this journey with you. I have been practicing for over 30 years. I have worked with many individuals throughout my career on in- patient and outpatient settings. I create an inviting atmosphere for clients seeking treatment. "You are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, smarter than you think, and loved more than you know." - A.A. Milne, Winnie the Pooh
If you’re feeling alone you don’t have to be. If you're in pain or stuck somewhere in your life, this may be the time to move forward. I can take this journey with you. I have been practicing for over 30 years. I have worked with many individuals throughout my career on in- patient and outpatient settings. I create an inviting atmosphere for clients seeking treatment. "You are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, smarter than you think, and loved more than you know." - A.A. Milne, Winnie the Pooh
(516) 774-5025 View (516) 774-5025
Photo of Joyce Braun, LCSWR, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Joyce Braun
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSWR
Verified Verified
Manhasset Hills, NY 11040
Do you feel as though your life is not where you want it to be? Are you worried about your relationship, children, career or health? Perhaps you feel self-doubt and anxiety are hijacking your life and you're not sure how to get back on track. I'm an experienced psychotherapist who can help guide you toward the change you are looking for. My goal is to provide a comfortable, safe, supportive place for you to explore your feelings and change the negative thoughts or habits that got you here. You will discover new ways to achieve a meaningful life that you enjoy.
Do you feel as though your life is not where you want it to be? Are you worried about your relationship, children, career or health? Perhaps you feel self-doubt and anxiety are hijacking your life and you're not sure how to get back on track. I'm an experienced psychotherapist who can help guide you toward the change you are looking for. My goal is to provide a comfortable, safe, supportive place for you to explore your feelings and change the negative thoughts or habits that got you here. You will discover new ways to achieve a meaningful life that you enjoy.
(516) 260-4286 View (516) 260-4286

See more therapy options for Roslyn Heights

Biofeedback Therapists

Can biofeedback help with anxiety?

Biofeedback is often used to treat anxiety, including generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Anecdotal evidence and some research studies have found that it can improve symptoms of these disorders, sometimes significantly; however, studies on biofeedback have typically been small and researchers have cautioned that many have significant limitations, such as limited follow-up or a lack of a control group.

Is biofeedback evidence-based?

There is some evidence that biofeedback can effectively treat certain conditions; for example, its efficacy in treating headaches and urinary incontinence is generally thought to be well-established. There is also promising, but less conclusive, evidence that it can aid in stroke recovery or help someone manage a mental health disorder such as anxiety, depression, or ADHD.

What is the difference between biofeedback and neurofeedback?

Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback that measures brain activity specifically; it is typically used to treat psychological or neurodevelopmental concerns such as ADHD, depression, insomnia, or autism spectrum disorder. Biofeedback is a broader category that, in addition to neurofeedback, also includes electromyogram, heart rate variability, and thermal biofeedback, each of which measures a particular physiological function (muscle activity, heart rate, and skin temperature, respectively)

What are the limitations of biofeedback?

While biofeedback may be helpful for certain conditions, its efficacy is less assured for others, such as high blood pressure. People with certain health conditions such as heart arrhythmia may not be able to benefit from biofeedback because their condition may interfere with the machines’ readings. Biofeedback can also be time-consuming and costly, and may not be covered by health insurance.